DOCSLIB.ORG

Estuarine Circulation in Well-Mixed Tidal Inlets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Estuarine Circulation in Well-Mixed Tidal Inlets Estuarine Circulation in well-mixed tidal inlets Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Universit¨atRostock vorgelegt von Johannes Becherer geb. am 11. August 1983 in Rostock Rostock, 19. Dezember 2013 Abstract Estuarine dynamics in well-mixed tidal inlets is studied based on data of two measure- ment campaigns, carried out in the German Wadden Sea. We present the first direct observations of tidal straining in the Wadden Sea, a process that is supposed to be a ma- jor driver of estuarine circulation in this system. In contradiction to this theory, we also observe strong late flood stratification. This late flood stratification is found to be due to asymmetric lateral circulation, which is generated by a systematic interplay of horizontal density gradients and centrifugal forcing. By applying a consistent theoretical framework this newly discovered process is found to be also responsible for a large fraction of the residual estuarine exchange flow. Finally, an idealized model is developed to study the relevance of this process for other systems. Zusammenfassung Die ¨astuarineDynamik von gut durchmischten Gezeitenkan¨alen wird an Hand der Daten zweier Messkampagnen untersucht, die im deutschen Wattenmeer unternommen wurden. Wir pr¨asentieren die ersten direkten Beobachtungen von tidal straining im Wattenmeer, einem Prozess von dem man vermutet, dass er hauptverantwortlich f¨urdie ¨astuarineZirku- lation in diesem System ist. Im Widerspruch zu dieser Theorie stehend, beobachten wir allerdings auch starke Flutschichtung. Diese Flutschichtung wird durch asymmetrische Lateralzirkulation hervorgerufen, die wiederum durch ein systematisches Zusammenspiel von horizontalem Dichtegradient und Zentrifugalkraft verursacht wird. Durch den Ge- brauch eines konsistenten theoretischen Modells wird gezeigt, dass dieser neu entdeckte Prozess ebenfalls f¨ureinen Großteil der residualen ¨astuarinenAustauschstr¨omung verant- wortlich ist. Abschließend wird ein idealisiertes Modell entwickelt, um die Relevanz dieses Mechanismus f¨urandere Systeme zu untersuchen. 3 Contents 1. Structure of this thesis 1 2. Basic equations 3 2.1. Momentum equations . 3 2.2. Density equations . 3 2.3. Turbulence in the boundary layer . 4 2.3.1. Law-of-the-wall . 4 2.3.2. Turbulent fluxes . 4 3. Introduction: Circulating Estuaries 7 3.1. What is estuarine circulation? . 7 3.2. Why is estuarine circulation important? . 9 3.3. How does estuarine circulation work? . 10 3.3.1. Direct drivers of estuarine circulation . 10 3.3.2. Indirect drivers of estuarine circulation . 11 4. Sylt inlet: Tidal straining and flood tide stratification 19 4.1. Introduction . 19 4.2. Field observations . 20 4.2.1. Study site . 20 4.2.2. Instrumentation and data analysis . 20 4.2.3. Field work . 22 4.3. Results . 24 4.4. Discussion and conclusions . 26 5. Spiekeroog inlet: Asymmetric lateral circulation 29 5.1. Introduction . 29 5.2. Field campaign . 31 5.2.1. Study site . 31 5.2.2. Instrumentation . 31 5.2.3. Measurements . 33 5.2.4. Basic data-processing . 33 5.3. Theoretical framework . 35 5.3.1. Potential energy anomaly Φ . 35 5.3.2. Framework for along- and across-channel circulation . 37 5.4. Observations . 41 5.4.1. General conditions . 41 5.4.2. Tidal variation of stratification . 41 i Contents 5.4.3. Tidal velocities . 45 5.5. Mechanisms (Discussion) . 48 5.5.1. Generation of vertical stratification . 48 5.5.2. Generation of lateral circulation . 52 5.5.3. Implications for estuarine circulation . 56 5.6. Conclusions . 59 6. Vorticity-Model: Jump and circulate 61 6.1. Introduction . 61 6.2. Model description . 61 6.2.1. Model assumptions . 62 6.2.2. Vertical gradients . 63 6.2.3. Lateral gradients . 64 6.2.4. Turbulence closure . 65 6.2.5. Model parameters . 66 6.2.6. Non-dimensional numbers . 67 6.3. Model Validation . 69 6.3.1. Model setup . 69 6.3.2. Results . 70 6.3.3. Discussion . 74 6.4. Influence of channel shapes . 76 6.4.1. Model setups . 76 6.4.2. Results . 76 6.4.3. Discussion . 81 6.5. Parameter study . 84 6.5.1. Model setup . 84 6.5.2. Results . 85 6.5.3. Discussion . 89 6.6. Conclusions . 95 7. Summary and Conclusions 97 8. Future perspectives 99 A. Vorticity-Model 101 A.1. Basic relations . 101 A.1.1. Along-channel vorticty . 101 A.1.2. Across-channel vorticty . 