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Shaushka, the Traveling Goddess Graciela GESTOSO SINGER
Shaushka, the Traveling Goddess Graciela GESTOSO SINGER Traveling gods and goddesses between courts was a well-known motif in the ancient Near East. Statues of gods and goddesses served as symbols of life, fertility, healing, prosperity, change, alliances and sometimes represented the “geographical” integration or the “ideological” legitimization of a territory. The Amarna Letters reveal the jour- ney of the goddess Shaushka to the Egyptian court of Amenhotep III. Akkadian, Hurrian, Hittite, and Ugaritic texts reveal the role played by this goddess in local pantheons, as well as in various foreign courts during the second millennium BCE. She was known as the goddess of war, fertility and healing and statues of the goddess were used in rituals performed before military actions, to heal diseases, to bless marriage alliances and assist births. This pa- per analyses the role of this traveling goddess in the Egyptian court of Amenhotep III. El viaje de estatuas de dioses y diosas entre cortes de grandes reyes fue un recurso conocido en el Cercano Oriente antiguo. En la Antigüedad, las estatuas de ciertos dioses y diosas fueron símbolos de vida, fertilidad, curación, prosperidad, cambio, alianzas y, en algunos casos, representaron la integración “geográfica” o la legiti- mación “ideológica” de un territorio. Las Cartas de El Amarna revelan el viaje de la estatua de la diosa Shaushka hacia la corte egipcia durante el reinado de Amenhotep III. Textos acadios, hurritas, hititas y ugaríticos indican el rol cumplido por esta diosa en panteones locales, así como en diversas cortes extranjeras durante el II milenio a.e. Fue reconocida como la diosa de la guerra, fertilidad y curación. -
X the Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah
Originalveröffentlichung in: al-Maqdissī – Valérie Matoïan – Christophe Nicolle (Hg.), Céramique de l'âge du bronze en Syrie, II, L'Euphrate et la région de Jézireh (Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 180), Beyrouth 2007, S. 231-291 X The Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah Peter Pfalzner THE PERIODIZATION SYSTEM AND THE QUESTION clearly circumscribed factors in the history and chronology OF CHRONOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY of the Syrian Jazirah. Furthermore, through their specific political and economical organization they considerably The second half of the 2nd mill, BC in Syria has been influenced the material culture of the Syrian Jazirah. As chronologically labeled either in terms of the system of a consequence, both periods reveal a distinct ceramic "metal epochs" as the Late Bronze Age I and II or else repertoire. These two archaeological phases and ceramic labeled according to a culturally and geographically traditions can thus be labeled "Mittani" and "Middle oriented terminology as the "Middle-Syrian"' period Assyrian". (ca 1600/1530-1200/1100 BC). With regard to the strong In order to avoid misconceptions of these terms, it is geographical differentiation of material culture, especially important to note that the terms "Mittani" and "Middle pottery, within Syria to be observed in many periods, it is Assyrian ceramic period" do not imply an ethnic assignment advisable to introduce a chronological periodization on a of the pottery concerned. They have a purely political- regional scale. For the Syrian Jazirah, a region with very geographical significance. This is to say that any of the distinct ceramic repertoires through all phases from the Late Bronze Age Jazirah population groups - for example Early Bronze to the Iron Age, the "Jazirah chronological 3 Hurrians , Assyrians, Aramaeans, etc. -
Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires -
The {Amârnah Texts a Century After Flinders Petrie
ANES 39 (2002) 44-75 The {Amârnah Texts a Century after Flinders Petrie Anson F. RAINEY International Visiting Research Scholar Centre for Classics and Archaeology University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 AUSTRALIA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The ensuing remarks seek to elucidate some of the central issues in the study of the cuneiform texts discovered at Tell el-¨Amârnah in Egypt. Progress in the study of the language, the social structure of Canaan at that time and certain historical problems will be reviewed. After an accidental find by a village woman in 1887. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie was the first modern scholar to conduct archaeological excavations at the actual site. His work determined the probable spot where the tablets had been deposited when the ancient town was abandoned. Subsequently, Petrie articulated various interpretations of the evidence from the archaeological finds and also from the inscriptions. During the twentieth century, research was continued on all the many facets of these momentous discoveries. The focus in this paper is on the cuneiform epistles, the international and parochial correspondence that involved the Egyptian gov- ernment.