Europeanization of Turkey's Kurdish Policy?!
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Looking Into Iraq
Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch cc79-cover.qxp 28/07/2005 15:27 Page 2 Chaillot Paper Chaillot n° 79 In January 2002 the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) beca- Looking into Iraq me an autonomous Paris-based agency of the European Union. Following an EU Council Joint Action of 20 July 2001, it is now an integral part of the new structures that will support the further development of the CFSP/ESDP. The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and recommendations that can be of use and relevance to the formulation of the European security and defence policy. In carrying out that mission, it also acts as an interface between European experts and decision-makers at all levels. Chaillot Papers are monographs on topical questions written either by a member of the ISS research team or by outside authors chosen and commissioned by the Institute. Early drafts are normally discussed at a semi- nar or study group of experts convened by the Institute and publication indicates that the paper is considered Edited by Walter Posch Edited by Walter by the ISS as a useful and authoritative contribution to the debate on CFSP/ESDP. Responsibility for the views expressed in them lies exclusively with authors. Chaillot Papers are also accessible via the Institute’s Website: www.iss-eu.org cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 1 Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch Institute for Security Studies European Union Paris cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 2 Institute for Security Studies European Union 43 avenue du Président Wilson 75775 Paris cedex 16 tel.: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 30 fax: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 31 e-mail: [email protected] www.iss-eu.org Director: Nicole Gnesotto © EU Institute for Security Studies 2005. -
Interpreting the PKK's Signals in Europe
PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume II, Issue 11 Interpreting the PKK’s Signals in Europe By Vera Eccarius-Kelly ince the Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) unexpectedly abducted three German hikers near Mt. Ararat in Turkey on 8 July 2008, and then released them on 20 July, intelligence sources in Europe have in- tensified their surveillance of PKK operatives among members of the particularly numerous Kurdish S Diaspora in Germany.[1] According to German newspaper reports, the PKK demanded that in ex- change for the release of the hikers “Berlin stop its hostile politics towards the Kurds and the PKK in Ger- many”.[2] While the exact purpose of the abduction requires further analysis, it is clear that it was the armed branch of the PKK, known as the People’s Defense Forces (HPG), that kidnapped the German hikers at their Mt. Ararat encampment at 10,500 feet in the evening hours—only to release them unharmed some two weeks later.[3] Questions Related to an Abduction Several questions preoccupy security analysts in relation to this abduction. How should this event be inter- preted in Europe, and particularly in Germany? What signals did the PKK send? And, most importantly, is the PKK entering a renewed phase of high intensity activism and terrorism in Europe? This essay aims to provide a brief analysis of the often confusing and contradictory messages sent by European Kurdish circles.[4] Despite convoluted interpretations of Kurdish demands that are linked to a lack of unity among the many Kurdish organizations in Europe, it is possible to disentangle the underlying messages. -
Protesting As a Terrorist Offense RIGHTS the Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey WATCH
Turkey HUMAN Protesting as a Terrorist Offense RIGHTS The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey WATCH Protesting as a Terrorist Offense The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey Copyright © 2010 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-708-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org November 2010 1-56432-708-6 Protesting as a Terrorist Offense The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey I. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Key Recommendations ..........................................................................................................6 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ -
1 Historical Overview
