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Gazġ Ünġversġtesġ Sosyal Bġlġmler Enstġtüsü Eskġçağ Tarġhġ Bġlġm Dali

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Gazġ Ünġversġtesġ Sosyal Bġlġmler Enstġtüsü Eskġçağ Tarġhġ Bġlġm Dali T.C. GAZĠ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ ESKĠÇAĞ TARĠHĠ BĠLĠM DALI YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ ESKĠ ANADOLU’DA SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI (Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı ve Hititler Dönemi) Hazırlayan Hüseyin BOZCA DanıĢman Prof. Dr. Sebahattin BAYRAM Ankara- 2010 ÖNSÖZ Ġnsanların toplu olarak yaĢamaya baĢladığı en eski çağlardan itibaren toplumun huzur, emniyet ve birliğinin sağlanması için, günümüzde olduğu gibi kurallar geliĢtirilmiĢtir. Çünkü toplu halde yaĢayabilmek için insanların birbirlerine ve içinde yaĢadıkları topluluğa karĢı görev ve haklarını düzenleyecek belirli kurallara ihtiyaç duyulmuĢtur. Bu ihtiyacın bir neticesi olarak da eski toplumların hukuk sistemini oluĢturan kanunlar ortaya çıkmıĢtır. Toplumda, bireyler arasındaki hukuki iliĢkiler neticesinde ortaya çıkan kurallar kanunlara yansımıĢtır. Yaptığımız bu çalıĢmada Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı ve Hititler Dönemi ile ilgili belge ve kanunları ele alarak o dönemlerle ilgili suçlar ve cezalarını göstermeye çalıĢtık. Yararlı olur düĢüncesiyle çalıĢmamızın sonuna konuyla ilgili birkaç harita ve resim koymayı uygun gördük. AraĢtırmalarım esnasında ufuk açıcı yönlendirmeleriyle yardımlarını esirgemeyen danıĢman hocam, Sayın Prof. Dr. Sebahattin BAYRAM‟a teĢekkür etmekten mutluluk duyuyorum. Ayrıca, gerektiği yerde yardımlarını esirgemeyen değerli hocalarım, Sayın Prof. Dr. Salih ÇEÇEN‟e ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Esma REYHAN‟a en içten teĢekkürlerimi sunmayı bir görev kabul ederim. Hüseyin BOZCA Ankara- 2010 iii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................... ii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ................................................................................................ iii KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................... viii GĠRĠġ .............................................................................................................. 1 I. ASUR TĠCARET KOLONĠLERĠ ÇAĞI’NDA ANADOLU’NUN GENEL DURUMU ........................................................................................................ 1 A. Kaniš Krallığı .................................................................................... 5 B. Purušhattum Krallığı ........................................................................ 6 C. Wahšušana Krallığı .......................................................................... 6 D. Hattuša Krallığı ............................................................................... 7 E. Mamma Krallığı ................................................................................ 7 F. Luhusaddia Krallığı .......................................................................... 8 G. Ušur-ša-Ġštar Ailesi .......................................................................... 9 H. Ennum-Aššur Ailesi.......................................................................... 9 II. HĠTĠTLER ZAMANINDA ANADOLU’NUN GENEL DURUMU ................. 15 A. Hititlerin MenĢei Meselesi .............................................................. 15 B. Hititlerin KeĢfi ................................................................................ 17 C. Hitit Ġdari Sistemi ............................................................................ 26 D. Hitit Siyasi Tarihi ............................................................................ 28 1. Eski Hitit Devleti ................................................................... 29 2. Hitit Ġmparatorluk Dönemi .................................................... 35 3.Geç Hitit ġehir Devletleri ....................................................... 46 a. Tabal Memleketi ........................................................ 46 b. Que Memleketi ......................................................... 47 c. Melid (Malatya) ......................................................... 48 d. Kumukh Memleketi ................................................... 48 e. Gurgum (MaraĢ) Memleketi ....................................... 49 f. Sam‟al (Zincirli) Memleketi ......................................... 49 g. Sakçagözü Memleketi ............................................... 50 iv h. Kargamıš (Cerablus) Memleketi ................................ 50 ı. Hattena Memleketi ..................................................... 51 III. MEZOPOTAMYA VE HĠTĠT KANUNLARI HAKKINDA KISA BĠLGĠ ....... 52 A. Sumer Kanunları ............................................................................ 52 1- Urukagina Reformları .......................................................... 52 2- Ur-Nammu Kanunları .......................................................... 53 3- Ana Ittušu Kanunları ........................................................... 