DOCSLIB.ORG

Durand, Römer, Langlois Le Jeune Héros ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durand, Römer, Langlois Le Jeune Héros ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2011 Le jeune héros: Recherches sur la formation et la diffusion d’un thème littéraire au Proche-Orient ancien (Actes du colloque organisé par les chaires d’Assyriologie et des Milieux bibliques du Collège de France, Paris, les 6 et 7 avril 2009) Edited by: Durand, Jean-Marie ; Römer, Thomas ; Langlois, Michael Abstract: Le colloque international organisé par le Collège de France les 6 et 7 avril 2009 s’est attaché à un grand thème, propre à l’idéologie proche-orientale, celui du « jeune héros » : autre que ces « aînés » auxquels les civilisations traditionalistes du Proche-Orient réservaient généralement le pouvoir et dont l’anthroponymie proclament fièrement l’aînesse, il réussit pourtant la plupart du temps, ou aumoins pour un temps, à s’imposer, tant par ses dons personnels que par l’inconstance des dieux qui n’accordent pas leur faveur toujours aux mêmes. Les illustrations en sont multiformes. On a choisi de montrer que la typologie du thème répondait à des critères précis selon les époques. Sur une durée d’un millénaire et demi les différentes façons d’appréhender cette figure correspondent en fait, chacune, à un mode particulier d’attestation. Il n’était pas possible, même en en restant à un niveau régional, d’établir une typologie complète du « jeune héros ». Diverses formes qui tiennent au mythe romancé, le plus souvent sous forme épique, mais aussi au discours historique, ont été étudiées par nos différents contributeurs. Après une introduction générale (Liverani), la première partie est consacrée aux récits historiques et littéraires de l’ascension réussie ou non du jeune héros à la royauté : Samsî-Êrah, Idrimi, David, Saül et Assarhaddon (Guichard, Durand, McKenzie, Edelman, Marti). Ensuite on trouvera une section sur des jeunes héros non-royaux et pourtant dépeints à l’aide des catégories royales : Samson, Moïse et Daniel (Lemardelé, Römer, Langlois). Deux contributions consacrées à Athalie et Esther (Lemaire, Macchi) abordent le thème de l’héroïsme féminin, et une dernière section s’intéresse aux amitiés héroïques : Gilgameš et Enkidu, David et Jonathan, Achille et Patrocle (Ziegler, Nihan, Jaillard). Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135670 Edited Scientific Work Published Version Originally published at: Le jeune héros: Recherches sur la formation et la diffusion d’un thème littéraire au Proche-Orient ancien (Actes du colloque organisé par les chaires d’Assyriologie et des Milieux bibliques du Collège de France, Paris, les 6 et 7 avril 2009). Edited by: Durand, Jean-Marie; Römer, Thomas; Langlois, Michael (2011). Fribourg / Göttingen: Academic Press / Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. Durand, Römer, Langlois Le jeune héros ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS Publié au nom de la Fondation BIBLE+ORIENT en collaboration avec le Département d’Etudes Bibliques de l’Université de Fribourg (Suisse), l’Institut d’Egyptologie de l’Université de Bâle, l’Institut d’Archéologie, Section Archéologie du Proche-Orient Ancien, de l’Université de Berne, l’Institut Romand des Sciences Bibliques de l’Université de Lausanne, l’Institut d’Histoire et de Science des Religions de l’Université de Zurich et la Société Suisse pour l’Etude du Proche-Orient Ancien par Susanne Bickel, Othmar Keel, Bernd U. Schipper, Thomas C. Römer, Daniel Schwemer et Christoph Uehlinger Auteurs Jean-Marie Durand est professeur au Collège de France, titulaire de la chaire d’Assyriologie, et à l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes-Etudes, Paris. Il dirige l’équipe UMR 7192 (CNRS/Collège de France). Thomas Römer est professeur au Collège de France, titulaire de la chaire des Milieux bibliques, et à l’Université de Lausanne. Il est co-directeur de l’équipe UMR 7192 (CNRS/Collège de France). Michael Langlois est docteur ès Sciences historiques et philologiques de l’EPHE–Sorbonne, maître de conférences HDR à l’Université de Stras- bourg, et chercheur membre de l’UMR 7192 (CNRS/Collège de France). Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 250 Le jeune héros Recherches sur la formation et la diffusion d’un thème littéraire au Proche-Orient ancien Actes du colloque organisé par les chaires d’Assyriologie et des Milieux bibliques du Collège de France, Paris, les 6 et 7 avril 2009 édités par Jean-Marie Durand, Thomas Römer et Michael Langlois Academic Press Fribourg Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Publié avec l’aide de l’Académie suisse des sciences humaines et sociales. Catalogue général sur internet: Academic Press Fribourg: www.paulusedition.ch Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen: www.v-r.de La mise en pages a été réalisée par l’auteur. © 2011 by Academic Press Fribourg et Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen Fabrication: Imprimerie Saint-Paul Fribourg Suisse ISBN: 978-3-7278-1695-6 (Academic Press Fribourg) ISBN: 978-3-525-54371-9 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht) ISSN: 1015-1850 (Orb. biblicus orient.) Sommaire Avant-propos Jean-Marie DURAND et Thomas RÖMER .................................... 1 Introduction Portrait du héros comme un jeune chien Mario LIVERANI ...................................................................... 11 L’ascension du jeune héros à la royauté Un David raté ou une histoire de habiru à l’époque amorrite Vie et mort de Samsī-Ērah, chef de guerre et homme du peuple Michaël GUICHARD ................................................................. 29 La fondation d’une lignée royale syrienne La geste d’Idrimi d’Alalah Jean-Marie DURAND ............................................................... 94 « Yahweh was with him » A Royal Theme in the Story of David’s Rise Steven L. MCKENZIE ............................................................. 151 Saul Ben Kish, King of Israel, as a ‘Young Hero’? Diana EDELMAN .................................................................... 161 « J’étais le plus jeune de mes frères » L’avènement héroïque d’Assarhaddon, un jeune homme prédestiné Lionel MARTI ........................................................................ 184 Les attributs royaux du jeune héros Du jeune héros aux jeunes guerriers De Samson aux baḥûrîm Christophe LEMARDELÉ ......................................................... 205 VI Moïse a-t-il l’étoffe d’un héros ? Observations bibliques et extra-bibliques Thomas RÖMER .................................................................... 225 Loin des yeux, non du cœur : l’héroïsme selon Daniel Michael LANGLOIS ................................................................ 242 L’héroïsme au féminin Athalie anti-héroïne ou héroïne tragique André LEMAIRE ..................................................................... 261 Une héroïne judéenne à la cour Enjeux et moyens de l’action héroïque féminine selon le livre d’Esther Jean-Daniel MACCHI ............................................................. 273 Les amitiés héroïques Gilgameš : le roi héroïque et son ami Nele ZIEGLER ........................................................................ 289 David et Jonathan : une “amitié héroïque” ? Enquête littéraire et historique à travers les récits de 1–2 Samuel (1–2 Règnes) Christophe NIHAN ................................................................ 306 Entre mort et gloire impérissable Achille et Patrocle en miroir Dominique JAILLARD ............................................................ 