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TÜRK Tarihinde TORK KULTURUNDE TOKAT Tokat VaHiiği ŞeyhülisUim ibn Kemal Araştırma Merkezi TÜRK TARiHiNDE VE TORK KULTURUNDE TOKAT Sempozyumu (2 • 6 Temmuz 1986) Yayma Hazırlayanlar: Prof. Dr. S. Hayri Bolay- Doç. Dr. Mustafa Vazıcıoğlu, Doç. IDr. Bahaeddin Vediyıldız_- Ar. Gör. Mehmet Özdell)ir . GElJŞiM .MATBAASI 229 86 91 - 229 06 75 ; .! ~· ... • ~ ... :-:. : :··. :.. : . ..... ~ .. ' .; ANKARA-1987. .. ·· ŞEVHÜLiSLAM TOKATLI MUSTAFA SABRi EFENDi H ayatı - ilmi Şahsiyeti-.Eserlerinin Tahlili Tenkidi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ 1. KISA ÖZGEÇMiŞi : A-TÜRKiVEDEKi HAYATI Tokatlı Şeyhülislam Mustafa Sabri Abidin Efendi (1 268-1373/ 1869-1954) Türk asıllı ve Hanefi mezhebine mensup(1). aemsali u le­ ma arasında kuwe-i ilmiyye ve bilhass-a kudret-i kalemiyye ile te­ mayüz etmişn(2) bir Kelam ve Fıkıh alimi(3); bir Türk hukukçusu• dur(4). Osmanlı Devrinin son şeyhü l lslam l arındandır. a. Çoculduk Yınarı ve Tahsili : 1286 (1809) yılında Tokat'da doğmuştur(S). Ba'bası Ahmed Efen­ didir, alim bir zattır(6). 1) Kahhala, XII, 258; 1277'de doğdu~u (?), Zirik.li, VTII, 138. 2) İbnu'l-Emin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri, 2184 3) Kahha:Ie, age.; Zirikli ,age. 4 ) Armağan, Prof. Dr. Servet, İslam Hukukunda Sigorta Konusu Ve İki Belge, İHÜF Halil Arslanlı'nın Anısına Armağan'dan ayrı basım, İst., 1978, 251. 5) Huzur Dersleri, ID, 350; İbnulemin, age., 2183: [ (1879 -1296) ]. 6) Huzur Dersleri, ay.; İbnulemin, age., ay., Altunsu, Osmanlı Şeyhülis­ lfunları, 254. 613 ilkokulu memleketi olan Tokat'ta bitirmiş, Kuran-ı Kerimi de hıf­ zetmiştir(7). Tokatlı Zülbiye-zade Ahmed Efendi'den ilim aldı(8). Daha sonra Kayseri'ye gitmiş ve Hoca Emin Efendi'den icazet almıştır(9). Kayseri'de Hacı Torun Efendi'nin damadı olarak tanınan ve Divrikli Mehmed Emin Efendi isimli bu hacası hakkındaki bir ha­ tırasınr şöyle anlatır : Anadolu'nun büyük şehirlerinden biri olan Kayseri'de ilim tah­ sil ederken Kayserili Hoca Torun Efendi'nin damadı olarak bilinen Hacarn Divrikli .Şeyh Mehmed Emin Efendi'ye yine Kayseri'nin mes-. hur alimlerinden Şeyh Darnacl Halil Efendi, Kayseri alimlerini davet ettiği bir ziyafet mecl-isinde, şöyle bir soru sormuştu: Allah «Hiç bir şey yok ki onun hamdine bürünere-k tesbih etmesin; ancak siz onla-­ rın tesbihlerini anlamazsınrz ,(10) buyurur. Ne dersiniz? Çalgı alet­ leri bu ayette olumsuz ifade de yer alan belirsiz isimden anlaşılan umumilik manasına nasıl girer? Halil Efendi, Divrikli Mehmed Emin Efendi He rekabet halindeydi. Böyle bir mecliste böyle bir soruyu maksatir sormuştu. Ne var ki Divrikli'nin mantık ilminde derin bilgisi vardı. Soruyu şöyle cevaplandırdı. Ayetteki kaziyye şartlı genel kaziyyedir. Şartlı genel kazıyye demek onu mevzuuna mahmul yapmak suretiyle hükmün illeti mev­ ·zuun vasfı olan ·kazıyye demektir. Buna göre : her şey, şey olması yö• nünden yani mevcud olduğu için Allalır tesbih eder. · Çünkü Allah mevcud olmasaydı onun da mevcud olması mümkün olmazdı. Çalgı aletleri de birer mevcud oldukları ve Allah mevcud olmasaydı onla­ rın da mevcud olmaları imkansız olduğu için Alla'hı tesbih ederler. Bundan ça lgı aletlerinin Allahr zikirden alıkoyan ve şer'an haram olan işlerde kullanıldıkları için Allahı tesbih etmekten geri •kalmaları ge­ rekmez(11). 7) Aynı kaynaklar. 8) Huzur Dersleri, ay.; Mevkıfu'l-akl ... , I, In. 9) Huzur Dersleri, ay.; İbnulem.in, ay.; Mevkıfu'l-akl ... , II, 130. 