101 A.1.3. Continuty equation . 102 A.2. Derivation of model equations . 102 A.2.1. [!x]....................................102 A.2.2. [!y]....................................103 A.2.3. [N 2] ...................................103 A.2.4. [@yb] ...................................103 A.2.5. [@yu]...................................104 A.3. [Φ] . 105 ii Contents A.4. Turbulence closure . 106 A.5. Periodicity of a signal . 106 iii 1. Structure of this thesis The studies for this thesis have been carried out in the framework of the ECOWS1 project of the German Research Foundation (DFG). The major aim of this thesis is to study estuarine circulation in a highly energetic tidal environment with small horizontal density gradients. Examples for such environments are for instance the tidal inlets of the German Wadden Sea, where two measurement campaigns have been conducted. The results of the first campaign carried out in the Lister Deep have been published in Becherer et al. (2011). Chapter 4 is based on that publication and studies indications for mixing asymmetries like tidal straining and their implication for vertical stratification and sediment transport. A second substantially refined measurement campaign was carried out in the tidal inlet between the islands of Langeoog and Spiekeroog, a similar study site as Lister Deep. The obtained data set is more comprehensive in terms of instrumentation and data coverage than the first campaign and provides a whole new perspective on the estuarine dynamics in the Wadden Sea. The analysis of those results are the core of another publication (Becherer et al., submitted), which is the basis of chapter 5. In this chapter we identify a whole new mechanism that is able to explain a large fraction of the estuarine dynamics in the tidal inlet. In order to test the general relevance of the newly discovered process for other systems and to connect the findings of chapter 4 and chapter 5, we provide an idealized modelling study in chapter 6. Despite its simplicity, the self-developed vorticity model is able to capture most of the dynamics that appear in the observations and allows at the same time projections of the investigated processes on other systems. Chapter 6 is written in such a way that it can be used with small modification as a third independent article, which will be submitted to a peer-review journal in the near future. Chapter 4, 5, and 6, which are the core of this thesis, are in the form of independent manuscripts, which is why each of them have their own introduction and conclusion. Nevertheless, all three chapters are strongly related to each other, and are surrounded by a thematic introduction in chapter 3 and final conclusions in chapter 7. This thesis closes with some future perspectives in chapter 8. As mentioned above, parts of this thesis have already been published in two articles: Becherer, J., H. Burchard, G. Fl¨oser,V. Mohrholz, and L. Umlauf, 2011: Evidence of tidal straining in well-mixed channel flow from micro-structure observations. Geo- phys. Res. Lett., 38 Becherer, J., M. T. Stacey, L. Umlauf, and H. Burchard, submitted: Asymmetric lateral circulation in a well-mixed tidal inlet: Mechanisms and inplications. J. Phys. 1Exploring the role of estuarine circulation for transport of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Wadden Sea by means of field observations and numerical modelling 1 1. Structure of this thesis Oceanogr. These articles would not have been possible in this form without the help of the co-authors, whose contributions are listed below : Hans Burchard Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnem¨unde,Germany, de- partment of Physical Oceanography. Principal investigator of the ECOWS project. Support and supervision of this thesis and of the publications. Lars Umlauf Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnem¨unde,Germany, depart- ment of Physical Oceanography. Support of data analysis, measurements and manuscript revision. Mark T. Stacey Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, California, USA. Support of data analysis, theoretical framework, article concept and manuscript revision. Volker Mohrholz Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnem¨unde,Germany, de- partment of Physical Oceanography. Support of data analysis and measurements. G¨otzFl¨oser Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany. Support of data analysis and measurements. 