331 Index Auteurs cités ............................................................................ 347 Références bibliques ................................................................ 354 Avant-propos Jean-Marie DURAND et Thomas RÖMER L’existence au Collège de France de deux chaires qui concernent l’Orient ancien, celle d’Assyriologie et des Milieux bibliques, avec des périodes et des problématiques distinctes mais complémen- taires, a incité les deux titulaires, Jean-Marie DURAND et Thomas RÖMER, à unifier leurs deux séminaires sous la forme d’un colloque international où ils devaient convier les membres de leur équipe du CNRS, l’UMR 7192 (« Proche Orient, Caucase, Iran : continuités et diversités »), et des collègues extérieurs pour aborder d’un point de vue plus large leurs problématiques propres. Leurs chaleureux remerciements s’adressent à ceux qui leur ont fait confiance et ont répondu à leur appel. De la même façon ils assurent de leur recon- naissance les autorités du Collège, et tout particulièrement leur administrateur, le professeur Pierre CORVOL, qui ont mis à leur disposition deux jours l’amphithéâtre Halbwachs et ses moyens. C’est en avril 2009 que s’y est déroulé le colloque interdisciplinaire sur le thème du « jeune héros » dont on trouvera ici les actes. Les textes que nous a laissés la civilisation de Mari sont certes irremplaçables pour mieux comprendre le moment où l’époque dite amorrite commence son déclin, avant que ne se constitue le grand royaume de Babylone sous l’impulsion d’un Hammu-rabi, tout particulièrement l’affrontement des grandes puissances et l’expan- sion des Bédouins. Cela a, de plus, souvent intéressé les spécialistes de l’Occident du Proche-Orient. Mari documente effectivement des centres comme Carkémish, Alep, Qaṭna, Ugarit, Haṣor ou même Hattuša, qui ne nous sont connus par leurs propres archives que bien plus tard ; nous voyons par le témoignage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shaushka, the Traveling Goddess Graciela GESTOSO SINGER
    Shaushka, the Traveling Goddess Graciela GESTOSO SINGER Traveling gods and goddesses between courts was a well-known motif in the ancient Near East. Statues of gods and goddesses served as symbols of life, fertility, healing, prosperity, change, alliances and sometimes represented the “geographical” integration or the “ideological” legitimization of a territory. The Amarna Letters reveal the jour- ney of the goddess Shaushka to the Egyptian court of Amenhotep III. Akkadian, Hurrian, Hittite, and Ugaritic texts reveal the role played by this goddess in local pantheons, as well as in various foreign courts during the second millennium BCE. She was known as the goddess of war, fertility and healing and statues of the goddess were used in rituals performed before military actions, to heal diseases, to bless marriage alliances and assist births. This pa- per analyses the role of this traveling goddess in the Egyptian court of Amenhotep III. El viaje de estatuas de dioses y diosas entre cortes de grandes reyes fue un recurso conocido en el Cercano Oriente antiguo. En la Antigüedad, las estatuas de ciertos dioses y diosas fueron símbolos de vida, fertilidad, curación, prosperidad, cambio, alianzas y, en algunos casos, representaron la integración “geográfica” o la legiti- mación “ideológica” de un territorio. Las Cartas de El Amarna revelan el viaje de la estatua de la diosa Shaushka hacia la corte egipcia durante el reinado de Amenhotep III. Textos acadios, hurritas, hititas y ugaríticos indican el rol cumplido por esta diosa en panteones locales, así como en diversas cortes extranjeras durante el II milenio a.e. Fue reconocida como la diosa de la guerra, fertilidad y curación.
