Trade & Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Trade & Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti Prickly Trade Trade and Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti Christopher S. Robbins, Editor Prickly Trade Trade and Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti Christopher S. Robbins, Editor Part I: Chihuahuan Desert Cacti in the United States: An Assessment of Trade, Management, and Conservation Priorities by Christopher S. Robbins Part II: Chihuahuan Desert Cacti in Mexico: An Assessment of Trade, Management, and Conservation Priorities by Rolando Tenoch Bárcenas Luna January 2003 TRAFFIC North America World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street NW Washington DC 20037 Visit www.traffic.org for an electronic edition of this report, and for more information about TRAFFIC North America. © 2003 WWF. All rights reserved by World Wildlife Fund, Inc. All material appearing in this publication is copyrighted and may be reproduced with permission. Any reproduction, in full or in part, of this publication must credit TRAFFIC North America. The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the TRAFFIC Network, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), or IUCN-The World Conservation Union. The designation of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership are held by WWF. TRAFFIC is a joint program of WWF and IUCN. Suggested citation: Robbins, Christopher S., ed. 2003. Prickly Trade: Trade and Conservation of Chihuahuan Desert Cacti, by Christopher S. Robbins and Rolando Tenoch Bárcenas Luna. TRAFFIC North America. Washington D.C.: World Wildlife Fund. Cover photos of (top to bottom) Echinocereus stramineus, Ferocactus pilosus, and Echinocactus horizonthalonius, by J. Atchley PREFACE World Wildlife Fund (WWF) considers the and management in Mexico and in the United Chihuahuan Desert Ecoregion (CDE) of States required two different investigators with Mexico and the United States an important knowledge specific to each country. Each ecoregion for conservation because of its investigator contributed a report to this outstanding biological diversity, ecological publication and, to the extent possible, the fragility, and environmental concerns. The reports have been harmonized to minimize ecoregion, rich in natural resources, faces a stylistic differences. range of visible threats stemming from human Commercial trade drives the harvesting of activities such as mining, fossil fuel CDE cactus species in Mexico and the United exploration, livestock grazing, industrial States, but the nature and scale of this trade agriculture, and development. A less differ in both countries. Mexico harbors the publicized, but significant, threat in the U.S. greatest diversity of endemic, endangered, and portion of the ecoregion is the commercial newly discovered cactus species. Those species extraction of wild native succulents, including are highly sought after by foreign collectors cacti, for landscaping in private gardens and continue to appear in the international hundreds of miles away. In the Mexican marketplace in spite of Mexico’s laws Chihuahuan Desert, some of the world’s rarest prohibiting illegal collection. The number of cacti are harvested and exported, often specimens entering trade illegally is believed illegally, by opportunistic foreign collectors, or to be small but may be significant enough to sold to unaware tourists by impoverished destabilize wild populations of some species. villagers supplementing paltry incomes. This practice also undermines the competitive WWF approached TRAFFIC North America, advantage of Mexican growers to propagate the wildlife trade monitoring unit of WWF and and sell endemic cacti in the marketplace. In the World Conservation Union (IUCN), to the United States, the cactus trade involves investigate the implications of harvest and fewer cactus species but considerably more trade on the conservation of affected cactus plant material. The primary markets are taxa and localities in the Chihuahuan Desert. southwestern U.S. cities with an arid climate TRAFFIC divided this study into two parts to where consumers are trying to conserve water reflect the political boundaries of the CDE in by resorting to desert landscaping with plants the United States (Part I) and Mexico (Part II). like cacti instead of water-intensive gardens. TRAFFIC recognizes, however, that