2 2. Basic equations In this chapter we present the most important equations used throughout the entire thesis. More specific equations related to the different topics will be introduced in the corresponding chapters. 2.1. Momentum equations The basis of almost any geophysical flow analysis are the the Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations. Applying the Boussinesq and hydrostatic assumptions, the two horizontal components in a curved coordinate system are (Huijts et al., 2009) 1 @tu = −u@xu − v@yu − w@zu + fv − R uv (2.1) R η 0 0 0 −g@xη + z @xbdz − @z hu w i , 1 2 @tv = −u@xv − v@yv − w@zv − fu + R u (2.2) R η 0 0 0 −g@yη + z @ybdz − @z hv w i , where here and after @t, @x, @y, and @z denote partial derivative with respect to time and space , R is the radius of curvature, f the Coriolis parameter, η the surface elevation, and b the buoyancy. The underlying coordinate system is aligned with the curved channel, where y is parallel and x perpendicular to the radius of curvature, and z points vertically upwards.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • '.L~:'I~' ,,:':;'.' ' ,:' Of.Prob1ems Concerning Wages, Hours, and Other Terms and Conditions of Elltploymejlt of the Employees of the Oi Ty of San Anselmo ' Ffi ("
    {,~: ."4 ~' '--'~:': l~~'~"!"'-I,~;;-~~~;::'~ ':',~ .. '~":;';/Ie~-.:~~:r;:~~~"~",:,-"'" i ~ T:·:;i~:0J~~~W~T1.W_Yrl'!'ft""t;\:'l;~~ (} '. 'C":'~ ..... I$soliir,ifit~IS:' '. ~ 1417 Protest of massive t0wers: on resi,dential streets by Utility Oompany 1418 Claims & Demands - September, 1972 '. 1419 Support of Federal-Aid Urban System 1420 Request Marin County Board of Supervisors adopt Resolution requesting State Dept. of Public Works approve procedures for determining Fed. Aid-est. Fed. Aid Urban System Comm. 1421 Accepting e~sement for street purposes over and upon certain real property from Geo. C. & Lois J. Davison . 1422 Report of Cost & Assessment-San Francisco Blvd. between SFD & City Limits allowing payment of asse'ssments in installments. 1423 Opposition to Proposition 14 and urging its defeat in November 1424 Claims & Demands - October, 1972 1425 Setting Policy for orderly destruc~ion of records-City Clerk's Offioe & Finance , . Office 'r. vC t C"C-4•• ~ .. ' 1426 Authorizing agreement for the Purchase of Tax Deeded Property from County of Marine,) 1427 Acoeptance ,of improvements on a portion of Laurel Avenue (i:>c .zCc S'~(;-( 1428 Claims & Demands - November, 1972 1429 Transfer of territory in S.A.· owned by Robert B. Hamil ton & Mr. & Mrs. Harry Kupbens, to San, Rafael 1430 Fee for a Design Review application 1431 Claims & Demands - December, 1972 1432 Intention to Incur bonded indebtedness for acquisition of, Open Spaoe. Lands (Election­ 1433 Appointing speoial bond counsel and authorizing execution of agreement (Election)
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating Your Air Consumption
    10/29/2019 Alert Diver | Estimating Your Air Consumption Estimating Your Air Consumption Advanced Diving Public Safety Diving By Mike Ange Mastering Neutral Buoyancy and Trim Military Diving Technical Diving Scientific Diving and Safety Program Oversight Seeing the Reef in a New Light ADVERTISEMENT Do you have enough breathing gas to complete the next dive? Here's how to find out. It is a warm clear day, and the Atlantic Ocean is like glass. As you drop into the water for a dive on North Carolina's famous U-352 wreck, you can see that the :: captain has hooked the wreck very near the stern. It is your plan to circumnavigate the entire structure and get that perfect photograph near the exposed bow torpedo tube. You descend to slightly below 100 feet, reach the structure and take off toward the bow. Unfortunately, you are only halfway, just approaching the conning tower, when your buddy signals that he is running low on air. Putting safety first, you return with him to the ascent line — cursing the lost opportunity and vowing to find a new buddy. If you've ever experienced the disappointment of ending a dive too soon for lack of breathing gas or, worse, had to make a hurried ascent because you ran out of air, it may surprise you to learn that your predicament was entirely predictable. With a little planning and some basic calculations, you can estimate how much breathing gas you will need to complete a dive and then take steps to ensure an adequate supply. It's a process that technical divers live by and one that can also be applied to basic open-water diving.