    [Show full text]
  • X the Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah
    Originalveröffentlichung in: al-Maqdissī – Valérie Matoïan – Christophe Nicolle (Hg.), Céramique de l'âge du bronze en Syrie, II, L'Euphrate et la région de Jézireh (Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 180), Beyrouth 2007, S. 231-291 X The Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah Peter Pfalzner THE PERIODIZATION SYSTEM AND THE QUESTION clearly circumscribed factors in the history and chronology OF CHRONOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY of the Syrian Jazirah. Furthermore, through their specific political and economical organization they considerably The second half of the 2nd mill, BC in Syria has been influenced the material culture of the Syrian Jazirah. As chronologically labeled either in terms of the system of a consequence, both periods reveal a distinct ceramic "metal epochs" as the Late Bronze Age I and II or else repertoire. These two archaeological phases and ceramic labeled according to a culturally and geographically traditions can thus be labeled "Mittani" and "Middle oriented terminology as the "Middle-Syrian"' period Assyrian". (ca 1600/1530-1200/1100 BC). With regard to the strong In order to avoid misconceptions of these terms, it is geographical differentiation of material culture, especially important to note that the terms "Mittani" and "Middle pottery, within Syria to be observed in many periods, it is Assyrian ceramic period" do not imply an ethnic assignment advisable to introduce a chronological periodization on a of the pottery concerned. They have a purely political- regional scale. For the Syrian Jazirah, a region with very geographical significance. This is to say that any of the distinct ceramic repertoires through all phases from the Late Bronze Age Jazirah population groups - for example Early Bronze to the Iron Age, the "Jazirah chronological 3 Hurrians , Assyrians, Aramaeans, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
    oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires
    [Show full text]
  • The {Amârnah Texts a Century After Flinders Petrie
    ANES 39 (2002) 44-75 The {Amârnah Texts a Century after Flinders Petrie Anson F. RAINEY International Visiting Research Scholar Centre for Classics and Archaeology University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 AUSTRALIA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The ensuing remarks seek to elucidate some of the central issues in the study of the cuneiform texts discovered at Tell el-¨Amârnah in Egypt. Progress in the study of the language, the social structure of Canaan at that time and certain historical problems will be reviewed. After an accidental find by a village woman in 1887. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie was the first modern scholar to conduct archaeological excavations at the actual site. His work determined the probable spot where the tablets had been deposited when the ancient town was abandoned. Subsequently, Petrie articulated various interpretations of the evidence from the archaeological finds and also from the inscriptions. During the twentieth century, research was continued on all the many facets of these momentous discoveries. The focus in this paper is on the cuneiform epistles, the international and parochial correspondence that involved the Egyptian gov- ernment.* * The present article is an expansion of the ‘2002 Flinders Petrie Oration,’ delivered on behalf of the Australian Institute of Archaeology and the Archaeological Research Unit, The School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia, on 30 August, 2002. A much shorter version had been presented under the title, ‘The ¨Amârnah Tablets — A Late Bronze Age Phenomenon,’ at the Joint Meeting of the Midwest Region of the Society of Biblical Literature, the Middle West Branch of the American Oriental Society and the American Schools of Oriental Research—Midwest, Wheaton, IL., 16-18 February, 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • Cornil, Pierre "Le Traite De Suppiluliuma Et Shattiwaza"