* * The present article is an expansion of the ‘2002 Flinders Petrie Oration,’ delivered on behalf of the Australian Institute of Archaeology and the Archaeological Research Unit, The School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia, on 30 August, 2002. A much shorter version had been presented under the title, ‘The ¨Amârnah Tablets — A Late Bronze Age Phenomenon,’ at the Joint Meeting of the Midwest Region of the Society of Biblical Literature, the Middle West Branch of the American Oriental Society and the American Schools of Oriental Research—Midwest, Wheaton, IL., 16-18 February, 1997. -
Cornil, Pierre "Le Traite De Suppiluliuma Et Shattiwaza"
Le traité de Suppiluliuma et Shattiwaza par Pierre CORNIL Cet article présente un texte juridique du Proche-Orient antique, qui date du milieu du XIVème siècle, à savoir le traité que Suppiluliuma (1380-1346) imposait à Shattiwaza du Mitanni. Deux notices précèdent la traduction de ce texte: la première situe le pays du Mitanni dans son contexte historique et géographique, la deuxième explique le rôle de Shattiwaza. Pour ces deux points, j’utilise largement le travail de P. GARELLI, Le Proche-Orient asiatique, Nouvelle Clio 2 (1982). J’ai estimé inutile de réécrire en d’autres termes ce que GARELLI a décrit clairement. Une nouvelle édition de ce travail est en cours; mais les données historiques, citées ici, resteront valables. Les versions du texte ont été publiées dans Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi I, Leipzig (1916), 1 et 2, et dans Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi III, Berlin (1922) 1. La transcription et la traduction allemande sont dues à E. F. WEIDNER, Politische Dokumente aus Kleinasien, Die Staatsverträge in akkadischer Sprache aus dem Archiv von Boghazköi, Boghazköi-Studien 8 (1923), Leipzig, 2-37. Elles ont servi de base au texte qui suit. 14 PIERRE CORNIL 1. Le Mitanni. Au courant du XVIème siècle, à un moment où à l'intérieur du royaume hittite il n’y avait que des difficultés, des meurtres, etc..., la haute Mésopotamie était le théâtre d’événements importants. Les divers royaumes hourrites et sémitiques, qui constellaient cette région, furent unifiés en un vaste Empire, celui du Mitanni. Nous ne savons rien des circonstances qui permirent la formation de cet État. -
Chronology at the Crossroads, Review
Chronology at the Crossroads: The Late Bronze Age in 4. Assyrian Chronometers Western Asia, 2007, by Bernard Newgrosh. 5. Problem Areas in Assyrian Chronometry 6. Concurrent Dynasties in Early Mesopotamia Book Review, by Vern Crisler, 2013, 2014 7. Middle Assyrian Concurrent Dynasties 8. The Evolution of the Assyrian King List and its Second The following is an extended review of Bernard Redaction Newgrosh’s book on chronological revision. I’ll try to do a 9. The Era of Transformation 10. A Non-linear King List and the Implications for Chronology chapter at a time, or at least a selection at a time. To the extent that I can, I’ll also do more than exposition, but will Part Three: Western Asia in the New Chronology provide some commentary, and perhaps argumentative 11. The Struggle for Recognition interaction. The whole review will probably take a few 12. Absolute and Relative Chronology months, Lord willing, and as times allows. If anyone 13. The Struggle for Supremacy: Hatti and Assyria in the Late Bronze Age knows of any previous online discussions of the book, 14. The Struggle for Survival: the Hurrians in the Late Bronze please let us know on the List. Age Before beginning the content of the review, I’d first like to Part Four: Babylonia in the New Chronology give the table of contents, and then in the next installment 15. Problem Areas in Kassite History examine the Introduction to the book. In the meantime, I’ll 16. A Time of Transition: New Perspectives on the Late Kassite also post my Mesolithic stuff in bits and pieces, rather than Period 17. -
11/1 2017 151-168 Mitanni Krali Tušratta'nin