    [Show full text]
  • 8. Decompression Procedures Diver
    TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8. Decompression Procedures Diver 8.1 Introduction This course examines the theory, methods and procedures of planned stage decompression diving. This program is designed as a stand-alone course or it may be taught in conjunction with TDI Advanced Nitrox, Advanced Wreck, or Full Cave Course. The objective of this course is to train divers how to plan and conduct a standard staged decompression dive not exceeding a maximum depth of 45 metres / 150 feet. The most common equipment requirements, equipment set-up and decompression techniques are presented. Students are permitted to utilize enriched air nitrox (EAN) mixes or oxygen for decompression provided the gas mix is within their current certification level. 8.2 Qualifications of Graduates Upon successful completion of this course, graduates may engage in decompression diving activities without direct supervision provided: 1. The diving activities approximate those of training 2. The areas of activities approximate those of training 3. Environmental conditions approximate those of training Upon successful completion of this course, graduates are qualified to enroll in: 1. TDI Advanced Nitrox Course 2. TDI Extended Range Course 3. TDI Advanced Wreck Course 4. TDI Trimix Course 8.3 Who May Teach Any active TDI Decompression Procedures Instructor may teach this course Version 0221 67 TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8.4 Student to Instructor Ratio Academic 1. Unlimited, so long as adequate facility, supplies and time are provided to ensure comprehensive and complete training of subject matter Confined Water (swimming pool-like conditions) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY SYSTEM %Vas
    UNIVERSITY - NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY SYSTEM ALVIN REVIEW COMMITTEE Summary Report of the June 26, 27, 1991 Meeting Carriage House Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA Minutes of the Meeting APPENDICES I. ALVIN Review Committee Roster II. Agenda III. Report on ALVIN Operations, 1990-1991 IV. Letter on Archiving Policy for ALVIN data and records V. 1991 Dive Requests by Region VI. Summary of 1992 Dive Requests VII. Opportunities for Oceanographic Research, DSV ALVIN, 1992 VIII. Rules for Review of ALVIN Dive Requests it as 111K . "? • %Vas- IILALtr CE D AUG 1 . ) 1991 I 1 UNOLS OFFICE ALVIN Review Committee Minutes of Meeting June 26, 27, 1991 Carriage House Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA OPENING THE MEETING The meeting was called at 8:00 a.m. by Feenan Jennings, ARC Chair. Committee members, funding agency representatives from NOAA, NSF and ONR, WHOI personnel and UNOLS Office staff present for all or part of the meeting: ALVIN Review Committee Agency Representatives Feenan Jennings, Chair David Duane, NOAA Casey Moore Don Heinrichs, NSF Doug Nelson Keith Kaulum, ONR Mary Scranton Gary Taghon Karen Von Damm Dick Pittenger, WHOI member WHOI UNOLS Office Craig Dorman Bill Barbee Barrie Walden Jack Bash Don Moller Annette DiSilva Rick Chandler Mary D'Andrea The ALVIN Review Committee Roster is Appendix I. Craig Dorman, Director, WHOI, welcomed the ALVIN Review Committee and introduced Dick Pittenger, whom he had earlier named as the WHOI (operating institution ex-officio) member on the ARC. Dr. Dorman reiterated WHOI's strong commitment to continue to manage and operate ALVIN in support of the United States' oceanographic program.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 3 Buoyancy (Archimedes' Principle)
    LECTURE 3 BUOYANCY (ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE) Lecture Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 3 2 ¨ Reading chapter 11-7 ¤ Archimedes’ principle and buoyancy Buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle 3 ¨ The force exerted by a fluid on a body wholly or partially submerged in it is called the buoyant force. ¨ Archimedes’ principle: A body wholly or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. Fb = wfluid = ρfluidgV V is the volume of the object in the fluid. Demo: 1 4 ¨ Archimedes’ principle ¤ The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced. Lifting a rock under water 5 ¨ Why is it easier to lift a rock under water? ¨ The buoyant force is acting upward. ¨ Since the density of water is much greater than that of air, the buoyant force is much greater under the water compared to in the air. Fb air = ρair gV Fb water = ρwater gV The crown and the nugget 6 Archimedes (287-212 BC) had been given the task of determining whether a crown made for King Hieron II was pure gold. In the above diagram, crown and nugget balance in air, but not in water because the crown has a lower density. Clicker question: 1 & 2 7 Demo: 2 8 ¨ Helium balloon in helium ¨ Helium balloon in liquid nitrogen ¤ Demonstration of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle Floatation 9 ¨ When an object floats, the buoyant force equals its weight. ¨ An object floats when it displaces an amount of fluid whose weight is equal to the weight of the object.