10) el-İsra, 44. ll) Mevkılu'l-akl ... , II, 138n: mantıki bir istinbat icadı olan bu hikayeyi Mısır alimlerinden bir gruba bahsettiğim zaman yeterince iltifat gör• meı'n1şti. Bu her halde Mısır'da mantık ilminin layık olduğu değete ula~­ mamasından ileri gelmiştir. Çünkü birçok gafiller onu «eski sılri man­ tıktır» diye hor görüyorlar. Halbuki mantık yüceliğini suriliğine borç• ludur. Hendese de aynıdır. Tecrubi olsaydı muvakkat, bir ilim olur­ du.» MS. 614 Tahsilini ilerietmek için Kayseri'den istanbul'a gitmiş istanbullu Mehmed Atıf beyden ve meşihat-ı islamiyye ders vekili Gümülcine.li Ahmed Asım Efendi'den icazet almış(12), daha sonra ruus imtihanını kazanarak müderris olmuş(13) ve hacası Asım Efendinin k ı zı Ulviye hanımla evlenmiştir(14). "Bu evlilikten İbrahim Sabri Efendi isminde bir oğlu ve bir kızı olduğunu bHiyoruz. Oğlu Edebiyat Profesörü olarak Libya ve Mısır Üniversitelerinde hizmet etmiş ve 1983 (?) de vefat etmiştir. Bir kızı hayattadır. istanbul'da oturmaktadır. b. ilmi Faaliyetleri : 1890 (1307)'da açılan ruus imtihanını kazanarak 22 yaşında Fatih camiinde müderris olarak ilmi faaliyetine başlamış, elli kadar öğ­ renciye icazet vermiştir(15). Bu arada Beşi'ktaş Asariye Camii imam­ lığı imtihanını da kazanmıştır(16). 1897 (1315) yılından itibaren Huzur Dersleri(17) muhataplığına da kat ı lmış, bu faaliyeti 1-332 (1914) y ı lına kadar devam etmiştir(18). 16 Ocak 1900(1318)'de Kitabet-i Şehriyari proto·kolüne dahil ola:­ rak Sultan ll. Abdulhamid'in «Özel Kalem Müdürlüğü .. hizmetine de getirilmiştir( 19). 12) Huzur Dersleri, ay.; Mevkıfu'J.-akl, I, 1. 13) Aynı kaynaklar. 14) Aynı kaynaklar. 15) Huzur Dersleri, III, 350; İbnulemin, age., ay; Altunsu, Dr. A., Osmanlı Şeyhülislaml arı, 254. 16) Altunsu, age., 254. 17) Huzur Dersleri, Sultan III. Mustafa tarafından., ll72' (1759) yılında bir kanunla ve 1-10/Ramazan arası devam eden ders halinde ihdas edi­ -lerek Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatma girmiş bir müessesedir (Huzur Ders­ leri, I, 5; Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Devleti İlmiye Teşkilatı, 216). Osmanlı Padişahlarının huzuruyla muayyen mütebahhir ve İslam Di­ niyle mütedeyyin zatlardan terekküb etmek üzere Ramazan günleri Saray'da akdedilen ilmi mecliste Kazi Beyzavi Tefsirini, münazaralı tarzda tedrisini ifade etmek üzere kullanılan bir ıstıl ahtır (Huzur Dersleri, I, 13). 29. Recep. 1342'de yürürlüğe giren Hilfıfetin İlgası ve Hanedan-ı Osmani'nin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Memaliki Haricine Çı­ karılmasına dair olan 341 asyılı ve 26. Recep, (3 Mart 1340) tarihli ka­ nunla sona ermiştir (Huzur Dersleri, I, 62). 18) Huzur Dersleri, ay.; İbnulemin, age., ay.; Altunsu, age., ay., 19) Aynı kaynaklar. .6.15 13·22(1904) y ı lında tekrar müderrisliğe düş müş(20); Fatih Camii müderrisliğine devam ederken 1.1.1908 (1324)'de Tokat'tan mebus se­ çi l miş; ve bu arada Cemiyet-i ilmiye tarafından yayınlanan crBeya­ nu'[-Hak .. isimli haftalık derginin baş muharr i rliğini üzerine almış­ tır(21). Bu dergi s.iyasetten mücerred, sırf ilim ve dine n:ıüstenid­ di(22). 1334 (1 918) y ı lı nd a Daru'I-Hikmeti'l-lslamiyye azal ı ğ ın a da tayin edilen Mustafa Sabri Efendi(23), Süleymaniye Medresesi Hadis-i Ş erif Müderrisliğine tayin edilm i ş(24); son olarak ilmiye sın ı fı n ın en yüksek mevkii olan Şeyhülislamlık makamına da yükselerek ilmi se­ viyesini göstermiştir. c. Siyasi faaliyetleri : Şeyhulislamlık hizmetlerini . ıçi n e alan devredeki hayatı ilmi faali­ yet bakımından yoğun l uğunu muhafaza ederken siyasi faaliyetinin de en girdaplı devresini yaşam aktad ır . 