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crow s. hue h l^nildiferis Weijatuije ' nttue cemcntoo SCHOOL THIRD EDTCN Charlotte S. Huck THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

,. Childrens Literature '■in the elementary School THIRD EDITION

Holt Rinehart and Winston New York Chicago San Francisco Atlanta Dallas Montreal Toronto London Sydney Cover design: Fred Pusterla Book design: Art Ritter Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Huck, Charlotte S. Children's Literature in the elementary school. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Children's literature—Study and teaching. I. Title. LB1575.H8 1976 372.6'4 75-29281 ISBN: 0-03-010051-8

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following authors, by John Ciardi. Reprinted by permission of J. B. Lippincott Company. publishers, and agencies for permission to reprint poetry selections "Circles" from The People, Yes by Carl Sandburg, copyright 1936, by from copyrighted material. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.; renewed, 1964, by Carl Sandburg. Two verses from "Abraham Lincoln" from A Book of Americans Reprinted by permission of the publishers. "City" by Langston by Rosemary and Stephen Vincent Benet (Holt, Rinehart and Hughes, reprinted by permission of Harold Ober Associates Incorpo Winston, Inc.). Copyright, 1933, by Stephen Vincent Benet. Copyright rated. Copyright © 1958 by Langston Hughes. "City, City" by Marci renewed © 1961, by Rosemary Carr Benet. Reprinted by permission Ridlon from That Was Summer. Text copyright © 1969 by Marci of Brandt & Brandt. "The Adventures of Isabel" by Ogden Nash, Ridlon. Used by permission of the author. "Conversation with My Copyright 1936 by Ogden Nash. From The Face Is Familiar by Ogden self" by Eve Merriam, Copyright © 1964 by Eve Merriam. From It Nash, by permission of Little, Brown and Co. "Apartment House" Doesn't Always Have to Rhyme. Used by permission of Atheneum by Gerald Raftery, by permission of Gerald Raftery. "April" by Publishers. "Cow" by Valerie Worth, reprinted with the permission Marcia Lee Masters. From her book Intent on Earth, originally from of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc., from Small Poems by Valerie Worth, the magazine Contemporary Poetry. Used by permission of the author. Copyright © 1972 by Valerie Worth. "Cows" by James Reeves, pub "Ashes my burnt hut," permission granted by The Peter Pauper Press, lished by the Oxford University Press in The Blackbird in the Lilac. Inc., Mount Vernon, New York. "Asleep," from the poem "Asleep," Used by permission of the author. which appears in The Sparrow Bush by Elizabeth Coatsworth. Text "December Leaves" from Don't Ever Cross a Crocodile by Kaye copyright © 1966 by Grosset and Dunlap, Inc. Published by Grosset Starbird. Copyright © 1963 by Kaye Starbird. Reprinted by permis and Dunlap, Inc. "At the edge of the world" from Singing for Power sion of J. B. Lippincott Company. Portion of the poem "Dinky," by Ruth Underhill. Originally published by The University of Cali copyright 1953 by Beatrice Roethke, Administratrix of the Estate of fornia Press; reprinted by permission of the Regents of the University Theodor Roethke, from the book The Collected Poems of Theodor of California. Roethke. Reprinted by permission of Doubleday & Company, Inc. From "The Ballad of William Sycamore" from Ballads and Poems "Discovery" from The Golden Hive, copyright, 1962, 1967, by Harry by Stephen Vincent Benet. Copyright 1931 by Stephen Vincent Benet. Behn. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Copyright © 1959 by Rosemary Carr Benet. Reprinted by permission "The Doors", copyright © 1966, by Richard Lewis. Reprinted by of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. "Blue" by Mary Joyce Pritchard, permission of Simon and Schuster. "Dreams" by Langston Hughes, in Elementary English, vol. 40 (May 1963), p. 543. Reprinted by permis Copyright 1932 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., and renewed 1960 by sion of the National Council of Teachers of English. "Boys Don't Langston Hughes. Reprinted from Don't You Turn Back, by Langston Cry" from What's Happening Magazine. By permission of the Director, Hughes, by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. "Dunkirk," Copyright Horace Mann-Lincoln Institute. "Brother" by Mary Ann Hoberman, 1941 and renewed 1969 by Robert Nathan. Reprinted from The Green reprinted by permission of Russell and Volkening, Inc., as agents for Leaf, by Robert Nathan, by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. the author. Copyright © 1959 by Mary Ann Hoberman. "Buildings" "Everybody Says," reprinted by permission of G. P. Putnam's by Myra Cohn Livingston, from Whispers and Other Poems by Myra Sons from All Together by Dorothy Aldis. Copyright 1925-1928, 1934, Cohn Livingston. Copyright © 1958 by Myra Cohn Livingston. By 1939, 1952 by Dorothy Aldis. permission of the author. "Far and Near" from The Wizard in the Well, © 1956 by Harry "The cabin is small' by Carol Bartlett, 6th grade student of Allaire Behn. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Stuart, Boulder, Colorado. Reprinted by permission of Woman's Day "A few flies/ and I," Copyright © 1969, by Jean Merrill, from A Magazine. Copyright © 1961 by Fawcett Publications, Inc. "The Cat Few Flies and I: Haiku by Issa, selected by Jean Merrill and Ronni Heard the Cat-Bird" by John Ciardi from I Met a Man. Copyright Solbert, published by Pantheon Books. "First Snow" from A Pocketful © 1961 by John Ciardi. Reprinted by permission of the publisher of Poems by Marie Louise Allen. Text copyright © 1957 by Marie Houghton Mifflin Company. "Song of an Unlucky Man" from the book Allen Howarth. By permission of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. A Crocodile Has Me by the Leg: African Poems by Leonard W. Doob, "Foghorns," text copyright © 1969 by Lilian Moore. From I Thought published by Walker & Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., © 1966, I Heard the City. Used by permission of Atheneum Publishers. 1967 by Leonard W. Doob. "Children When They're Very Sweet" "Fueled," from Serve Me a Slice of Moon, © 1965, by Marcie Hans. from The Man Who Sang the Sillies by John Ciardi. Copyright © 1961 Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Acknowledgments v