    Le traité de Suppiluliuma et Shattiwaza par Pierre CORNIL Cet article présente un texte juridique du Proche-Orient antique, qui date du milieu du XIVème siècle, à savoir le traité que Suppiluliuma (1380-1346) imposait à Shattiwaza du Mitanni. Deux notices précèdent la traduction de ce texte: la première situe le pays du Mitanni dans son contexte historique et géographique, la deuxième explique le rôle de Shattiwaza. Pour ces deux points, j’utilise largement le travail de P. GARELLI, Le Proche-Orient asiatique, Nouvelle Clio 2 (1982). J’ai estimé inutile de réécrire en d’autres termes ce que GARELLI a décrit clairement. Une nouvelle édition de ce travail est en cours; mais les données historiques, citées ici, resteront valables. Les versions du texte ont été publiées dans Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi I, Leipzig (1916), 1 et 2, et dans Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi III, Berlin (1922) 1. La transcription et la traduction allemande sont dues à E. F. WEIDNER, Politische Dokumente aus Kleinasien, Die Staatsverträge in akkadischer Sprache aus dem Archiv von Boghazköi, Boghazköi-Studien 8 (1923), Leipzig, 2-37. Elles ont servi de base au texte qui suit. 14 PIERRE CORNIL 1. Le Mitanni. Au courant du XVIème siècle, à un moment où à l'intérieur du royaume hittite il n’y avait que des difficultés, des meurtres, etc..., la haute Mésopotamie était le théâtre d’événements importants. Les divers royaumes hourrites et sémitiques, qui constellaient cette région, furent unifiés en un vaste Empire, celui du Mitanni. Nous ne savons rien des circonstances qui permirent la formation de cet État.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology at the Crossroads, Review
    Chronology at the Crossroads: The Late Bronze Age in 4. Assyrian Chronometers Western Asia, 2007, by Bernard Newgrosh. 5. Problem Areas in Assyrian Chronometry 6. Concurrent Dynasties in Early Mesopotamia Book Review, by Vern Crisler, 2013, 2014 7. Middle Assyrian Concurrent Dynasties 8. The Evolution of the Assyrian King List and its Second The following is an extended review of Bernard Redaction Newgrosh’s book on chronological revision. I’ll try to do a 9. The Era of Transformation 10. A Non-linear King List and the Implications for Chronology chapter at a time, or at least a selection at a time. To the extent that I can, I’ll also do more than exposition, but will Part Three: Western Asia in the New Chronology provide some commentary, and perhaps argumentative 11. The Struggle for Recognition interaction. The whole review will probably take a few 12. Absolute and Relative Chronology months, Lord willing, and as times allows. If anyone 13. The Struggle for Supremacy: Hatti and Assyria in the Late Bronze Age knows of any previous online discussions of the book, 14. The Struggle for Survival: the Hurrians in the Late Bronze please let us know on the List. Age Before beginning the content of the review, I’d first like to Part Four: Babylonia in the New Chronology give the table of contents, and then in the next installment 15. Problem Areas in Kassite History examine the Introduction to the book. In the meantime, I’ll 16. A Time of Transition: New Perspectives on the Late Kassite also post my Mesolithic stuff in bits and pieces, rather than Period 17.
    [Show full text]
  • 11/1 2017 151-168 Mitanni Krali Tušratta'nin
    ARCHIVUM ANATOLICUM (ArAn) 11/1 2017 151-168 MİTANNİ KRALI TUŠRATTA’NIN MEKTUPLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE DİPLOMATİK EVLİLİKLER ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Nurgül YILDIRIM Öz Mitanniler tarafından M.Ö. II. Binyılın ortalarına doğru Transkafkasya ve Doğu Anadolu hattında kurulan büyük devletin, Anadolu uygarlık tarihinin şekillenmesine yön veren ev sahipleri Hurriler olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hurriler M.Ö. II. Binyıl başlarından itibaren küçük krallıklar halinde varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. M.Ö. II. Binyıl ortalarına doğru Hint-Avrupa/Aryan kökenli bir göç dalgasıyla gelen Mitanniler, Hurri topraklarında egemenlik kurmaya çalışmıştır. Halkının büyük çoğunluğunu Hurri’li nüfusun oluşturduğu, yönetici sınıfın ise Mitanniler’den oluştuğu karma bir halk ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ancak bu karma halkın yaşadığı Mitanni Ülkesi, yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 16. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında büyük bir siyasal güç halini almıştır. Bu büyük siyasi oluşumun küçük yaşta tahta çıkmış kralı Tušratta, Hitit kralı I. Šuppiluliuma’nın ve Mısır kralı III. Amenhotep’in (III. Amenofis) çağdaşı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Tušratta’nın çağdaşı ve damadı olan III. Amenhotep ve IV. Amenhotep’e gönderdiği mektupların, siyasi kaygılarla gerçekleştirilen evlilikler perspektifinde, genel hatlarıyla analizi amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Hurri, Mitanni, Tušratta, Taduhepa, Keluhepa, Mattiwaza, Alalah Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü-Eskiçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı, [email protected] 152 NURGÜL YILDIRIM Abstract An Evaluation on the Diplomatic Marriage in Frame of Letters of Tushratta Mittanni King Hurrian locals that shaped the civilization history of Anatolia were accepted as the host of the great state, founded on the Transcaucasian and Eastern Anatolian border line, towards the mid- second millennium B.C. by Mittanni. Hurrians had existed as small kingdoms as of the early-second millennium B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • O Pequeno Mundo Próximo-Oriental: As Cartas De Amarna Como Fontes De Um Sistema Diplomático
    O PEQUENO MUNDO PRÓXIMO-ORIENTAL: AS CARTAS DE AMARNA COMO FONTES DE UM SISTEMA DIPLOMÁTICO Priscila Scoville Doutoranda na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Representante do Association for Students of Egyptology [email protected] Resumo: Em 1887, tabletes de escrita cuneiforme foram encontrados em Tell el-Amarna, no Egito, e deram luz a uma rede de contatos existente no Antigo Oriente Próximo. Neste estudo, pretendo apresentar informações presentes nas Cartas de Amarna, sob a forma de uma base de dados, para pensarmos nas conexões existentes entre Grandes Reinos. Busco, assim, apresentar os aspectos das interações dentro de um sistema diplomático, abrangendo tanto a questão dos assuntos e interesses abordados, como, também, os moldes sistemáticos desses contatos. Com isso, será possível visualizar o mundo antigo de forma integrada e os principais anseios de Grandes Reis em relação ao Egito. Esta base de dados, que pretendo criar com essas informações, poderá ser utilizada em diversos tipos de estudos que possuam as Cartas de Amarna como fontes. Palavras-chave: Antigo Oriente Próximo; Antigo Egito; Diplomacia; Cartas de Amarna. INTRODUÇÃO. A Academia apresenta uma tendência crescente em estudar a integração de povos de diferentes grupos históricos, mas a ideia de isolamento de povos ainda é muito presente, em especial, em tempos mais remotos. Guarinello (2014) já apontou essas questões, com destaque para o fato de que temos a inclinação de pensar (e ensinar) a história de reinos da antiguidade como se um começasse quando outro termina. Isso, certamente, não é verdadeiro. Grupos antigos não eram e sequer pretendiam ser isolados, contudo, essa nossa pré-disposição em os pensarmos separadamente alimenta ainda mais essa noção.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (C. 1600 – 900 BC)
    A Contribution to Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (c. 1600 – 900 BC) Methodology Core Hypotheses Major Historical Repercussions 1 Methodology: Theory of Paradigms T. Kuhn (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Paradigm definition: ‘universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners’ (e.g. Ptolemaic astronomy vs. Copernican astronomy; Creation-evolution vs. Darwinian evolution; etc.). 2 Paradigm Change Requirements of successful new paradigms: Resolve anomalies that triggered crisis Preserve most of the puzzle-solving solutions of ‘old’ paradigm. Criteria of good (better) paradigm: Breadth of scope (e.g. chronological/geographic) Accuracy/precision – essential for relating theory to data Consistency Fruitfulness: Integrate currently isolated historical texts Reveal new historical relationships Make testable predictions Simplicity – minimum ‘core’ and ‘subsidiary’ hypotheses. 3 Assyrian Anomalies Shalmaneser II to Adad-nirari II – current anomalies: 1) Ashur-rabi II to Ashur-nirari IV – almost complete lack of contemporary texts (only one exception) 2) Name of Shalmaneser II omitted from the Nassouhi King-list (possibly composed by Ashur-dan II) 3) The entire Assyrian eponym canon contains only three reigns with ‘repetitive eponyms’, i.e., ‘One after PN’ Shalmaneser II (1/12), Ashur-nirari IV (6/6), Tiglath-pileser II (from 3rd eponym) 4) Tiglath-pileser II: Khorsabad King-list (32 years); KAV 22 (33 eponyms) 5) Ashur-dan II to Adad-nirari II; revolutionary change in position of king’s eponym, from 1st to 2nd position 6) Shalmaneser II to Ashur-resha-ishi II; 2 burial stele expected in Ashur (Ashur-nirari IV and Ashur-rabi II), only 1 found.
