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Translating and Printing the Qurʾan in Late Ottoman and Modern

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Translating and Printing the Qurʾan in Late Ottoman and Modern The Qurʾan After Babel: Translating and Printing the Qurʾan in Late Ottoman and Modern Turkey by M. Brett Wilson Department of Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Dr. Bruce Lawrence, Supervisor ___________________________ Dr. Carl Ernst ___________________________ Dr. Erdağ Göknar ___________________________ Dr. Charles Kurzman ___________________________ Dr. Ebrahim Moosa Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. of Philosophy in the Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 ABSTRACT The Qurʾan After Babel: Translating and Printing the Qurʾan in Late Ottoman and Modern Turkey by Michael Brett Wilson Department of Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Dr. Bruce Lawrence, Supervisor ___________________________ Dr. Carl Ernst ___________________________ Dr. Erdağ Göknar ___________________________ Dr. Charles Kurzman ___________________________ Dr. Ebrahim Moosa An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in the Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Michael Brett Wilson 2009 Abstract This dissertation examines the translation and printing of the Qurʾan in the late Ottoman Empire and the early years of the Republic of Turkey (1820-1938). As most Islamic scholars deem the Qurʾan inimitable divine speech, the idea of translating the Qurʾan has been surrounded with concern since the first centuries of Islam; printing aroused fears about ritual purity and threatened the traditional trade of the scribes. This study examines how Turkish Muslims challenged these concerns and asserted the necessity to print and translate the Qurʾan in order to make the text more accessible. With the spread of the printing press and literacy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Qurʾan translations have become increasingly important as means of transmitting the meaning of the text to expanding audiences. I investigate the rise of Qurʾan translation through a historical survey of Ottoman and Turkish language translations and an examination of the debates surrounding them waged in periodicals, government archives, and monographs. While Turkish translations have often been construed as a product of nationalism, I argue that the rise of translation began with a renewed emphasis on the Qurʾanic theme of intelligibility bolstered by the availability of printed books, the spread of state schools, and increased knowledge of European history and intellectual currents. Turkish nationalists later adopted and advocated the issue, reconstruing the “Turkish Qurʾan” as a nationalist symbol. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the meaning of Qurʾan translation itself has changed and incorporated a variety of new concerns. iv Asserting translation of the Qurʾan in the late Ottoman Empire became synecdoche for a new vision of Muslim authority and modernity that reduced the role of the ulama and created space for interpretive plurality on an unprecedented scale. Meanwhile, some Turkish intellectuals came to appreciate the symbolic value of Turkish renderings for the assertion of national identity in the Islamic sphere. While the notion of translation as replacement has withered, in practice, translations have come to play a robust role in Turkish Muslim life as supplement and counterpoint to the Qurʾanic text. v Dedication For Cristina vi Contents Abstract .........................................................................................................................................iv A Note on Transliteration and Translation..............................................................................ix Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................xi 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................1 2. Printing the Qurʾan in the Late Ottoman Empire...............................................................27 2.1 Muslims and Print ..........................................................................................................29 2.2 Printing in the Ottoman Empire ..................................................................................32 2.3 Exposing the “Muhammadan Error”: Printing the Qurʾan in Europe ...................38 2.3.1 Orthographic Authenticity ......................................................................................41 2.4 Towards an Istanbul Edition of the Qurʾan.................................................................47 2.5 Foreign Printed Qur’ans ................................................................................................54 2.6 Propagating the Word: Thwarting Print-Capitalism ...............................................71 3. The Rise of Turkish Commentaries on the Qurʾan (1842-1908) .......................................80 3.1 The Qurʾan in the Age of Translation..........................................................................83 3.1.1 Translating Qurʾanic Commentaries ......................................................................85 3.2 Rise of the Commoners: Qur’anic commentary for the public...............................97 3.3 Beyond Commentary: The (Re)Opening and Limits of the Translation Debate 109 4. Comprehension and Unity (1908-1922).............................................................................119 4.1 Unity via Arabic............................................................................................................120 4.2 Missionaries and Conspiracy .....................................................................................131 vii 4.3 Revolutionary Comprehension ..................................................................................135 4.3.1. Incorruptible Meaning: Musa Carullah Bigiyev................................................146 5. Translation and Nation ........................................................................................................168 5.1 The First Translations of the New Republic.............................................................170 5.2 The State-Sponsored Translation Project ................................................................195 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................207 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................215 Biography...................................................................................................................................226 viii A Note on Transliteration and Translation For Arabic terms, I have followed the transliteration system used by the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Therefore, only technical terms and Qurʾanic passages are fully transliterated. For Turkish, I use modern Turkish orthography for both Ottoman and modern Turkish passages in order to ensure consistency. For Turkish language works with Arabic titles, I have used the Turkish transliterations as found in the catalogue of the Islamic Studies Research Center Library (İSAM). All translations of Turkish and Arabic sources are my own unless otherwise noted. ix Abbreviations BOA = Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (The Ottoman Archive of the Prime Ministry - Istanbul) EI = Encyclopedia of Islam, Online Edition, (Brill Online: 2009). EQ = McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. 6 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2001-2006. KI = The Koran Interpreted. Translated by A. J. Arberry. London: Allen & Unwin; New York, Macmillan, 1955. x Acknowledgements I have accrued many debts and the list of my lenders is long. Thanks to Cristina, my better half, for continual support, astute criticism, and a generous ear. She not only accompanied me through the highs and lows of graduate school life but also read my work and provided invaluable feedback. Mulțumesc. Few graduate students have the good fortune to work with an advisor whose encouragement, humor, and magnamity rival his intellect, whereas the dawla of fortune has given me not one, but a team of such mentors. Bruce Lawrence has been pivotal to my scholarly formation as well as to this project. My gratitude to him is immense for his unfailing enthusiasm, critical insight and robust belief in my potential. His appreciation for the Qurʾan and interest in its translation have juvenated this project. I want to thank Ebrahim Moosa for his exacting standards, generosity with his time, energetic support, and good humor to match. Erdağ Göknar’s nuanced understanding of Turkish literature and history has been invaluable, and translating a late Ottoman novel under his guidance was a pleasure. The UNC Chapel Hill contingent has been no less generous. Carl Ernst’s interest in Qurʾanic scholarship has been influential and reading Arabic texts with him was a rare treat. Thanks to Charles Kurzman for practical advice, brainstorming sessions, and consistent good company. Outside the committee, Anne Blackburn has been a stalwart supporter since my undergraduate days. I am very grateful for
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