“The Grasshopper/' Copyright 1952 by David McCord. From Farjeon. "My Parents Kept Me from Children Who Were Rough," Every Time I Climb a Tree by David McCord, by permission of Little, Copyright 1934 and renewed 1962 by Stephen Spender. Reprinted Brown and Co. from Collected Poems, 1928-1953, by Stephen Spender, by permission “Hello and Good-by" by Mary Ann Hoberman. Reprinted by of Random House, Inc. Also reprinted by permission of Faber and permission of Russell and Volkening, Inc., as agents for the author. Faber Ltd. from Collected Poems. Copyright © 1959 by Mary Ann Hoberman. “Homesick" from . . . “New Shoes," Copyright © 1932, by The John Day Company, I Never Saw Another Butterfly. . . edited by H. Volavkova. 1964. Inc. Reprinted from The Golden Flute by Alice Hubbard and Adeline McGraw-Hill Book Company. Used with permission of the publisher. Babbit by permission of The John Day Company, Inc., an Intext From “Homework" in Egg Thoughts and Other Frances Songs by Russell publisher. Hoban. Text copyright © 1972 by Russell Hoban. Reprinted by “The Old House" by Walter de la Mare, by permission of The permission of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. "Hughbert and the Literary Trustees of Walter de la Mare, and The Society of Authors Glue" from The Rose on My Cake by Karla Kuskin. Copyright © 1964 as their representative. “An old silent pond," Basho. From Cricket by Karla Kuskin. Reprinted by permission of Harper and Row, Songs: Japanese Haiku translated and © 1964 by Harry Behn. Reprinted Publishers, Inc. by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. “Otto" from Bronze- “I Like It When It's Mizzly" from I Like Weather by Aileen Fisher. ville Boys and Girls by Gwendolyn Books. Copyright © 1956 by Text Copyright © 1963 by Aileen Fisher, with permission of Thomas Gwendolyn Brooks Blakely. Reprinted by permission of Harper & Y. Crowell Company, Inc., publisher. '"1/ says the poem," Copyright Row, Publishers, Inc. © 1964 by Eve Merriam. From It Doesn't Always Have to Rhyme. Used “The Pickety Fence," Copyright 1952 by David McCord. From by permission of Atheneum Publishers. Excerpt from Independent Every Time I Climb a Tree by David McCord, by permission of Little, Voices, Copyright © 1968 by Eve Merriam. From Independent Voices. Brown and Co. “Poem," Copyright 1932 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Used by permission of Atheneum Publishers. Eight lines from and renewed 1960 by Langston Hughes. Reprinted from Don't You “Indian" from A Book of Americans by Rosemary and Stephen Vincent Turn Back, by Langston Hughes, by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Benet (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.). Copyright, 1933, by Stephen Inc. “Poem of Praise" from Poems by Elizabeth Coatsworth (Copyright Vincent Benet. Copyright renewed © 1961, by Rosemary Carr 1934 by Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., renewed 1962 by Elizabeth Benet. Reprinted by permission of Brandt & Brandt. “Inside a Poem," Coatsworth Beston). “Poem to Mud," text copyrighted © 1969 by Copyright © 1964 by Eve Merriam. From It Doesn't Always Have to Zilpha Keatley Snyder from Today Is Saturday. Used by permission Rhyme. Used by permission of Atheneum Publishers. “It Happened," of Atheneum Publishers. "The Prayer of the Cock" from Prayers from Copyright © 1972 by Myra Cohn Livingston. From The Malibu and the Ark by Carmen Bernos de Gasztold, translated by Rumer Godden. Other Poems by Myra Cohn Livingston (A Margaret K. McEIderry English text copyright © 1962 by Rumer Godden. All rights reserved. Book). Used by permission of Atheneum Publishers. Reprinted by permission of The Viking Press, Inc. “Primer Lesson" "Keep a poem in your pocket" and other lines from Something from Slabs of the Sunburnt West by Carl Sandburg, copyright, 1922, Special by Beatrice Schenk de Regniers, © 1958. By permission of by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.; renewed, 1950, by Carl Sandburg. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publishers. “Pussy Willows" is re “Lemons," Copyright © 1963 by Patricia Hubbell. From The Apple printed by permission of Charles Scribner's Sons from In the Woods, Vendor's Fair. Used by permission of Atheneum Publishers. "Lengths In the Meadow, In the Sky by Aileen Fisher. Text copyright © 1965 of Time" from Wonderful Time by Phyllis McGinley. Copyright © by Aileen Fisher. 1965, 1966 by Phyllis McGinley. Reprinted by permission of J. B. “Questions" by Marci Ridlon from That Was Summer. Text copy Lippincott Company. “The limerick's lively to write," Copyright © right © 1969 by Marci Ridlon. Used by permission of the author. 1961, 1962 by David McCord. From Take Sky by David McCord, by “Satellite, Satellite," Copyright © 1962 by Eve Merriam. From permission of Little, Brown and Co. "Little Miss Muffet" by Paul There Is No Rhyme for Silver. Used by permission of Atheneum Pub Dehn—© Punch, London. Reprinted by permission of Rothco Car lishers. “The Sea" from The Wandering Moon by James Reeves. By toons, Inc. "The Lizard," copyright © 1961 by Theodor Roethke from permission of William Heinemann Ltd., Publishers. “The Sea Gull" the book The Collected Poems of Theodor Roethke. Reprinted by permis from Summer Green by Elizabeth Coatsworth (Copyright 1947 by sion of Doubleday & Company, Inc. “The Lone Dog" from Songs to Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.). "Skins" by Aileen Fisher. By permis Save a Soul by Irene Rutherford McLeod. All rights reserved. Reprinted sion of the author. "The Snare" from Collected Poems of James Stephens by permission of The Viking Press, Inc. (Copyright 1915 by Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., renewed 1943 “maggie and milly and molly and may" © 1958 by e. e. Cum by James Stephens.) Also, from Collected Poems by James Stephens, mings. Reprinted from his volume Complete Poems, 1913-1962 by reprinted by permission of Mrs. Iris Wise; Macmillan London & permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. “March" from Summer Basingstoke; and The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. "Soli Green by Elizabeth Coatsworth (Copyright 1948 by Macmillan Pub tude" from the book Now We Are Six by A. A. Milne. Decorations lishing Co., Inc.) From “Mother to Son," © 1926, 1954, from Selected by E. H. Shepard. Copyright, 1927, by E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. Poems by Langston Hughes, published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. "Motor Renewal, 1955, by A. A. Milne. Published by E. P. Dutton & Co., Gars" from Songs Around a Toadstool Table by Rowena Bennett. Copy Inc. and used with their permission. Also reprinted by permission right © 1967 by Rowena Bennett. Used by permission of Follett of the Canadian Publishers, McClelland and Stewart Limited, Publishing Company, a division of Follett Corporation. “The Moun Toronto. “Song of the Open Road," Copyright 1932 by Ogden Nash. tain" from Chrysalis. Reprinted by permission of Curtis Brown, Ltd. From Verses from 1929 On by Ogden Nash, by permission of Little, Copyright © 1949, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1966, Brown and Co. "Song to Night," reprinted by permission of Coward, 1967, 1968 by Harry Behn. "Mrs. Peck-Pigeon," Copyright 1933, © McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., from The Creaking Stair by Elizabeth renewed 1961 by Eleanor Farjeon. From Poems for Children by Eleanor Coatsworth. Copyright 1923 by Elizabeth Coatsworth; 1929, 1949 by Far jeon. Copyright 1951 by Eleanor Farjeon. Reprinted by permission Coward-McCann, Inc. “A spark in the sun," © 1964 by Harry Behn. °F J. B. Lippincott Company. Also reprinted by permission of Harold Reprinted from his volume Cricket Songs; Japanese Haiku by permission Ober Associates Incorporated, Copyright 1933, 1961 by Eleanor of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. “Steam Shovel" from Lipper Pasture: vi Acknowledgments