1324(1908) yılında ll. Meş rut i yeti n ilaniyle Tokat'tan mebus se­ çilmiş ve böylece Mebusan Meclisi'ne girm iştir. Fatih Camii müder­ risl i ği devam etmektedir. Bu arada Cemiyet-i ilmiyye'n·in yayın ladığ ı a.Beyanu'I-Haku Dergisinin baş yazarıdır. Siyasi rotası, ittihad ve Terakki Partisine tam mu~alefettir. Bu yüzden bu parti iktidara gelince onu yakalamaya çalışmıştır. Bu se­ beple evine bir gece ani bas'kı n yapmışlar . O pencereden atlayarak kurtu l m ay ı başarm ı ş ve Romanya'ya kaçmıştı r . ittihad ve Terakki'­ nin dağılmas ın a kadar orada kalm ı şt ı r(24 ) . Bu suretle y ı llarca faal hayattan uzak kalan Mustafa Sabri Efendi boş za m an l arı nı a r aştırm a ve telif faliyetleriyle değerlen di rmeye ça lı ş ı yordu. Bundan onun il­ mi eserler verme devresine bu tarihten itibaren başlamış olduğunu söyliyebiliriz. Mesela Yeni islam Müctehidlerinin Kıymet-i ilmiyyesi adlı eserini Dobruca'da yazmışt ır( 25). 20) Altunsu, age., 254. 21) Huzur Dersleri, ay., İbnulemin, age, ay.; Altunsu, age., 254. 22) İbnulemin, age., 2183. 23) Huzur Dersleri, III, 351; İbnulemin, age, ay.; Danişmend, İ. Hami, İzablı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi, V, 163; Altunsu, age., 255. Bu müessese hakkında bk. : Saclık Albayrak, Son Devrin İslam Akademisi Daru'l­ Hikmeti'l-İslamiyye, İstanbul, 1973. 24) Altunsu, age., 255. 25) bk. age. eserin ilk baskısının son satırı. Hürriyet ve itilaf Fırkası iktidara gelince 1337 (1919) yılında oa­ mad Ferid Paşa kabinesinden Şeyhü l islam olmuştur(26). Bu arada Ferid Paşaı Paris Konferansına gidince Sadaret Vekaletinde (Başba­ kan Vekilliği) de bulunmuştur(27). Damad Ferid Paşa kabinesinin düş­ mesi üzerine, Ayan Azalığı (Senatör)'na tayin edilmiş(28); daha sonra Ferid Paşa kabinesinin yeniden kurulmasiyl·e zaman z-aman Şeyhul­ islamlrk makamına getirilmişse de bazı kabine üyeleriyle a nlaş ama­ dığı için 7. Muharrem. 1339 (1920)'de istifa etmişt1r(29). Mustafa Sabri Hoc-anın siyasi hayatını sürdürdüğü bu devre Türk Siyasi tarihi bakımından bir varlık yakluk meselesinin en kritik dev­ resini teşkil eder. Bir muazzam imparatorluk çatırdamaya baş l amış­ tır. Sonuç ne olacaktır. Bu ar;ada her düşünen insan bir kurtuluş ça• resi aramak zorundadır . Çeşitli görüşler, faaliyetler iyi bir sonuca ulaşpıak için birbiriyle uğraşacaktır. Sonunda galip gelen taraf muha­ liflerini z.ararsız hale getirecektir. Bu daima böyle olmuştur. Milli Mücadele zafere ula ş ın ca Mustafa Sabri Efendi «Siyaseten tebau'de mecbur . edilmiş• tir(30). Böylece Mustafa Sabri Hoca 'nın Türkiye'deki hayatı sona ermiştir(31). B. TÜRKiYE DIŞINDAKi HAYATI: istanbul'dan ayrıld ı ktan sonra Yunanistan'da(32), Gümülcine'de bir köyde ailesiyle birlikte ıkarnet etmiştir(33 ). Burası 'kayınbabası­ nın memleketidir. Orada «Yarın» isimli bir gazete yayınlanmıştır. Da- 26, 27, 28, 29) Huzur eDrsleri, m, 351; İbnulemin, age., ay. 30) İbnulemin, are., 2183. 31) Mustafa Sabri Efendi, Yüzellilikler'den olarak «Siyaseten tebaude mec­ bur» edilmiştir. Yüzellilikler, Lozan Konferansında Cumhuriyet Hükü• metine tanınan ve genel aftan yararlanamayacak olan yüzelli kişilik bir kontenjan hükmüne göre Cumhuriyet Hükümetinin 1.6.1340 (1924) tarihinde tesbit ve ilan ettiği listede yer alarak yurt dışına çıkarı­ lanlardandır. Mustafa Sabri'nin 9. ve oğlu İbrahim Sabri'nin 113. sı­ rada yer aldıkları liste Lozan Anlaşması metninde mevcut değildir. Altunsu, age., 258; Yüzellilikler listesi için bk.
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