NOTES 1 Historical Overview 1. Possibly the two best studies of the Kurds in English remain Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State; and McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds. More recently, see Romano, The Kurdish Nationalist Movement; and Natali, The Kurds and the State. Portions of this chapter originally appeared in other articles and chapters I have published including “The Kurdish Problem in International Politics,” in Joseph, Turkey and the European Union, pp. 96–121. 2. For further discussions of the size of the Kurdish population, see McDowall, Modern History of the Kurds, pp. 3–5; Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State, pp. 14–15; and Izady, The Kurds, pp. 111–20. For a detailed analysis that lists considerably smaller figures for Turkey, see Mutlu, “Ethnic Kurds in Turkey,” pp. 517–41. 3. For a solid study of the Sheikh Said revolt, see Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism. 4. For a recent detailed analysis of the Kurdish problem in Turkey, see Ozcan, Turkey’s Kurds. 5. “The Sun also Rises in the South East,” pp. 1–2. 6. For a meticulous analysis of the many problems involved, see Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey, as well as my analysis in chapter 5 of this book. 7. “Ozkok: Biggest Crisis of Trust with US” Turkish Daily News, July 7, 2003; and Nicholas Kralev, “U.S. Warns Turkey against Operations in Northern Iraq.” Washington Times, July 8, 2003. 8. For recent detailed analysis of the Kurdish problem in Iraq, see Stansfield, Iraqi Kurdistan. 140 NOTES 9. For Henry Kissinger’s exact words, see “The CIA Report the President Doesn’t Want You to Read,” The Village Voice, February 16, 1976, pp. -
The Kurdish Diaspora in Canada: a Study of Political Activism and the Uses of the Kurdish Language
The Kurdish Diaspora in Canada: A Study of Political Activism and The Uses of The Kurdish Language Esengul Tasdemir Thesis submitted to the University of Ottawa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa Ó Esengul Tasdemir, Ottawa, Canada, 2019 Abstract This thesis focuses on the Kurdish people of Turkey, who have struggled and advocated for a separate nation-state of their own. The Turkish state’s denial of Kurdish identity, and its heavy assimilation and oppression of the Kurdish people have turned some Kurds into political activists, both in Turkey and in the diaspora. In addition, the historical ban and current stigmatization of the Kurdish language have crystallized the importance and centrality of the language, particularly for both Kurdish identity and the Kurdish movement. This thesis explores the forms of political activism in Canada of the Kurds originating in Turkey, and the role of the Kurdish language in their activism. Using a qualitative research design, interviews with activists and participant observations were conducted in the cities of Toronto and Montréal. The findings draw attention to the significance of community centres as umbrella institutions for political activism, and as sites for the enactment of different forms of collective resistance. The study also illustrates that the role of the Kurdish language in activism is more salient at a representational level. That is, the Kurdish language is represented as the main identity marker fuelling activism, implying that speaking Kurdish is an act of resistance and thus political. -
Europe's Terror Problem: PKK Fronts Inside the EU | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 1057 Europe's Terror Problem: PKK Fronts Inside the EU by Soner Cagaptay Dec 2, 2005 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Soner Cagaptay Soner Cagaptay is the Beyer Family fellow and director of the Turkish Research Program at The Washington Institute. Brief Analysis ince summer 2005, Turkish casualties resulting from attacks by the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) have been S mounting at a rate close to that experienced by U.S. forces in Iraq. Between July 1 and July 16, for example, when U.S. troops suffered nineteen deaths in Iraq, eleven Turks were killed by the PKK. The bloodshed is creating a nationalist backlash in Turkey, and because most Turks blame Washington for renewed PKK violence emanating from northern Iraq, it is also harming U.S.-Turkish relations. Given U.S. preoccupation with the Iraqi insurgency, a full-scale U.S campaign against the PKK in northern Iraq seems unlikely in the short term. But northern Iraq is not the only front on which the PKK is active; it also maintains a working infrastructure in Europe. The continuing PKK presence on the Continent angers Turkey. On November 16, Turkish prime minister Tayyip Erdogan walked out of a joint press conference with Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen because Danish authorities would not remove representatives of the PKK's Roj TV propaganda arm from the meeting hall. The PKK's Image in Europe: From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists The PKK wreaked havoc in Turkey in the 1980s and 1990s, committing a wide range of violent atrocities, including attacks against Kurdish civilians. -
The Kurdish Nationalist Movement and External Influences