    [Show full text]
  • Buoyancy Compensator Owner's Manual
    BUOYANCY COMPENSATOR OWNER’S MANUAL 2020 CE CERTIFICATION INFORMATION ECLIPSE / INFINITY / EVOLVE / EXPLORER BC SYSTEMS CE TYPE APPROVAL CONDUCTED BY: TÜV Rheinland LGA Products GmbH Tillystrasse 2 D-90431 Nürnberg Notified Body 0197 EN 1809:2014+A1:2016 CE CONTACT INFORMATION Halcyon Dive Systems 24587 NW 178th Place High Springs, FL 32643 USA AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPEAN MARKET: Dive Distribution SAS 10 Av. du Fenouil 66600 Rivesaltes France, VAT FR40833868722 REEL Diving Kråketorpsgatan 10 431 53 Mölndal 2 HALCYON.NET HALCYON BUOYANCY COMPENSATOR OWNER’S MANUAL TRADEMARK NOTICE Halcyon® and BC Keel® are registered trademarks of Halcyon Manufacturing, Inc. Halcyon’s BC Keel and Trim Weight system are protected by U.S. Patents #5855454 and 6530725b1. The Halcyon Cinch is a patent-pending design protected by U.S. and European law. Halcyon trademarks and pending patents include Multifunction Compensator™, Cinch™, Pioneer™, Eclipse™, Explorer™, and Evolve™ wings, BC Storage Pak™, Active Control Ballast™, Diver’s Life Raft™, Surf Shuttle™, No-Lock Connector™, Helios™, Proteus™, and Apollo™ lighting systems, Scout Light™, Pathfinder™ reels, Defender™ spools, and the RB80™ rebreather. WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, AND NOTES Pay special attention to information provided in warnings, cautions, and notes accompanied by these icons: A WARNING indicates a procedure or situation that, if not avoided, could result in serious injury or death to the user. A CAUTION indicates any situation or technique that could cause damage to the product, and could subsequently result in injury to the user. WARNING This manual provides essential instructions for the proper fitting, adjustment, inspection, and care of your new Buoyancy Compensator. Because Halcyon’s BCs utilize patented technology, it is very important to take the time to read these instructions in order to understand and fully enjoy the features that are unique to your specific model.
    [Show full text]
  • Future Towed Arrays - Operational Drivers and Technology Solutions
    UDT 2019 Sensors & processing, Sonar arrays for improved operational capability Future towed arrays - operational drivers and technology solutions Prowse D. Atlas Elektronik UK. [email protected] Abstract — Towed array sonars provide a key capability in the suite of ASW sensors employed by undersea assets. The array lengths achievable and stand-off distance from platforms provide an advantage over other types of sonar in terms of the signal to noise ratio for detecting and classifying contacts of interest. This paper identifies the drivers for future towed arrays and explores technology solutions that could enable towed array sonar to provide the capability edge in the 21st Century. 1 Introduction 2.2 Maritime Autonomous Systems and sensors for ASW Towed arrays are a primary sensor for ASW acoustic detection and classification. They are used extensively by Recent advancement in autonomous systems and submarine and ASW surface combatants as part of their technology is opening up a plethora of new ASW armoury of tools against the submarine threat. As the capability opportunities and threats, including concepts nature of ASW evolves, the design and technology that involve the use of a towed array sensor on an incorporated into future ASW towed arrays will also need unmanned underwater or surface vessel in order to support to adapt. This paper examines the drivers behind the shift mission objectives. in ASW and explores the technology space that may provide leading edge for future capability. The use of towed arrays on autonomous systems has been studied to show how effective this type of capability can The scope of towed arrays that this paper considers be.