    [Show full text]
  • Testi Ittiti
    Testi ittiti Le fonti ittite comprendono narrazioni delle imprese dei sovrani, editti, trattati, ecc. Le prime sono in qualche caso di tono epico con gusto per il fiabesco. Gli editti sono una fonte particolare perché la ricostruzione storica è finalizzata a scopi ben precisi, in particolare a legittimare l’ascesa al trono di sovrani come Telipinu. Il testo delle Gesta di Hattushili introduce la formulazione annalistica che viene utilizzata anche negli Annali di Shuppiluliuma fatti redigere dal figlio Murshili II che rende così omaggio al padre e insieme dimostra di aver risolto le situazioni ancora incompiute durante il regno precedente. Gli Annali completi di Murshili II e gli Annali decennali sono fonti importanti circa gli interventi militari dei sovrani in Siria. Altre fonti sono la Relazione sugli scontri fra Egitto e Siria all’epoca di Murshili II e la Relazione di Hattushili III sulle campagne di Shuppiluliuma, che ha fornito la base per la ricostruzione cronologica degli eventi del regno. Rituali di evocazione: Quadro cronologico Mittani Il regno di Mittani si era formato probabilmente qualche tempo dopo la spedizione di Murshili I in Siria (1595 attacco a Babilonia). La prima menzione di Mittani data comunque alla fine del XVI sec. da fonte egiziana che narra una spedizione in Siria, forse quella di Tutmosi I (1528-1510). Capitale del regno è Washukkanni, per cui si ipotizza l'identificazione con Tell Fekheriye. Il primo re di questo regno di cui si abbiano notizie più precise è Parattarna, che domina su una serie di regni minori dell'area che si estende da Kizzuwatna a Terqa (sul medio Eufrate).
    [Show full text]
  • Tushratta's Murder in Shuppiluliuma's Letter To
    Abr-Nahrain 33 (1995) 116-118 TUSHRATTA’S MURDER IN SHUPPILULIUMA’S LETTER TO AKHENATEN (EA 43) BY NADAV NA}AMAN According to Petrie, letter EA 43 was discovered in a pit under the build- ing where most of the Amarna tablets were found.1 The tablet was copied and published by Sayce.2 Shortly afterwards it was transliterated and its origin discussed by Knudtzon,3 who in his edition of the Amarna tablets attributed the letter to a north Syrian king.4 Weber, on the other hand, analysed the historical background of the letter and suggested that it was sent by Shuppiluliuma to Akhenaten and referred to the episode of Tushratta’s murder and Shattiwaza’s escape to Hatti. He therefore concluded that “der Brief 43 vom Îatti-König selber stammt, der in ihm dem Pharao über die Vorgänge in Mitanni berichtet".5 Between the publication of Knudtzon’s edition and 1993 letter EA 43 remained virtually unnoticed. Kühne, for example, did not discuss it in his detailed work on the chronology of the international Amarna letters.6 Nor did Moran translate it in his new edition of the Amarna letters.7 This is because of the damage on the left of the tablet, where about half of every line is missing. It is clear, however, that letter EA 43 is a Hittite-Akkadian state letter, and that almost all the sign-shapes belong to the late “chan- cellery" stage of the Hittite empire.8 An attempt to reconstruct the obverse of EA 43 was recently published by Artzi.9 In his opinion, the letter was sent by a Hittite king to the 1 W.M.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Hittite Treaties and Letters Author(S): D
    Page 1 Hittite Treaties and Letters Author(s): D. D. Luckenbill Reviewed work(s): Source: The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Apr., 1921), pp. 161-211 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/528149 . Accessed: 04/01/2012 22:06 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. http://www.jstor.org Page 2 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES VOLUME XXXVII APRIL 1921 NUMBER 3 HITTITE TREATIES AND LETTERS BY D. D. LUCKENBILL University of Chicago The documents here translated form a small part of the archives of the Hittite kings found by Winckler at Boghazkeui in 1906. Winckler's preliminary report of his discovery, with translations of some sections of these treaties, appeared in MDOG, No.35 (1907). It was hoped that the texts might be given out at an early date, but the long illness of the discoverer of the archives prevented it: all that Winckler published before his death (1913) was a discussion of the Harri-Aryan problem in OLZ, 1910, cols.
    [Show full text]