Poems by Charles Malam. Copyright 1930, © 1958 by Charles Malam. Used by permission of Atheneum Publishers. "Triolet Against Sisters" Reprinted by permission of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. "The from Times Three by Phyllis McGinley. Copyright © 1959 by Phyllis Storm," by Adrien Stoutenberg, reprinted from The Things that Are, McGinley. Originally appeared in The New Yorker. Reprinted by copyright 1964 by the Reilly and Lee Company, a division of Henry permission of The Viking Press, Inc. Regnery Company, Chicago. "Summons," reprinted by permission "Well, Yes" from Street Poems by Robert Froman. Copyright, © of Robert Francis and the University of Massachusetts Press from 1971 by Robert Froman. Reprinted by permission of the publishers, Come Out Into the Sun: New & Selected Poems by Robert Francis, © Saturday Review Press/E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. "Whispers" from Copyright 1965. Whispers and Other Poems by Myra Cohn Livingston. Copyright © "Tea Party" from Windy Morning, copyright, 1953, by Harry Behn. 1958 by Myra Cohn Livingston. By permission of the author. "White Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. "There Season" by Frances Frost from Pool in the Meadow. Copyright 1933 is joy in," reprinted by permission of William Collins + World by Frances M. Frost. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, Publishing, Co., Inc., from Beyond the High Hills by Knud Rasmussen, Houghton Mifflin Company. "Whose Are This Pond and House," Copyright © 1961 The World Publishing Company. "There Isn't Copyright © Robert Kotewell and Norman L. Smith, 1962. Reprinted Time!," Copyright 1933, © renewed 1961 by Eleanor Farjeon. From by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd. "Wind Song," text copyright Poems for Children by Eleanor Farjeon. Copyright 1951 by Eleanor © 1967 by Lilian Moore. From J Feel the Same Way. Used by permis Farjeon. Reprinted by permission of J. B. Lippincott Company. Also sion of Atheneum Publishers. "Winter and Summer" from Whispers reprinted by permission of Harold Ober Associates, Inc. Copyright and Other Poems by Myra Cohn Livingston. By permission of the 1933, 1961 by Eleanor Farjeon. "This Is My Rock," Copyright 1929 author. "Word Poem," reprinted by permission of William Morrow by David McCord. From Every Time I Climb a Tree by David McCord, & Co., Inc., from Black Feeling, Black Talk, Black Judgment by Nikki be permission of Little, Brown and Co. "To Look at Any Thing" © Giovanni. Copyright © 1968, 1970 by Nikki Giovanni. "Write a 1961 by John Moffitt. Reprinted from his volume, The Living Seed, limerick now," excerpted from "Write Me a Verse," Copyright 1961, by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. "Tractor," reprinted 1962 by David McCord. From Take Sky by David McCord, by permis with the permission of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc., from Small Poems sion of Little, Brown and Co. by Valerie Worth. Copyright © 1972 by Valerie Worth. "Tree " text Special thanks are due to Mr. and Mrs. Robert Johnson for copyright © 1969 by Zilpha Keatley Snyder. From Today Is Saturday. permission to use the photograph that introduces Part I.