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1980-12 The Kurdish nationalist movement and external influences Disney, Donald Bruce, Jr. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17624 '";. Vi , *V ^y NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS THE KURDISH NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES by Donald Bruce Disney, Jr. December 1980 The sis Advisor: J. W. Amos, II Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited T19 «—,rob J Unclassified "wi.fy * N°* StCUHlTY CLASSIFICATION r>* THIS »>GI '•*>•« D«t Knlmrmd) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM •f*OAT NUMlf* 2. OOVT ACCCUION MO. J MKCl»lCNT'S CATALOG NUMBER. 4 TiTlE ,«.*Ju »mH) s. TY*e of neponT * rewoo covcncd The Kurdish Nationalist Movement Master's Thesis; and External Influences December 1980 * »I»ro»l»INQ owe. «I»OKT NUMIIR 7. AuTmO*><*> • contract o« chant HumUtnf) Donald Bruce Disney, Jr., LCDR, USN * RfBFORMINO OWOANI2ATION NAME AND >QD*tii tO. *«OG*AM CLEMENT. RBOjECT. T as* AREA * «OMK UNIT NUDUM Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 M CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO ADDRESS 12. MFOUT DATE Naval Postgraduate School December, 1980 Monterey, California 93940 II. MUMBER O' WAGES 238 TT MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AOORESSfll if>'M*ml Ifmm Controlling Ottlc*) It- SICURITY CLASS. <al Iftlm report) Naval Postgraduate School Unclassified Monterey, California 93940 Im DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE l«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Ihlt *•»•»!) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT at (»• •*•„•«( rnrnfm** In #I»c* 20, // dittfmt rrmm Mf rt) IE. SUFFLCMCNTARY NOTES '» KEY *O*0l (Continue em remem »!<*• It r\eceeeiy em* itemttty m, ilect IHMHMMP Kurds, Kurdish Nationalism, Kurdish Revolts, Kurdish Political Parties, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, Sheikh Ezzedin, Abdul Rahman Qassemlu, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, UK, U.S., U.S.S.R., Israel, PLO, Armenians 20. -
Building Peace in Permanent War: Terrorist Listing & Conflict
Building Peace Building Peace in Permanent War Terrorist Listing and Confl ict in Permanent War Transformation Published by Transnational Institute International State Crime Initiative Supported by Berghof Foundation and the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust Louise Boon-Kuo Ben Hayes Vicki Sentas Gavin Sullivan Copyright © 2015 by Louise Boon-Kuo, Ben Hayes, Vicki Sentas, Gavin Sullivan This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license. You may copy and distribute the document, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the authors and used for non-commercial, educational, or public policy purposes. ISNN 978-90-70563-43-1 ISNN 978-90-70563-45-5 (e-book) Published by International State Crime Initiative School of Law, Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS United Kingdom statecrime.org/ Transnational Institute PO Box 14656 1001 LD Amsterdam The Netherlands Email: [email protected] www.tni.org Supported by the Berghof Foundation and the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust Authors: Louise Boon-Kuo, University of Sydney, [email protected] Ben Hayes, Statewatch, [email protected] Vicki Sentas, University of New South Wales, [email protected] Gavin Sullivan, University of Amsterdam, [email protected] Recommended citation: Boon-Kuo, L., Hayes, B., Sentas, V and Sullivan, G. (2015). Building Peace in Permanent War: Terrorist Listing & Conflict Transformation. London; Amsterdam: International State Crime Initiative; Transnational Institute. Layout and design: Hans Roor, Jubels bv, Amsterdam Printing: Jubels bv, Amsterdam Building Peace in Permanent War Terrorist Listing and Conflict Transformation Copyright © 2015 by Louise Boon-Kuo, Ben Hayes, Vicki Sentas, Gavin Sullivan This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license. -
Kurdish Identity-Making: Instruments and Possibilities During the Last 100 Years in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey
Kurdish identity-making: instruments and possibilities during the last 100 years in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey The research is based on a historical, comparative analysis of the Kurdish nation-building process. Three different periods are included in the comparison. First of all, the end of Ottoman Empire (meaning the beginning of Kurdish initiatives) and Atatürk’s era is presented. The second part makes an attempt to analyse the new wave of Kurdish revival process from the 60’s (doguculuk) and the appearance of Kurdish armed groups, as well as the rise of PKK. The final part focuses on the contemporary developments, by putting an emphasis on the AKP-led government’s era which created a new atmosphere in order to solve this Kurdish question by launching a programme called ‘Kürt acilimi’. This paper endeavours to mark the cornerstones and features of the Kurdish nation-building process, by emphasizing the role of the creation of myth, traditions, and history: how the different generations of Kurds tried to establish a common culture. The comparison emphasizes the multifaceted features of the process and tries to prove that ‘nations are repeatedly formed and re-formed.’ In its focal point there are issues such as the role of Newroz, the national anthem, the flag, or even the history. The theoretical framework used in this comparative study – which analyses the hundred-year-long historical background of the process – is essentially based on the nationalism theory of Anthony D. Smith. Therefore, first and foremost, the main concepts which this comparison intends to use shall be presented. -