ARCHIVUM ANATOLICUM (ArAn) 11/1 2017 151-168 MİTANNİ KRALI TUŠRATTA’NIN MEKTUPLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE DİPLOMATİK EVLİLİKLER ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Nurgül YILDIRIM Öz Mitanniler tarafından M.Ö. II. Binyılın ortalarına doğru Transkafkasya ve Doğu Anadolu hattında kurulan büyük devletin, Anadolu uygarlık tarihinin şekillenmesine yön veren ev sahipleri Hurriler olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hurriler M.Ö. II. Binyıl başlarından itibaren küçük krallıklar halinde varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. M.Ö. II. Binyıl ortalarına doğru Hint-Avrupa/Aryan kökenli bir göç dalgasıyla gelen Mitanniler, Hurri topraklarında egemenlik kurmaya çalışmıştır. Halkının büyük çoğunluğunu Hurri’li nüfusun oluşturduğu, yönetici sınıfın ise Mitanniler’den oluştuğu karma bir halk ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ancak bu karma halkın yaşadığı Mitanni Ülkesi, yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 16. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında büyük bir siyasal güç halini almıştır. Bu büyük siyasi oluşumun küçük yaşta tahta çıkmış kralı Tušratta, Hitit kralı I. Šuppiluliuma’nın ve Mısır kralı III. Amenhotep’in (III. Amenofis) çağdaşı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Tušratta’nın çağdaşı ve damadı olan III. Amenhotep ve IV. Amenhotep’e gönderdiği mektupların, siyasi kaygılarla gerçekleştirilen evlilikler perspektifinde, genel hatlarıyla analizi amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Hurri, Mitanni, Tušratta, Taduhepa, Keluhepa, Mattiwaza, Alalah Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü-Eskiçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı, [email protected] 152 NURGÜL YILDIRIM Abstract An Evaluation on the Diplomatic Marriage in Frame of Letters of Tushratta Mittanni King Hurrian locals that shaped the civilization history of Anatolia were accepted as the host of the great state, founded on the Transcaucasian and Eastern Anatolian border line, towards the mid- second millennium B.C. by Mittanni. Hurrians had existed as small kingdoms as of the early-second millennium B.C. -
O Pequeno Mundo Próximo-Oriental: As Cartas De Amarna Como Fontes De Um Sistema Diplomático
O PEQUENO MUNDO PRÓXIMO-ORIENTAL: AS CARTAS DE AMARNA COMO FONTES DE UM SISTEMA DIPLOMÁTICO Priscila Scoville Doutoranda na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Representante do Association for Students of Egyptology [email protected] Resumo: Em 1887, tabletes de escrita cuneiforme foram encontrados em Tell el-Amarna, no Egito, e deram luz a uma rede de contatos existente no Antigo Oriente Próximo. Neste estudo, pretendo apresentar informações presentes nas Cartas de Amarna, sob a forma de uma base de dados, para pensarmos nas conexões existentes entre Grandes Reinos. Busco, assim, apresentar os aspectos das interações dentro de um sistema diplomático, abrangendo tanto a questão dos assuntos e interesses abordados, como, também, os moldes sistemáticos desses contatos. Com isso, será possível visualizar o mundo antigo de forma integrada e os principais anseios de Grandes Reis em relação ao Egito. Esta base de dados, que pretendo criar com essas informações, poderá ser utilizada em diversos tipos de estudos que possuam as Cartas de Amarna como fontes. Palavras-chave: Antigo Oriente Próximo; Antigo Egito; Diplomacia; Cartas de Amarna. INTRODUÇÃO. A Academia apresenta uma tendência crescente em estudar a integração de povos de diferentes grupos históricos, mas a ideia de isolamento de povos ainda é muito presente, em especial, em tempos mais remotos. Guarinello (2014) já apontou essas questões, com destaque para o fato de que temos a inclinação de pensar (e ensinar) a história de reinos da antiguidade como se um começasse quando outro termina. Isso, certamente, não é verdadeiro. Grupos antigos não eram e sequer pretendiam ser isolados, contudo, essa nossa pré-disposição em os pensarmos separadamente alimenta ainda mais essa noção. -
A Contribution to Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (C. 1600 – 900 BC)
A Contribution to Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (c. 1600 – 900 BC) Methodology Core Hypotheses Major Historical Repercussions 1 Methodology: Theory of Paradigms T. Kuhn (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Paradigm definition: ‘universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners’ (e.g. Ptolemaic astronomy vs. Copernican astronomy; Creation-evolution vs. Darwinian evolution; etc.). 2 Paradigm Change Requirements of successful new paradigms: Resolve anomalies that triggered crisis Preserve most of the puzzle-solving solutions of ‘old’ paradigm. Criteria of good (better) paradigm: Breadth of scope (e.g. chronological/geographic) Accuracy/precision – essential for relating theory to data Consistency Fruitfulness: Integrate currently isolated historical texts Reveal new historical relationships Make testable predictions Simplicity – minimum ‘core’ and ‘subsidiary’ hypotheses. 3 Assyrian Anomalies Shalmaneser II to Adad-nirari II – current anomalies: 1) Ashur-rabi II to Ashur-nirari IV – almost complete lack of contemporary texts (only one exception) 2) Name of Shalmaneser II omitted from the Nassouhi King-list (possibly composed by Ashur-dan II) 3) The entire Assyrian eponym canon contains only three reigns with ‘repetitive eponyms’, i.e., ‘One after PN’ Shalmaneser II (1/12), Ashur-nirari IV (6/6), Tiglath-pileser II (from 3rd eponym) 4) Tiglath-pileser II: Khorsabad King-list (32 years); KAV 22 (33 eponyms) 5) Ashur-dan II to Adad-nirari II; revolutionary change in position of king’s eponym, from 1st to 2nd position 6) Shalmaneser II to Ashur-resha-ishi II; 2 burial stele expected in Ashur (Ashur-nirari IV and Ashur-rabi II), only 1 found. -