the Contrary to their best intentions, gardeners and geographic delineation of the CDE is defined homeowners are addressing one conservation by ecological and biological characteristics issue at the expense of another. shared by both countries, and so it should be TRAFFIC North America hopes the findings treated as one biogeographic region. and conservation priorities detailed in this TRAFFIC’s decision to assess the trade and report will help WWF, in collaboration with management of CDE cacti in Mexico local stakeholders, to improve the sustain- separately from the trade and management of ability of harvest and trade in cacti and other CDE cacti in the United States was determined succulents from the CDE. by practicality and methodology. The disparate issues associated with cactus trade, taxonomy, —Christopher S. Robbins, Editor Part I Chihuahuan Desert Cacti in the United States: An Assessment of Trade, Management, and Conservation Priorities by Christopher S. Robbins PART I CONTENTS Acknowledgments . .iv Executive Summary . .I-1 Introduction and Background . .I-3 Methods and Sources of Information . .I-5 Results and Discussion . .I-7 Legal Commercial Cacti Trade . .I-7 Arizona and Texas: A Case Study of Harvest and Interstate Trade . .I-10 Illegal Collection and Trade . .I-15 Cactus Management, Protection, and Conservation Status . .I-20 International . .I-20 United States . .I-21 Arizona . .I-23 New Mexico . .I-31 Texas . .I-33 Prioritization of CDE Issues, Species, and Sites . .I-35 Arizona . .I-35 New Mexico . .I-36 Texas . .I-36 Conclusions and Recommendations . .I-41 Research Constraints and Caveats . .I-41 General Recommendations . .I-41 Specific Recommendations . .I-42 Engage Private Landowners in West Texas . .I-42 Improve Protection for Species and Habitat on Federal Lands in Arizona and New Mexico .I-43 Arizona . .I-43 New Mexico . .I-43 Texas . .I-44 Improve State and Federal Trade Monitoring Protocols . .I-44 Support Field Research and Possible Regulatory Action . .I-44 Promote Local Propagation and Independent Certification of Native Cacti . .I-46 Promote Public Education and Responsible Purchasing . .I-46 References . .I-47 Appendices . .I-49 i TABLES Table 1. Exports or Reexports of Wild Cacti by Species (1998) . .I-8 Table 2. Imports of Succulents into California from New Mexico and Texas (1999–2002) . .I-9 Table 3. Succulents Harvested from Southeastern Arizona, including Cochise and Graham Counties (1998–1999) . .I-10 Table 4. Number of Succulent Plants by Genus Imported into Arizona from Texas (1998–June 2001) . .I-13 Table 5. Summary of Plants Exported from Texas (by County) to Arizona (1998–June 2001) . .I-14 Table 6. Summary of Plants Imported into Arizona (by City) from Texas (1998–2001) . .I-14 Table 7. Estimated Market (Retail) Value of Plant Taxa Imported into Arizona from Texas (1998–June 2001) . .I-15 Table 8. Cactus Specimen Seizures from Ports of Entry along the U.S.-Mexican Border (1998–1999) . .I-18 Table 9. CDE Cacti Native to the United States Included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, and Their CITES Status . .I-21 Table 10. Distribution and State Rank of Succulents of the Chihuahuan Desert Identified in Trade from Texas to Arizona (1998–June 2001) . .I-22 Table 11. Distribution and Protection Status of Cacti of the Chihuahuan Desert Ecoregion within the United States . .I-24 Table 12. Conservation Status and Distribution of Cactus Species Listed as "Rare" by Texas . .I-34 Table 13. Wild-Harvested Succulents Whose Trade from Texas to Arizona Exceeded 1,000 Specimens (1998–June 2001) . .I-38 Table 14. Fouquieria spp. Imports into Arizona from CDE West Texas Counties (1998–June 2001) . .I-38 Table 15. Echinocereus spp. Imports into Arizona from CDE West Texas Counties (1998–June 2001) . .I-39 Table 16. Ferocactus spp. Imports into Arizona from CDE West Texas Counties (1998–June 2001) . .I-39 Table 17. Yucca spp. Imports into Arizona from CDE West Texas Counties (1998–June 2001) . .I-39 Table 18. Echinocactus spp. Imports into Arizona from CDE West Texas Counties (1998–June 2001) . .I-40 Table 19. Agave spp. Imports into Arizona from CDE West Texas Counties (1998–June 2001) . .I-40 Table 20. Species Qualifying for Additional Monitoring or Conservation Measures in Texas . .I-45 ii FIGURES Figure 1. Gross Imports of Live Plants into Arizona Originating from the Chihuahuan Desert in Texas (1998–June 2001) . ..
