The Unification of Italy and Germany
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The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century. -
Sea-Level Rise in Venice
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-351 Preprint. Discussion started: 12 November 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Review article: Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends Davide Zanchettin1, Sara Bruni2*, Fabio Raicich3, Piero Lionello4, Fanny Adloff5, Alexey Androsov6,7, Fabrizio Antonioli8, Vincenzo Artale9, Eugenio Carminati10, Christian Ferrarin11, Vera Fofonova6, Robert J. Nicholls12, Sara Rubinetti1, Angelo Rubino1, Gianmaria Sannino8, Giorgio Spada2,Rémi Thiéblemont13, 5 Michael Tsimplis14, Georg Umgiesser11, Stefano Vignudelli15, Guy Wöppelmann16, Susanna Zerbini2 1University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Italy 2University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Viale Berti Pichat 8, 40127, Bologna, Italy 10 3CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, AREA Science Park Q2 bldg., SS14 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy 4Unversità del Salento, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Centro Ecotekne Pal. M - S.P. 6, Lecce Monteroni, Italy 5National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK 6Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Postfach 12-01-61, 27515, Bremerhaven, 15 Germany 7Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, 117997, Russia 8ENEA Casaccia, Climate and Impact Modeling Lab, SSPT-MET-CLIM, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy 9ENEA C.R. Frascati, SSPT-MET, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy 10University of Rome La Sapienza, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy 20 11CNR - National Research Council of Italy, ISMAR - Marine Sciences Institute, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy 12 Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia. -
The North-South Divide in Italy: Reality Or Perception?
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk EUROPEAN SPATIAL RESEARCH AND POLICY Volume 25 2018 Number 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.25.1.03 Dario MUSOLINO∗ THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE IN ITALY: REALITY OR PERCEPTION? Abstract. Although the literature about the objective socio-economic characteristics of the Italian North- South divide is wide and exhaustive, the question of how it is perceived is much less investigated and studied. Moreover, the consistency between the reality and the perception of the North-South divide is completely unexplored. The paper presents and discusses some relevant analyses on this issue, using the findings of a research study on the stated locational preferences of entrepreneurs in Italy. Its ultimate aim, therefore, is to suggest a new approach to the analysis of the macro-regional development gaps. What emerges from these analyses is that the perception of the North-South divide is not consistent with its objective economic characteristics. One of these inconsistencies concerns the width of the ‘per- ception gap’, which is bigger than the ‘reality gap’. Another inconsistency concerns how entrepreneurs perceive in their mental maps regions and provinces in Northern and Southern Italy. The impression is that Italian entrepreneurs have a stereotyped, much too negative, image of Southern Italy, almost a ‘wall in the head’, as also can be observed in the German case (with respect to the East-West divide). Keywords: North-South divide, stated locational preferences, perception, image. 1. INTRODUCTION The North-South divide1 is probably the most known and most persistent charac- teristic of the Italian economic geography. -
Torino City Story
Torino City Story CASEreport 106: May 2016 Anne Power Contents Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Boxes ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 About LSE Housing and Communities ........................................................................................................ 4 Foreword and acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2. History in brief ........................................................................................................................................ 7 3. The first industrial revolution and the birth of Fiat ................................................................................ 9 4. World War Two ....................................................................................................................................11 Post-war recovery .....................................................................................................................................11 5. Industrial and social strife ....................................................................................................................14 -
Solar Tracking System Using Arduino Pratik Pawar, Ashish Yadav, Pritam Makwana, Shubham Patil
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 102 Solar Tracking System Using Arduino Pratik Pawar, Ashish Yadav, Pritam Makwana, Shubham patil Abstract— In this paper, a solar tracking system using Arduino is designed and built. This system collects free energy from the sun and stores it in the battery and then converts this energy to the respective alternating current. Its makes the energy usable in normal homes as an independent power source. This system is designed to react to its environment in the shortest amount of time. Any errors at software and hardware will be controlled or eliminated. Our system is tested for its real-time responsiveness, reliability, stability and safety. Our system is designed to be resistant to weather, temperature and some minor mechanical stresses. keywords— Solar Panel, Arduino, Dual Axis Motor, Power Supply, Stepper Motor, Display. —————————— —————————— I. INTRODUCTION reportedly also exceeding 24%. A single solar module can Solar energy is an unlimited source of energy which if produce only a limited amount of power; most installations harnessed properly will get the mankind devoid of using the contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically conventional sources of energy he has been long using. This includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, project has been designed keeping this in view to make the a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and harnessing of solar energy more efficient. optionally a solar tracking mechanism. The most common application of solar panels is solar water II. BLOCK DIAGRAM heating systems. IV. TECHNICAL USED Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. -