Tushratta's Murder in Shuppiluliuma's Letter To
Abr-Nahrain 33 (1995) 116-118 TUSHRATTA’S MURDER IN SHUPPILULIUMA’S LETTER TO AKHENATEN (EA 43) BY NADAV NA}AMAN According to Petrie, letter EA 43 was discovered in a pit under the build- ing where most of the Amarna tablets were found.1 The tablet was copied and published by Sayce.2 Shortly afterwards it was transliterated and its origin discussed by Knudtzon,3 who in his edition of the Amarna tablets attributed the letter to a north Syrian king.4 Weber, on the other hand, analysed the historical background of the letter and suggested that it was sent by Shuppiluliuma to Akhenaten and referred to the episode of Tushratta’s murder and Shattiwaza’s escape to Hatti. He therefore concluded that “der Brief 43 vom Îatti-König selber stammt, der in ihm dem Pharao über die Vorgänge in Mitanni berichtet".5 Between the publication of Knudtzon’s edition and 1993 letter EA 43 remained virtually unnoticed. Kühne, for example, did not discuss it in his detailed work on the chronology of the international Amarna letters.6 Nor did Moran translate it in his new edition of the Amarna letters.7 This is because of the damage on the left of the tablet, where about half of every line is missing. It is clear, however, that letter EA 43 is a Hittite-Akkadian state letter, and that almost all the sign-shapes belong to the late “chan- cellery" stage of the Hittite empire.8 An attempt to reconstruct the obverse of EA 43 was recently published by Artzi.9 In his opinion, the letter was sent by a Hittite king to the 1 W.M.F. -
Hittite Treaties and Letters Author(S): D
Page 1 Hittite Treaties and Letters Author(s): D. D. Luckenbill Reviewed work(s): Source: The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Apr., 1921), pp. 161-211 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/528149 . Accessed: 04/01/2012 22:06 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. http://www.jstor.org Page 2 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES VOLUME XXXVII APRIL 1921 NUMBER 3 HITTITE TREATIES AND LETTERS BY D. D. LUCKENBILL University of Chicago The documents here translated form a small part of the archives of the Hittite kings found by Winckler at Boghazkeui in 1906. Winckler's preliminary report of his discovery, with translations of some sections of these treaties, appeared in MDOG, No.35 (1907). It was hoped that the texts might be given out at an early date, but the long illness of the discoverer of the archives prevented it: all that Winckler published before his death (1913) was a discussion of the Harri-Aryan problem in OLZ, 1910, cols. -
Late Bronze Age Internationalism Mitanni State (1500– 1360
Map of the Middle East during the Late Bronze Age Late Bronze Age Internationalism While Egypt dominated the southern Levant during the Late Bronze Age, other great powers ruled in Mesopotamia, Syria, Anatolia, Cyprus, and the Aegean, as indicated on the map above. This age of internationalism lasted until the collapse of the Bronze Age in the twelfth century BC. Hundreds of royal letters excavated at Amarna, the capital under the pharaoh Akhenaten, record elaborate royal gift exchanges and international trade networks. Mitanni State (1500– 1360 BC) The Mitanni State was located in northern Mesopotamia, encompassing present day north- eastern Syria, south-eastern Turkey, and northern Iraq. In the early years, Mitanni and Egypt fought over control of the region of Syria, but were able to make peace during the rule of the Egyptian king, Thutmose IV (who reigned from 1425–1417 BC). Amarna Letters The nearly 400 cuneiform tablets known as the Amarna Letters were written to Egyptian pharaohs in the middle of the fourteenth century BC. Although many letters were sent by the great powers of the Late Bronze Age—Kassite Babylonia, Assyria, Hittite Anatolia, Mitanni, and Arzawa—the majority of the correspondence is from local rulers in northern Syria and the Levant. This fragmentary letter was sent to queen Tiye of Egypt by king Tushratta of Mitanni, who complains that statues sent to him by the queen’s son Akhenaten were not solid gold, as had been promised by Queen Tiye’s late husband Amenhotep III, but were made only of wood overlaid with gold. Many of the Amarna Letters record gift exchange—in addition to acknowledging and praising the gifts, the receiver sometimes expressed disappointment in them and even asked for replacements.