53 4- Lipit-ĠĢtar Kanunları ............................................................. 54 B. Akatca Yazılı Kanunlar ................................................................... 54 1- Ešnunna Kanunları .............................................................. 54 2- Hammurabi Kanunları .......................................................... 55 3- Orta Asur Kanunları ............................................................. 56 C. Hitit Kanunları ................................................................................ 57 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM ASUR TĠCARET KOLONĠLER DÖNEMĠ’NDE ANADOLU’DA SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI I. AĠLE HUKUKU ĠLE ĠLGĠLĠ SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI ................................ 58 A. NiĢanlanma .................................................................................... 61 B. Evlenme ......................................................................................... 63 1. Yerli Kadın Yerli Erkek Evlenmesi........................................ 63 2. Yerli Kadın Asurlu Erkek Evlenmesi ..................................... 64 3. Asurlu Bir Kadının Asurlu Bir Erkekle Evlenmesi ................ 65 C. BoĢanma ........................................................................................ 66 D. Nafaka .......................................................................................... 68 E. Evlatlık Alma .................................................................................. 69 F. Miras (Veraset) ............................................................................... 71 G. Kan Parası ..................................................................................... 73 II. TĠCARET HUKUKU ĠLE ĠLGĠLĠ SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI ....................... 75 v A. Köle Ticareti ................................................................................... 78 B. Ev SatıĢı ......................................................................................... 80 1. Yerlilerin Kendi Aralarındaki Ev SatıĢları ............................. 80 2. Asurlu Tüccarların Kendi Aralarındaki Ev SatıĢları .............. 81 3. Yerlilerin Asurlu Tüccarlara Ev SatıĢı ................................... 82 C. Borç Meselesi ................................................................................ 82 D. Faiz Meselesi ................................................................................. 84 III. ULUSLARARASI HUKUK ĠLE ĠLGĠLĠ SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI ............ 86 A. Asurlu Tüccarlar Ġle Yerli Beyler Arasındaki Suçlar ve Cezaları ..... 86 B. Kaçakçılık ....................................................................................... 89 C. Casusluk ........................................................................................ 95 ĠKĠNCĠ BÖLÜM HĠTĠTLER’DE SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI I. AĠLE HUKUKUYLA ĠLGĠLĠ SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI ............................. 101 A. Söz ............................................................................................... 101 B. NiĢan ............................................................................................ 100 C. Evlilik ............................................................................................ 102 1. Kraliçe Evlenmeleri ............................................................ 102 2. Halk Evlenmesi .................................................................. 104 D. Ġçgüveylik ..................................................................................... 105 E. BoĢanma ...................................................................................... 106 F. Kız Kaçırma .................................................................................. 107 G. Evlatlık Alama .............................................................................. 108 1. Eski Hitit Devleti Zamanında Evlatlık Alma ........................ 108 a. Hattušili‟nin vasiyetnamesi ...................................... 109 b. Ġnandık BağıĢ Belgesi .............................................. 110 2. Orta Hitit Devleti Zamanında Evlatlık Alma ........................ 110 3. Yeni Devlet Zamanında Evlatlık Alma ................................ 111 vi H. Miras ............................................................................................ 111 I. Kan Davası .................................................................................. 112 II. CEZA HUKUKUYLA ĠLGĠLĠ SUÇLAR VE CEZALARI ........................... 114 A. Hırsızlık ........................................................................................ 116 1. BüyükbaĢ Hayvan Hırsızlığı ............................................... 118 2. KüçükbaĢ Hayvan Hırsızlığı ............................................... 118 3 Ev Soymak .......................................................................... 119 B. Kundakçılık .................................................................................
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