Recommended publications
  • Caryophyllales 2018 Instituto De Biología, UNAM September 17-23
    Caryophyllales 2018 Instituto de Biología, UNAM September 17-23 LOCAL ORGANIZERS Hilda Flores-Olvera, Salvador Arias and Helga Ochoterena, IBUNAM ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Walter G. Berendsohn and Sabine von Mering, BGBM, Berlin, Germany Patricia Hernández-Ledesma, INECOL-Unidad Pátzcuaro, México Gilberto Ocampo, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México Ivonne Sánchez del Pino, CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Thomas Borsch, BGBM, Germany Fernando O. Zuloaga, Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Argentina Victor Sánchez Cordero, IBUNAM, México Cornelia Klak, Bolus Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa Hossein Akhani, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Iran Alexander P. Sukhorukov, Moscow State University, Russia Michael J. Moore, Oberlin College, USA Compilation: Helga Ochoterena / Graphic Design: Julio C. Montero, Diana Martínez GENERAL PROGRAM . 4 MONDAY Monday’s Program . 7 Monday’s Abstracts . 9 TUESDAY Tuesday ‘s Program . 16 Tuesday’s Abstracts . 19 WEDNESDAY Wednesday’s Program . 32 Wednesday’s Abstracs . 35 POSTERS Posters’ Abstracts . 47 WORKSHOPS Workshop 1 . 61 Workshop 2 . 62 PARTICIPANTS . 63 GENERAL INFORMATION . 66 4 Caryophyllales 2018 Caryophyllales General program Monday 17 Tuesday 18 Wednesday 19 Thursday 20 Friday 21 Saturday 22 Sunday 23 Workshop 1 Workshop 2 9:00-10:00 Key note talks Walter G. Michael J. Moore, Berendsohn, Sabine Ya Yang, Diego F. Registration
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument
    In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument Open-File Report 2008-1023 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service This page left intentionally blank. In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Chiricahua National Monument By Brian F. Powell, Cecilia A. Schmidt, William L. Halvorson, and Pamela Anning Open-File Report 2008-1023 U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web:http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested Citation Powell, B.F., Schmidt, C.A., Halvorson, W.L., and Anning, Pamela, 2008, Vascular plant and vertebrate inventory of Chiricahua National Monument: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1023, 104 p. [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1023/]. Cover photo: Chiricahua National Monument. Photograph by National Park Service. Note: This report supersedes Schmidt et al. (2005). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson
    Tucson Cactus and Succulent Society Guide to Common Cactus and Succulents of Tucson http://www.tucsoncactus.org/c-s_database/index.html Item ID: 1 Item ID: 2 Family: Cactaceae Family: Cactaceae Genus: Ferocactus Genus: Echinocactus Species: wislizenii Species: grusonii Common Name: Fishhook Barrel Common Name: Golden Barrel Habitat: Various soil types from 1,000 Cactus to 6,000 feet elevation from grasslands Habitat: Located on rolling hills to rocky mountainous areas. and cliffs. Range: Arizona, southwestern New Range: Limited to small areas in Mexico, limited extremes of western Queretaro, Mexico. The popula- Texas, Sonora, northwest Chihuahua tion had become very low in num- and northern Sinaloa, Mexico bers over the years but is just Care: An extremely easy plant to grow now beginning to increase due to in and around the Tucson area. It re- protective laws and the fact that Photo Courtesy of Vonn Watkins quires little attention or special care as this plant is now in mass cultiva- ©1999 it is perfectly at home in almost any tion all over the world. garden setting. It is very tolerant of ex- Photo Courtesy of American Desert Care: The Golden Barrel has slow- Description treme heat as well as cold. Cold hardi- Plants ly become one of the most pur- This popular barrel cactus is noted ness tolerance is at around 10 degrees chased plants for home landscape for the beautiful golden yellow farenheit. Description in Tucson. It is an easy plant to spines that thickly surround the Propagation: Propagation of this cac- This plant is most recognized by the grow and takes no special care.