Additional acknowledgments are made as follows: Copyright © Yeats). Used by permission of Macmillan Publishing Company. Lines 1969 by Miska Miles. From Apricot ABC by Miska Miles, by permis from "Just Me" from Farther Than Far by Margaret Hillert (© Follett sion of Little, Brown and Co., in association with the Atlantic Monthly 1969). Used by permission of the author. From "Little Fox Lost" from Press. Lines from "Buckingham Palace" from When We Were Very The Little Whistler by Frances Frost. Copyright 1949 by Frances Frost. Young by A. A. Milne. Copyright 1924 by E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.; Used with permission of McGraw-Hill Book Company. Lines from renewal, 1952, by A. A. Milne. Reprinted by permission of the "Lullaby" by Robert Hillyer from Collected Poems. Copyright 1933 by publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., and The Canadian Publishers, Robert Hillyer. By permission of the publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto. From "Catalog" by Rosalie Lines from "Morning in Winter" by Harry Behn from Windy Morning. Moore. Reprinted by permission. The New Yorker Magazine; copyright By permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Data of "Hierarchy 1940, 1968. Lines from "Choosing Shoes" by Ffrida Wolfe from her of Needs" from Motivation and Personality, 2nd ed., by Abraham H. book The Very Thing. With permission of Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, Maslow (Harper & Row, 1970). Used with permission. Lines from Publishers. Lines from "The Coin" from Collected Poems of Sara Teas "New Little Boy" by Harry Behn from Windy Morning. By permission dale (Copyright 1920 by Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., renewed of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Lines from "A New Song to Sing 1948 by Mamie T. Wheless). Used by permission of Macmillan about Jonathan Bing" from Jonathan Bing by Beatrice Brown. Used Publishing Company. "Crocus" from All That Sunlight by Charlotte with permission of the publisher, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. Lines from Zolotow. Text copyright © 1967 by Charlotte Zolotow. Reprinted "Night" from Collected Poems of Sara Teasdale (Copyright 1930 by by permission of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. From "Cynthia in Sara Teasdale Filsinger, renewed 1958 by Guaranty Trust Company the Snow" in Bronzeville Boys and Girls by Gwendolyn Brooks. Copy of New York, Executor). Used by permission of Macmillan Publishing right © 1956 by Gwendolyn Brooks Blakely. Reprinted by permission Company. From "Night of Wind" by Frances Frost in Pool in the of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. From "The Deer" by Mary Austin Meadow, by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company. Lines from in The Children Sing in the Far West, by permission of Houghton Mifflin "Poetry," Copyright 1938 by Eleanor Farjeon. Copyright © renewed Company. Lines from "The Dinner Party" by Dorothy Aldis from 1966 by Gervase Farjeon. From Poems for Children by Eleanor Farjeon. All Together. Copyright 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1934, 1939, 1952, by Copyright 1951 by Eleanor Farjeon. Reprinted by permission of Dorothy Aldis. By permission of the publisher, G. P. Putnam's Sons. J. B. Lippincott Company. Lines from "A Recollection" by Frances From English Fairy Tales by Flora Annie Steel (Copyright 1918 by Cornford from Collected Poems. Used by permission of Barrie & Jenkins, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., renewed 1946 by Mabel H. Webster). Publishers. Lines from Red Riding Hood. Text Copyright © 1972 by Used by permission of Macmillan Publishing Company. Lines from Beatrice de Regniers. From Red Riding Hood Retold in Verse by Beatrice "The House of the Mouse" from Another Here and Now Story Book de Regniers. Used by permission of Atheneum Publishers. Lines from by Lucy Sprague Mitchell. Copyright 1937 by E. P. Dutton & Co., "The Secret Place" by Dorothy Aldis from All Together. Copyright Inc.; renewal © 1965 by Lucy Sprague Mitchell. Reprinted by per 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1934, 1939, 1952, by Dorothy Aldis. By mission of the publishers, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. From "I Woke permission of the publisher, G. P. Putnam's Sons. Lines from "Some Up This Morning" in The Rose on My Cake by Karla Kuskin. Copyright One" by Walter de la Mare, used with permission of The Literary © 1964 by Karla Kuskin. Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row, Trustees of Walter de la Mare and The Society of Authors as their Publishers, Inc. Lines from "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" representative. From "Sunning" in Crickety Cricket! The Best-Loved Poems from Collected Poems of William Butler Yeats (Copyright 1919 by of James S. Tippett. Text copyright © 1973 by Martha K. Tippett. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., renewed 1947 by Bertha Georgie (Continued on p. 817) CONTCNTS