    [Show full text]
  • Buoyancy Compensator Owner's Manual
    BUOYANCY COMPENSATOR OWNER’S MANUAL BUOYANCY COMPENSATOR OWNER’S MANUAL Thank you for buying a DTD – DARE TO DIVE buoyancy compensator (BC). Our BC’s are manufactured from high quality materials. These materials are selected for their extreme durability and useful properties. Exceptional attention is paid to the technology and technical arrangement of all components during the manufacturing process. The advantages of DTD – DARE TO DIVE compensators are excellent craftsmanship, timeless design and variability; all thanks to production in the Czech Republic. TABLE OF CONTENTS CE certification information 2 Important warnings and precautions 2 Definitions 4 Overview of models 6 1. Wings 6 2. Backplates 7 Adjusting the backplate straps 8 1. Adjusting the shoulder straps and D-rings 8 2. Adjusting the crotch strap and D-rings 9 3. Adjusting the waist belt strap and D-ring 9 4. How to use the QUICK-FIX buckle 9 Threading the waist belt strap through the buckle 10 Tuning the compensator 11 1. Assembly of the compensator for using with single bottle 11 2. Assembly of the compensator for use with doubles 12 Optional equipment 13 1. Weighting systems 13 2. Buoy pocket 14 Pre-dive inspection of the compensator 14 Care, maintenance and storage recommendations 15 Service checks 15 General technical information 15 Operating temperature range 16 Warranty information 16 Manufacturer information 16 Annex 1 - detailed description of the wing label 17 Revised – February 2020 1 CE CERTIFICATION INFORMATION All DTD – DARE TO DIVE buoyancy compensators have been CE certified according to European standards. The CE mark governs the conditions for bringing Personal Protective Equipment to market and the health and safety requirements for this equipment.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Mines and Naval Mine Countermeasures: Are Autonomous Underwater Vehicles the Answer, and Is the Royal Canadian Navy Ready for the New Paradigm?
    SEA MINES AND NAVAL MINE COUNTERMEASURES: ARE AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES THE ANSWER, AND IS THE ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY READY FOR THE NEW PARADIGM? Lieutenant-Commander J. Greenlaw JCSP 39 PCEMI 39 Master of Defence Studies Maîtrise en études de la défense Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and do Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs et not represent Department of National Defence or ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Ministère de Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used la Défense nationale ou des Forces canadiennes. Ce without written permission. papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par le Minister of National Defence, 2013 ministre de la Défense nationale, 2013. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 39 – PCEMI 39 2012 – 2013 MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES - MAITRISE EN ÉTUDES DE LA DÉFENSE SEA MINES AND NAVAL MINE COUNTERMEASURES: ARE AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES THE ANSWER, AND IS THE ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY READY FOR THE NEW PARADIGM? By Lieutenant-Commander J. Greenlaw, RCN Par capitaine de corvette J. Greenlaw, MRC This paper was written by a student La présente étude a été rédigée par attending the Canadian Forces un stagiaire du Collège des Forces College in fulfilment of one of the canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une requirements of the Course of des exigences du cours. L'étude est Studies. The paper is a scholastic un document qui se rapporte au document, and thus contains facts cours et contient donc des faits et des and opinions, which the author opinions que seul l'auteur considère alone considered appropriate and appropriés et convenables au sujet.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15 - Fluid Mechanics Thursday, March 24Th
    Chapter 15 - Fluid Mechanics Thursday, March 24th •Fluids – Static properties • Density and pressure • Hydrostatic equilibrium • Archimedes principle and buoyancy •Fluid Motion • The continuity equation • Bernoulli’s effect •Demonstration, iClicker and example problems Reading: pages 243 to 255 in text book (Chapter 15) Definitions: Density Pressure, ρ , is defined as force per unit area: Mass M ρ = = [Units – kg.m-3] Volume V Definition of mass – 1 kg is the mass of 1 liter (10-3 m3) of pure water. Therefore, density of water given by: Mass 1 kg 3 −3 ρH O = = 3 3 = 10 kg ⋅m 2 Volume 10− m Definitions: Pressure (p ) Pressure, p, is defined as force per unit area: Force F p = = [Units – N.m-2, or Pascal (Pa)] Area A Atmospheric pressure (1 atm.) is equal to 101325 N.m-2. 