A Case Study in the Italian Alps
Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 2, 7329–7365, 2014 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/2/7329/2014/ doi:10.5194/nhessd-2-7329-2014 NHESSD © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 2, 7329–7365, 2014 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Natural Hazards and Earth A case study in the System Sciences (NHESS). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in NHESS if available. Italian Alps Geomorphological surveys and software S. Devoto et al. simulations for rock fall hazard Title Page assessment: a case study in the Italian Abstract Introduction Alps Conclusions References Tables Figures S. Devoto, C. Boccali, and F. Podda Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Weiss, 2, J I Trieste, 34128, Italy J I Received: 29 October 2014 – Accepted: 17 November 2014 – Published: 5 December 2014 Back Close Correspondence to: S. Devoto ([email protected]) Full Screen / Esc Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 7329 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract NHESSD In northern Italy, fast-moving landslides represent a significant threat to the population and human facilities. In the eastern portion of the Italian Alps, rock falls are recurrent 2, 7329–7365, 2014 and are often responsible for casualties or severe damage to roads and buildings. The 5 above-cited type of landslide is frequent in mountain ranges, is characterised by strong A case study in the relief energy and is triggered by earthquakes or copious rainfall, which often exceed Italian Alps 2000 mm yr−1. -
Cultural Vs. Economic Legacies of Empires: Evidence from the Partition of Poland I
Motivation and Background Contributions Discussion and Conclusion Cultural vs. Economic Legacies of Empires: Evidence from the Partition of Poland I. Grosfeld and E. Zhuravakaya Luke Zinnen, Presenter EC 765, Spring 2018 Luke Zinnen, Presenter Cultural vs. Economic Legacies of Empires Motivation and Background Contributions Discussion and Conclusion Outline 1 Motivation and Background 2 Contributions Empirical Strategy Results 3 Discussion and Conclusion Luke Zinnen, Presenter Cultural vs. Economic Legacies of Empires Motivation and Background Contributions Discussion and Conclusion Economic and Political Persistence of Historical Events Major and growing literature on connection between historical events and current political and economic outcomes Slavery Imperialism Unclear what carries through intervening time Economic factors Cultural Institutional Likewise, mechanisms important: which are overriden by later shocks, policy? Luke Zinnen, Presenter Cultural vs. Economic Legacies of Empires Motivation and Background Contributions Discussion and Conclusion Goals and Outcomes of the Paper Use 1815 - 1918 partition of Poland between Russia, Prussia/Germany, and Austria/Austria-Hungary as clean case to examine persistent and attenuated factors Homogenous before and after partition Partition arbitrary and with sharp borders Large dierences between absorbing empires Employ spacial regression discontinuity analysis on localities near empire borders during partition Find little persistent dierence in most economic outcomes (exception: railroad infrastructure), more for religiosity and democratic capital Latter have observable eect on liberal/religious conservative voting patterns Luke Zinnen, Presenter Cultural vs. Economic Legacies of Empires Motivation and Background Contributions Discussion and Conclusion Related Literature Persistence of culture and institutions, and their long-term eects on development Colonial rule and post-independence institutions: (Acemoglu et al. -
5 How Did Nationalism Lead to a United Italy? Congress of Vienna--1815
#5 How did nationalism lead to a united Italy? Congress of Vienna--1815 • Italy had been divided up • Controlled by ruling families of Austria, France & Spain • Secretive group of revolutionaries formed in S. Italy – inspired by French Rev. 1848 • Nationalistic feelings were intensifying– throughout the 8 Italian city-states • Revolts were led by Giuseppe Mazzini – returned from exile • Leader of the “Young Italy” movement – dedicated to securing “for Italy Unity, Independence & Liberty” These Revolts Failed • Looked to Kingdom of Sardinia to rule a unified Italy – agreed they would rather have a unified Italy with a monarch than a lot of foreign powers ruling over separate states • “Risorgimento” Count Cavour & King Victor Emmanuel II • Wanted to unify Italy – make Piedmont- Sardinia the model for unification • Began public works, building projects, political reform • Next step -- get Austria out of the Italian Peninsula • Outbreak of Crimean War -- France & Britain on one side, Russia on the other • Piedmont-Sardinia saw a chance to earn some respect and make a name for itself • They were victorious and Sardinia was able to attend the peace conference. As a result of this, Piedmont- Sardinia gained the support of Napoleon III. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Italian Nationalist • Invaded S. Italy with his followers, the Red Shirts • Also supported King Victor Emmanuel – Piedmont Sardinia was only nation capable of defeating Austria • Aided by Sardinia – Cavour gave firearms to Garibaldi • Guerrilla warfare (hit & run tactics) Unified Italy • Constitutional monarchy was established – Under King Victor Emmanuel • Rome – new capital • Pope went into “exile” Garibaldi And Victor Emmanuel "Right Leg in the Boot at Last" Problems of Unification • Inexperience in self- government • Tradition of regional independence • Large part of population was illiterate • Lots of debt • Had to build an infrastructure • Severe economic & cultural divisions • (S – poor, N – more industrialized) • Centralized state, but weak Independence • Lots of people left for the U.S. -
Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars. -
Northern Italy: the Alps, Dolomites & Lombardy 2021
YOUR O.A.T. ADVENTURE TRAVEL PLANNING GUIDE® Northern Italy: The Alps, Dolomites & Lombardy 2021 Small Groups: 8-16 travelers—guaranteed! (average of 13) Overseas Adventure Travel ® The Leader in Personalized Small Group Adventures on the Road Less Traveled 1 Dear Traveler, At last, the world is opening up again for curious travel lovers like you and me. And the O.A.T. Northern Italy: The Alps, Dolomites & Lombardy itinerary you’ve expressed interest in will be a wonderful way to resume the discoveries that bring us so much joy. You might soon be enjoying standout moments like these: In my mind, nothing is more idyllic than the mountainous landscapes and rural villages of Alpine Europe. To immerse myself in their pastoral traditions and everyday life, I love to explore rural communities like Teglio, a small village nestled in the Valtellina Valley. You’ll see what I mean when you experience A Day in the Life of a small, family-run farm here where you’ll have the opportunity to meet the owner, walk the grounds, lend a hand with the daily farm chores, and share a traditional meal with your hosts in the farmhouse. You’ll also get a taste for some of the other crafts in the Valley when you visit a locally-owned goat cheese producer and a water-powered mill. But the most moving stories of all were the ones I heard directly from the local people I met. You’ll meet them, too, and hear their personal experiences during a conversation with two political refugeees at a local café in Milan to discuss the deeply divisive issue of immigration in Italy. -
Barbarians Invade Rome! Questions
But the power of Rome was weakening. By the late 400s, Rome was Name no longer the mighty power that it had once been. In 476, the Hun leader, Odoacer, seized power in the western half of the Roman Empire and declared himself king of Italy. Barbarians Invade Rome! The eastern half of the Roman Empire tried to take power back in the west by sending troops, under the leadership of King Theodoric By Sharon Fabian of the Ostrogoths, to fight Odoacer. The Ostrogoths killed Odoacer, and Theodoric became the new leader of Italy. The Roman Empire, at its height, extended across much of Europe, but even then there were other groups of people who were The Roman Empire in the east continued, but Roman rule in the not part of the Roman Empire living in Europe too. Many of these west had come to an end. Europe entered into an era of uncertainty. groups, called tribes, lived in the far north. Others lived in various Rulers changed frequently, as one leader attacked and defeated parts of Europe not occupied by the Roman Empire. another. Invasions, attacks, and feuds were commonplace. It was the beginning of the Middle Ages. The barbarian tribes, as many of them were known, didn't like the idea of settling down and farming. They preferred a roaming, Today, when we hear of Huns, we picture wild-eyed, long-haired, warlike lifestyle. Due to climate changes and other factors, many of screaming invaders. the tribes began to migrate closer to the Roman Empire and sometimes even settle within the borders of the empire. -
Pius Ix and the Change in Papal Authority in the Nineteenth Century
ABSTRACT ONE MAN’S STRUGGLE: PIUS IX AND THE CHANGE IN PAPAL AUTHORITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Andrew Paul Dinovo This thesis examines papal authority in the nineteenth century in three sections. The first examines papal issues within the world at large, specifically those that focus on the role of the Church within the political state. The second section concentrates on the authority of Pius IX on the Italian peninsula in the mid-nineteenth century. The third and final section of the thesis focuses on the inevitable loss of the Papal States within the context of the Vatican Council of 1869-1870. Select papal encyclicals from 1859 to 1871 and the official documents of the Vatican Council of 1869-1870 are examined in light of their relevance to the change in the nature of papal authority. Supplementing these changes is a variety of seminal secondary sources from noted papal scholars. Ultimately, this thesis reveals that this change in papal authority became a point of contention within the Church in the twentieth century. ONE MAN’S STRUGGLE: PIUS IX AND THE CHANGE IN PAPAL AUTHORITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Andrew Paul Dinovo Miami University Oxford, OH 2004 Advisor____________________________________________ Dr. Sheldon Anderson Reader_____________________________________________ Dr. Wietse de Boer Reader_____________________________________________ Dr. George Vascik Contents Section I: Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1 Section II: Primary Sources……………………………………………………………….5 Section III: Historiography……...………………………………………………………...8 Section IV: Issues of Church and State: Boniface VIII and Unam Sanctam...…………..13 Section V: The Pope in Italy: Political Papal Encyclicals….……………………………20 Section IV: The Loss of the Papal States: The Vatican Council………………...………41 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..55 ii I.