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Rationalité Et Lien Social Chez Les Dirigeants D'entreprise Du Groenland: Modernité, Néo-Libéralisme Et Capitalisme

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Rationalité Et Lien Social Chez Les Dirigeants D'entreprise Du Groenland: Modernité, Néo-Libéralisme Et Capitalisme ALEXANDRE MORIN RATIONALITÉ ET LIEN SOCIAL CHEZ LES DIRIGEANTS D'ENTREPRISE DU GROENLAND: MODERNITÉ, NÉO-LIBÉRALISME ET CAPITALISME Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université Laval pour l’obtention du grade de maître ès arts (M.A.) Département de sociologie FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES SOCIALES UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL JUILLET 2001 © Alexandre Morin, 2001 RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire porte sur la rationalité des dirigeants d’entreprise du Groenland. L’analyse est basée sur des entrevues effectuées auprès des acteurs de l’industrie alimentaire. Les valeurs préconisées dans le discours dominant révèlent une idéologie capitaliste et néo-libérale. Entre autres, l’intervention de l’État dans l’économie est vue comme un obstacle au développement économique, tant chez les dirigeants d’entreprise du secteur gouvernemental que privé. Il en découle un lien social typiquement moderne, compte tenu que les actions des individus sont motivées rationnellement vers une quête de rentabilité qui importe avant toute chose. Ainsi, la social-démocratie (nivellement des conditions de vie par l’État) et certaines valeurs traditionnelles (nourriture inuite de l’époque nomade) sont moins considérées, car elles ne favorisent pas la profitabilité. Cette logique d’action résulte de transformations sociohistoriques données, où la pénétration du capitalisme dans les rapports sociaux a modernisé le Groenland depuis sa colonisation par les Danois. Alexandre Morin Gérard Duhaime (Candidat) (Directeur de recherche) ii REMERCIEMENTS Tout d’abord, je remercie ma famille, Richard, Micheline et Dominique, dont le support inconditionnel fut un point d’appui extraordinaire. Je suis également plus que reconnaissant envers Stéphanie, qui a permis un échange fécond et précieux à ce genre d’entreprise. Ta chaleur et ton amour m’ont fourni l’énergie et la passion essentielles à ma vie. Merci encore à Birger Poppel et l’équipe de Statistics Greenland pour l’accueil chaleureux. Merci aux personnes interviewées, qui m’ont accordé temps, confiance et honnêteté. Merci à mes amis groenlandais pour m’avoir fait connaître ce merveilleux pays et pour votre générosité. Je désire témoigner ma reconnaissance à Rasmus Rasmussen, Tom Greiffenberg, Jens Kaalhauge Nielsen, Gorm Winther, Wolfgang Kahlig, Pierre Fréchette, Ole Marquardt et Thibault Martin pour le travail de prélecture, les discussions et les bons conseils. Je tiens aussi à exprimer ma gratitude envers Lise Fortin pour son aide dans l’organisation de mes recherches de terrain. Le plus grand merci à Gérard Duhaime, mon directeur de mémoire, qui a d’abord cru en mes capacités et qui m’a permis d’élargir mes horizons. Tu constitues pour moi un modèle, une source d’inspiration dans mon apprentissage du métier de sociologue. Notre collaboration dans le cadre de mes études de maîtrise aura été l’une des plus belles étapes de ma vie, tant sur le plan académique que personnel. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES Résumé ....................................................................................................................................... ii Remerciements .......................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières ......................................................................................................................iv Tableaux, cartes et photos ...........................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION — PROBLÉMATIQUE DE LA RATIONALITÉ DES DIRIGEANTS D'ENTREPRISE DE L’INDUSTRIE ALIMENTAIRE GROENLANDAISE ....................................................................................1 Question générale de recherche — La modernisation des sociétés circumpolaires et le cas groenlandais.................................................................................................................................1 Question et stratégie de recherche — L’étude de la rationalité et du lien social chez les dirigeants d'entreprise..................................................................................................................6 CHAPITRE 1 — CAPITALISME ET MUTATIONS DU LIEN SOCIAL CHEZ WEBER ..................................13 L’action sociale .........................................................................................................................13 Le lien social..............................................................................................................................14 Le changement social: « sociation » du lien social par le capitalisme ......................................18 Le capitalisme comme norme dominante de la rationalité........................................................24 CHAPITRE 2 — MÉTHODOLOGIE .....................................................................................................26 Analyse de statistiques descriptives ..........................................................................................26 Entrevues semi-dirigées.............................................................................................................29 Interprétation sociohistorique....................................................................................................35 CHAPITRE 3 — LE CONTEXTE GROENLANDAIS................................................................................39 Démographie .............................................................................................................................41 Structure industrielle .................................................................................................................45 Structure géographique de l’économie......................................................................................62 Conclusion sur l’économie: mono-production, marché mondial, climat et capitalisme d’État ......................................................................................................................69 iv CHAPITRE 4 — DIAGNOSTIC DES RATIONALITÉS.............................................................................76 Les normes étatiques prescrites aux entreprises gouvernementales: social-démocratie ou capitalisme? ...............................................................................................................................77 Le discours anti-étatique du secteur privé .................................................................................86 La domination de la rationalité capitaliste.................................................................................92 Conclusion sur l’analyse des rationalités: la nature du lien social ..........................................101 CHAPITRE 5 — GENÈSE DU CAPITALISME ET DE LA MODERNISATION AU GROENLAND.................104 La période coloniale (1721-1950): initiation au capitalisme...................................................105 La période de modernisation accélérée (1950-1979): implantation du capitalisme massive, systématique et délibérée.........................................................................................................115 La première décennie du Home Rule (1979-1989): continuation de la pénétration du capitalisme sous le contrôle croissant des Groenlandais.........................................................125 La période néo-libérale (1990 - à nos jours): intensification de la domination du capitalisme globalisé ..........................................................................................................130 Conclusion sur l’interprétation des rationalités: l’acception et la participation des Groenlandais à la modernité..............................................................................................133 CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE ...............................................................................................................137 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .............................................................................................................................139 TABLEAUX, CARTES ET PHOTOS Tableau 1: PIB par secteurs et branches d’activité économique, Groenland, 1988 (millions, couronnes danoises, %)................................................................................................... 47 Tableau 2: PIB par secteurs, branches et groupes d’activité économique, Groenland, 1988 (millions, couronnes danoises, %) ......................................................................... 48 Carte 1: PIB par régions, Groenland, 1988................................................................................... 63 Tableau 3: Population, ainsi que les revenus et transferts per capita selon le niveau d’urbanisation, Groenland, en moyenne pour la période 1988-1991 (couronnes danoises, nombres, %) 65 Tableau 4: Exportations, Groenland, 1993-98 (millions, couronnes danoises, %).......................... 66 Tableau 5: Importations, Groenland, 1993-98 (millions, couronnes danoises, %).......................... 68 Photo 1: Nuuk, le plus important centre urbain au Groenland, 1999 ............................................ 74 Photo 2: Ikerasak, l’une des petites localités du Groenland, 1999 ................................................ 74 Photo 3: Port industriel de Nuuk, Groenland, 1999 ...................................................................... 75 Photo 4: Marché local de Sisimiut, Groenland, 1999.................................................................... 75 v INTRODUCTION — PROBLÉMATIQUE DE LA RATIONALITÉ DES DIRIGEANTS
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