1 pound per square inch (1 psi) is equal to: 1 psi = 6944 Pa = 0.068 atm 1atm = 14.7 psi Definitions: Pressure (p ) Pressure, p, is defined as force per unit area: Force F p = = [Units – N.m-2, or Pascal (Pa)] Area A Pressure in Fluids Pressure, " p, is defined as force per unit area: # Force F p = = [Units – N.m-2, or Pascal (Pa)] " A8" rea A + $ In the presence of gravity, pressure in a static+ 8" fluid increases with depth. " – This allows an upward pressure force " to balance the downward gravitational force. + " $ – This condition is hydrostatic equilibrium. – Incompressible fluids like liquids have constant density; for them, pressure as a function of depth h is p p gh = 0+ρ p0 = pressure at surface " + Pressure in Fluids Pressure, p, is defined as force per unit area: Force F p = = [Units – N.m-2, or Pascal (Pa)] Area A In the presence of gravity, pressure in a static fluid increases with depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Due Process of Inner Space -- a Proposal
    University of Miami Law Review Volume 22 Number 3 Article 6 5-1-1968 Habeas Marinus: Due Process of Inner Space -- A Proposal Luis Kutner Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr Recommended Citation Luis Kutner, Habeas Marinus: Due Process of Inner Space -- A Proposal, 22 U. Miami L. Rev. 629 (1968) Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol22/iss3/6 This Leading Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HABEAS MARINUS: DUE PROCESS OF INNER SPACE- A PROPOSAL Luis KUTNER* "We must ensure that the deep seas and the ocean bottom are, and re- main, the legacy of all human beings." President Truman, 1945 Continental Shelf Proclamation I. TEcHNOLOGY ............................................................. 630 II. THE DEVELoriNo LAW OF THE SEA ......................................... 638 III. THE GROWTH OF CONTINENTAL SHELF PRACTICE ............................. 638 IV. THE CONVENTION ON THE CONTINENTAL SHE ............................... 644 A. Defining the Shell .................................................... 645 B. The Rights Conferred ................................................. 652 C. R egulating Uses ....................................................... 655 D . Shelf Boundaries ..................................................... 663 E. Settling D isputes ..................................................... 667 V. FREEDOM OF THE SEAs-AN INDIVIDUAL RIcHT .............................. 667 VI. CONCLUSION .............................................................. 673 The lawyer and the social scientist must anticipate the problems arising from man's technical expansion.1 Submarine colonialism is not yet a major international issue, but it could become on in the 1970's.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging Sonar Systems -- Assessment Summary
    October 2011 System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER) Summary Imaging Sonar Systems (AEL reference number 03WA-02-SONR) In order to provide emergency responders with information on currently available imaging sonar systems, the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SPAWARSYSCEN) Atlantic conducted a comparative assessment of The U.S. Department of Homeland Security imaging sonar systems for the System Assessment and Validation for (DHS) established the System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders Emergency Responders (SAVER) Program in July 2010. Detailed findings are (SAVER) Program to assist emergency provided in the Imaging Sonar Systems Assessment Report, which is available responders making procurement decisions. by request at https://www.rkb.us/SAVER. Located within the Science and Technology Background Directorate (S&T) of DHS, the SAVER Program conducts objective assessments Imaging sonar is a high-frequency, narrow field of view, underwater sonar that and validations on commercial equipment produces video-like acoustic imagery that is used to detect and identify and systems, and provides those results submerged objects of interest, even in low- to no-visibility conditions. along with other relevant equipment Imaging sonar systems can be hull-, tripod-, or pole-mounted; attached to a information to the emergency response remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV); or hand-carried by a diver. community in an operationally useful form. SAVER provides information on equipment Emergency responders may use imaging sonar systems to: that falls within the categories listed in the DHS Authorized Equipment List (AEL). ● Inspect ship hulls or the individual pilings of piers and bridges; ● Direct divers to an area of interest; The SAVER Program is supported by a ● Track divers underwater; network of technical agents who perform ● Inspect an object or area of interest before deploying divers; and assessment and validation activities.
    [Show full text]