    [Show full text]
  • South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site
    Powell, Schmidt, Halvorson In Cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site Plant and Vertebrate Vascular U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff, AZ 86001 Open-File Report 20 Southwest Biological Science Center Open-File Report 2005-1167 February 2007 05-1 U.S. Department of the Interior 167 U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service In cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site By Brian F. Powell, Cecilia A. Schmidt , and William L. Halvorson Open-File Report 2005-1167 December 2006 USGS Southwest Biological Science Center Sonoran Desert Research Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of the Interior School of Natural Resources U.S. Geological Survey 125 Biological Sciences East National Park Service Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web:http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested Citation Powell, B. F, C. A. Schmidt, and W. L. Halvorson. 2006. Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Fort Bowie National Historic Site.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogenetic Study of Ferocactus Britton and Rose (Cactaceae: Cactoideae) Jorge Hugo Cota-Sánchez Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1997 A phylogenetic study of Ferocactus Britton and Rose (Cactaceae: Cactoideae) Jorge Hugo Cota-Sánchez Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Other Genetics and Genomics Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Cota-Sánchez, Jorge Hugo, "A phylogenetic study of Ferocactus Britton and Rose (Cactaceae: Cactoideae) " (1997). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11453. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11453 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. TJMI fihns the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Enablers Underlying the Clustered Evolutionary Origins of C-4 Photosynthesis in Angiosperms
    This is a repository copy of Genetic Enablers Underlying the Clustered Evolutionary Origins of C-4 Photosynthesis in Angiosperms. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/95832/ Version: Submitted Version Article: Christin, P-A., Arakaki, M., Osborne, C.P. et al. (1 more author) (2015) Genetic Enablers Underlying the Clustered Evolutionary Origins of C-4 Photosynthesis in Angiosperms. Molecular Biology and Evolution , 32 (4). pp. 846-858. ISSN 0737-4038 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu410 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Article:Discoveries Genetic enablers underlying the clustered evolutionary origins of C4 photosynthesis in angiosperms 5 Running title: Co-option of genes for C4 photosynthesis Authors: Pascal-Antoine Christina,b, Monica Arakakib,c, Colin P.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Site R042XH002NM Limestone Hills
    Natural Resources Conservation Service Ecological site R042XH002NM Limestone Hills Accessed: 09/26/2021 General information Approved. An approved ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model, enough information to identify the ecological site, and full documentation for all ecosystem states contained in the state and transition model. Figure 1. Mapped extent Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated. MLRA notes Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 042X–Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains To view this ESD in its most complete form refer to the PDF Version found in the New Mexico NRCS Field Office Technical Guide, section 2. The Limestone Hills Ecological Site predominantly occurs in LRU 42.8, which is a subunit of MLRA 42 (Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains) MLRA Notes: LRU 42.8 was carved out of the Guadalupe Mountains portion of what used to be MLRA 70D. This Limestone Hills Ecological Site has mostly taken the place of the Limestone Hills Ecological Site that was traditionally used in MLRA 70D. It is possible, though very rare, that the Limestone Hills Ecological Site may occur outside of this LRU boundary. To identify locations where this ESD has been mapped, refer to the most current natural resource soil survey data on Web Soil Survey or contact your local NRCS Conservation District field office Classification relationships NRCS & BLM: Limestone Hills Ecological Site < LRU 42.8 Northeastern Chihuahuan Desert Hills < Major Land Resource Area 42, Southern Desertic Basins, Plains, and Mountains < Land Resource Region D, Western Range and Irrigated Region (United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature and National Meaning
    Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature and National Meaning Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Burtner, Marcus Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 04:13:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/268613 CRAFTING AND CONSUMING AN AMERICAN SONORAN DESERT: GLOBAL VISIONS, REGIONAL NATURE AND NATIONAL MEANING by Marcus Alexander Burtner ____________________________________ copyright © Marcus Alexander Burtner 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Marcus A. Burtner entitled “Crafting and Consuming an American Sonoran Desert: Global Visions, Regional Nature, and National Meaning.” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Katherine Morrissey ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Douglas Weiner ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jeremy Vetter ____________________________________________________________Date: 1/7/13 Jack C. Mutchler Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • MICROPROPAGATION and PIGMENT EXTRACTION of Echinocereus Cinerascens HASHIMAH ELIAS FACULTY of SCIENCE UNIVERSITY of MALAYA KUALA
    MICROPROPAGATION AND PIGMENT EXTRACTION OF Echinocereus cinerascens HASHIMAH ELIAS FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 MICROPROPAGATION AND PIGMENT EXTRACTION OF Echinocereus cinerascens HASHIMAH ELIAS THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Hashimah Binti Elias Registration/Matric No: SHC110033 Name of Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis (“this Work”): Micropropagation and Pigment Extraction of Echinocereus cinerascens Field of Study: (Science) Plant Biotechnology I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM.