Pkk's Regional Franchise of Terror
PKK’ S REGIONAL FRANCHISE OF TERROR OF FRANCHISE REGIONAL PKK’S REGIONAL FRANCHISE OF TERROR Uluslararası Terörizm ve Güvenlik Araştırmaları Merkezi (UTGAM) International Center for Terrorism and Security Studies (UTGAM) Necatibey Caddesi No:118 Anıttepe-Ankara/Türkiye Tel: +90 (312) 4629087-91-92-93 The statements, views, and opinions contained on this report are those of the authors BAYRAM ALİ SONER and are not endorsed by, nor do they necessarily reflect, the opinions of International ÖMER ASLAN Center for Terrorism and Security Studies (UTGAM). HAKAN KIYICI PKK’S REGIONAL FRANCHISE OF TERROR Bayram Ali SONER Ömer ASLAN Hakan KIYICI Uluslararası Terörizm ve Güvenlik Araştırmaları Merkezi (UTGAM) International Center for Terrorism and Security Studies (UTGAM) Mayıs / May 2017 PKK’S REGIONAL FRANCHISE OF TERROR Assoc. Prof. Bayram Ali SONER Assist. Prof. Ömer ASLAN Hakan KIYICI COPYRIGHT © 2017 by UTGAM All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of International Center for Terrorism and Security Studies (UTGAM). Photograph: Two PKK militants take refuge from DEASH gunfire in an abandoned building in Sinjar, Iraq. April 2015. (Erin Trieb) Turkish National Police Academy Uluslararası Terörizm ve Güvenlik Araştırmaları Merkezi (UTGAM) International Center for Terrorism and Security Studies (UTGAM) Necatibey Caddesi No:118 Anıttepe-Ankara/Türkiye Tel: +90 (312) 4629087-91-92-93 The statements, views, and opinions contained on this report are those of the authors and are not endorsed by, nor do they necessarily reflect, the opinions of International Center for Terrorism and Security Studies (UTGAM). -
CIS Newsletter 15.2
CENTER FOR IRANIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Vol. 15, No. 2 SIPA-Columbia University-New York Fall 2003 ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA SHIRIN EBADI WINNER OF Fascicles 1 and 2 of Volume XII Published; Fascicle 3 in Press 2003 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE The first and second fascicles way in which Hedayat’s satire per- of Volume XII of the Encyclopædia meates many of his short stories. Iranica were published in the Sum- Hillmann reviews plots and themes mer and Fall of 2003. They fea- of Hedayat’s fiction, some fifty or ture over 120 articles on various as- more works written from the mid- pects of Iranian culture and history, in- 1920s through the mid-1940s, and cites cluding four series of articles on spe- features of Hedayat’s distinctive ways cific subjects: four entries on Sadeq of narration which advanced the capa- Hedayat, four entries on Hazara groups bilities of the language in Persian lit- in Afghanistan, four entries on Helmand erature and served as an indigenous River, and eight entries on Herat. model for later Iranian short story writ- ers and novelists. Shirin Ebadi, lawyer and human SADEQ HEDAYAT rights activist who contributed the en- AND PERSIAN LITERATURE Persian literature is also treated in try CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN IRAN to the the following eight articles: HASAN Encyclopædia Iranica and whose book Four articles discuss the life and GHAZNAVI, poet at the court of History and Documentation of Human work of Sadeq Hedayat, the foremost Bahramshah Ghaznavi, by J. S. Rights in Iran was published by the modern Persian fiction writer who had Meisami; HATEF ESFAHANI, influential Center for Iranian Studies in 2000, was a vast influence on subsequent genera- poet of 18th century, by the late Z. -
Table of Contents
THE ROLES OF INTERGROUP THREAT, SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION AND RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM IN PREDICTING TURKS’ PREJUDICE TOWARD KURDS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÇİĞDEM DAMLA BALABAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist. Prof. Dr. Banu Cingöz-Ulu Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Nuray Sakallı-Uğurlu (METU, PSY) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Derya Hasta (Ankara Uni., PSY) Assist. Prof. Dr. Banu Cingöz-Ulu (METU, PSY) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Çiğdem Damla Balaban Signature: iii ABSTRACT THE ROLES OF INTERGROUP THREAT, SOCIAL DOMINANCE ORIENTATION AND RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM IN PREDICTING TURKS’ PREJUDICE TOWARD KURDS Balaban, Çiğdem Damla M.S., Department of Psychology Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Banu Cingöz-Ulu September 2013, 105 pages The aim of the current thesis was to investigate the prejudice of Turks toward Kurds and to explore the possible role of the perceived threat in this prejudice.