Preface viii

PART Learning about Children and Books 1

CHAPTER 1 Understanding Children and Literature 2 Knowing Children's Literature 4 Understanding Children and How They Learn 20 Guidelines for Selection of Materials 37

CHAPTER 2 Children's Books of Yesterday and Today 54 Children's Books: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 57 Children's Literature: Nineteenth Century 64 Children's Literature: Twentieth Century 74 An International Literature for Children 81 Children's Books Today 82

PART z Knowing Children's Literature 91

CHAPTER 3 Picture Books 92 First Experiences with Books 93 Mother Goose 95 ABC, Counting, and Concept Books 101 Picture Books "I 06

CHAPTER 4 Traditional Literature 158 A Perspective on Traditional Literature 159 Folk Tales 162 Fables 212 Myths 216 Epic Literature 224 The Bible as Literature 230

CHAPTER 5 Modern Fantasy 240 Fantasy for Today's Child 250 Modern Fairy Tales 251 Modern Fantasy 256 Science Fiction 293 xi xii Contents

CHAPTER 6 Poetry 300 The Meaning of Poetry 310 Selecting Poetry for Children 323 Anthologies of Poems for Children 356 Sharing Poetry with Children 370

CHAPTER 7 Contemporary Realistic Fiction 392 Realism in Contemporary Children's Literature 394 On "Becoming" One's Own Person 402 Coping with Problems of the Human Condition 426 Living in a Pluralistic Society 435 Popular Types of Realistic Fiction 450

CHAPTER 3 Historical Fiction 460 Historical Fiction for Today's Child 469 Stories of Prehistoric Times 474 Stories of the Old World 477 Stories of the New World 486 The World at War 506

CHAPTER 9 Informational Books and Biography 524 Informational Books 525 Biography 555

part 3 Developing a Literature Program 537

CHAPTER 10 Creating the Learning environment 588 The School Environment 590 The Classroom Reading Environment 593 The School Library Media Center 603 Children's Services of the Public Library 625 Working with the Community 629

CHAPTER 11 extending Literature through Creative Activities 644 Extending Literature through Art and Media 646 Extending Literature through Sewing and Cooking 660 Extending Literature through Music and Movement 663 Extending Literature through Drama 664 Contents xiii

Literature and Writing 674 Extending Literature through Games 680

CHAPTER 12 The Literature Program 702 What Literature Does for Children 705 Purposes of the Literature Program 700 Sharing Literature with Children 711 Guided Discussion of Books 721 Children Share Their Reading 737 Children's Response to Books 741 Planning a Literature Program 750

Appendixes 761 A. Children's Book Awards 761 B. Book Selection Aids 769 C. Pronunciation Guide 700 D. Publishers' Addresses 701 Indexes Subject Index 705 Author, Illustrator, Title Index 790