    [Show full text]
  • From Cacti to Carnivores: Improved Phylotranscriptomic Sampling And
    Article Type: Special Issue Article RESEARCH ARTICLE INVITED SPECIAL ARTICLE For the Special Issue: Using and Navigating the Plant Tree of Life Short Title: Walker et al.—Phylotranscriptomic analysis of Caryophyllales From cacti to carnivores: Improved phylotranscriptomic sampling and hierarchical homology inference provide further insight into the evolution of Caryophyllales Joseph F. Walker1,13, Ya Yang2, Tao Feng3, Alfonso Timoneda3, Jessica Mikenas4,5, Vera Hutchison4, Caroline Edwards4, Ning Wang1, Sonia Ahluwalia1, Julia Olivieri4,6, Nathanael Walker-Hale7, Lucas C. Majure8, Raúl Puente8, Gudrun Kadereit9,10, Maximilian Lauterbach9,10, Urs Eggli11, Hilda Flores-Olvera12, Helga Ochoterena12, Samuel F. Brockington3, Michael J. Moore,4 and Stephen A. Smith1,13 Manuscript received 13 October 2017; revision accepted 4 January 2018. 1 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA 2 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK 4 Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Science Center K111, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074-1097 USA 5 Current address: USGS Canyonlands Research Station, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290 S West Resource Blvd, Moab, UT 84532 USA 6 Institute of Computational and Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University, 475 Author Manuscript Via Ortega, Suite B060, Stanford, CA, 94305-4042 USA This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora in Southwestern Arizona
    Felger, R.S., S. Rutman, J. Malusa, and M.A. Baker. 2014. Ajo Peak to Tinajas Altas: A flora in southwestern Arizona. Part 7. Eudicots: Cactaceae – Cactus Family. Phytoneuron 2014-69: 1–95. Published 1 July 2014. ISSN 2153 733X AJO PEAK TO TINAJAS ALTAS: A FLORA IN SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA. PART 7. EUDICOTS: CACTACEAE – CACTUS FAMILY RICHARD STEPHEN FELGER Herbarium, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 [email protected] & Sky Island Alliance P.O. Box 41165 Tucson, Arizona 85717 *Author for correspondence: [email protected] SUSAN RUTMAN 90 West 10th Street Ajo, Arizona 85321 JIM MALUSA School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 [email protected] MARC A. BAKER College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Main Campus, P.O. Box 874501 Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501 [email protected] ABSTRACT A floristic account is provided for the cactus family as part of the vascular plant flora of the contiguous protected areas of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, and the Tinajas Altas Region in the heart of the Sonoran Desert in southwestern Arizona. The modern native cactus flora includes 35 taxa in 12 genera, plus 2 non-native prickly- pears that are not established in the flora area. The overall cactus flora including fossils and non- natives totals 39 taxa in 13 genera: at least 17 taxa are represented by fossils recovered from packrat middens, two of which are no longer present in the flora area. This account includes selected synonyms, English, Spanish, and O’odham common names in when available, identification keys, brief descriptions, images, local and general distributional, natural history, and ethnobotanical information.
    [Show full text]