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Fruitteeltpraktijkonderz FRUITTEELTPRAKTIJKONDERZOEK jaarverslag 1995 Proefstation voor de Fruitteelt - Wilhelminadorp Proeftuin Noord-Brabant - Breda Fruitteeltproeftuin Midden-Nederland - Geldermalsen Fruitteeltproeftuin voor Limburg en Noord-Brabant - Horst Fruitteeltproeftuin voor Noord-Nederland - Zeewolde Het Fruitteeltpraktijkonderzoek (FPO) verricht het praktijkgerichte onderzoek voor de sector fruitteelt. Het onderzoek wordt gezamenlijk gefinancierd door het Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij, het Landbouwschap en het Produktschap voor Siergewassen (PVS). Postbus 20401, 2500 EK Den Haag landbouwrnatuü'rbeheer Tel.07 0379391 1 en visserij — Landbouwschap Prinsenvinkenpark 19, 2585 HK Den Haag Tel. 070 3526666 oov Postbus 93099, 2509 AB Den Haag Tel. 070 3041234 PROEFSTATION VOOR DE FRUITTEELT Brugstraat 51 4475 AN Wilhelminadorp, Nederland Telefoon : 0113-242500 Fax : 0113-242650 Postgironr 495017 Overname van gedeelten van dit jaarverslag, alsmede van gegevens, is uitsluitend toegestaan na vooraf verkregen toestemming en bronvermelding. Het Proefstation stelt zich niet aansprakelijk voor eventuele schadelijke gevolgen, ontstaan door gebruik van de gegevens die in deze uitgave zijn gepubliceerd. Prijs f 25,00 ISSN 0168-7689 Jaarverslag FPO 1995 INHOUD Blz Begunstigers 1 Opmerkingen over merken vn gewasbeschermingsmiddelen 1 Voorwoord 2 Bestuur 3 Medewerkers 5 Algemeen 9 Bestuur - programmering - personeel - voorlichtings­ activiteiten - lezingen - buitenlandse reizen De Proeftuin 17 Het weer in 1995 - bloei Afdeling Teelt en Economie Sectie Teelt Groot Fruit 19 Gebruikswaarde onder- en tussenstammen bij pit- en steenvruchtigen (appelonderstam- menproef - kersenonderstammenproef) Toetsing bijzondere fruitgewassen (hazelaar - walnoot - kwee) Teeltonderzoek vruchtboomkwekerij (invloed van benzyladenine op de vertakking van oculaties) Plantdichtheid, rangschikking en lichtbenutting in intensieve beplantingen (plantsyste- menproef Jonagold, Fiesta en Elstar - invloed van belichting op vruchtkwaliteit bij verschillende onderstammen - snoei en dunnen bij Elstar - simulatie en vruchtgroei gedurende het seizoen) Toetsing groeiregulatoren (tegengaan late val Conference - toetsing GA4-rijker gibberelli- nenmengsel - toetsing auxine-conjugaten bij stekken - groeiregulatie Elstar met remstof) Snoei- en boomvormen (groeibeheersing Conference) Vruchtkwaliteit in relatie tot boomgaard- en klimaatsfactoren (invloed van belichting op vruchtkwaliteit bij verschillende onderstammen - snoei en dunnen bij Elstar - simulatie Jaarverslag FPO 1995 van vruchtgroei gedurende het seizoen) Zwart bij peer (zwart bij Gieser Wildeman) Chemische dunning (toetsing nieuwe dunmiddelen appel - vroeg dunnen Elstar noodza­ kelijk) Teeltonderzoek Zeewolde (planten van bomen op of in de grond) Sectie Gebruikswaarde-onderzoek Groot Fruit 57 Gebruikswaarde-onderzoek appel (rassenonderzoek in Wilhelminadorp - klonenonderzoek in Wilhelminadorp - klonenonderzoek in regionale proeftuinen) Gebruikswaarde-onderzoek peer (rassenonderzoek in Wilhelminadorp) Gebruikswaarde-onderzoek pruim en zoete kers (rassenonderzoek pruim in Wilhelmina­ dorp - rassenonderzoek kers in Ahrweiler (Duitsland) - rassenonderzoek zoete kers in Rillaar (België)) Bestuiving van pit- en steenvruchten (kruisingen) Sectie Teelt Kleinfruit 68 Gebruikswaarde-onderzoek aardbei (normale vollegrondsteelt - doordragende aardbeien - overig aardbei-onderzoek) Gebruikswaarde-onderzoek bij houtige kleinfruitgewassen (rode en witte bes - zwarte bes - kruisbes - braam - framboos - blauwe bes) Het vervroegen en verlaten van de oogst van houtige kleinfruitgewassen (vervroeging en verlating van blauwe bes in een roltunnel - verlating van blauwe bes door middel van overkapping met regenkappen (demonstratie - verlating en het effect van bodembehan­ deling bij Elliott) Sectie Economie en Management 89 Ontwikkeling van teeltsystemen voor geïntegreerde fruitteelt Begeleidingssystemen in de fruitteelt en vruchtboomkwekerij (milieu-economisch model) Verlies aan kwaliteit in relatie tot vooroogst- en naoogstfactoren (oorzaken van prijsverschillen bij appels) Concurrentiepositie van de Nederlandse vruchtbomensector ten opzichte van Duitsland, Italië, Frankrijk, België en Polen (samenvatting en conclusies) Jaarverslag FPO 1995 Afdeling Plantenvoeding en Kwaliteit Sectie Fysiologie 98 Snelheid van vruchtontwikkeling in het begin van het seizoen en minerale samenstelling van de vrucht (de invloed van de temperatuur vroeg en laat in het groeiseizoen op enkele rijpings- en kwaliteitscriteria bij appel) Sectie Kwaliteit en Bewaring 101 Voorspelling van het optimale pluktijdstip van fruit voor lange bewaring (eerste pluktijdstip voor directe consumptie ('wering onrijp fruit') Optimale pluktijdstip van appelen voor directe consumptie en voor lange bewaring (doel - aanpak - resultaten - oogstindexmethode) Verdeling van vruchtkwalitiet in de boom bij de oogst in relatie tot positie en leeftijd van het hout (doel - aanpak - resultaten - invloeden van voedingsstoffen - correlatie tussen vruchtkenmerken onderling - gesimuleerde pluk) Optimale bewaarcondities en geschiktheid van bewaartechnieken bij groot fruit (doel - Jonagoldmutanten) Voorspelling van het risico op scald in daarvoor gevoelige rassen Reductie van het fungicidegebruik door na-oogstbehandeling Vruchtkwaliteit in relatie tot boomgaard- en kwaliteitsfactoren Reductie van inwendige afwijkingen tijdens bewaring van Conference peer (doel - aanpak - resultaten) Schilvlekjes op Elstar (doel - proefopzet - resultaten en discussie - onderzoek naar effect pull-down en snelheid van opwarmen) Sectie Bodemkunde en Plantenvoeding 131 Sturing van de groei en vruchtbaarheid van pit- en steenvruchten via de water- en nutriëntenvoorziening (adviessysteem voor de watervoorziening - waterproject Zeeland) Verbetering van de kwaliteit van pit- en steenvruchten via de water- en nutriëntenvoor­ ziening met speciale aandacht voor calcium (calciumfertigatie) Water- en nutriëntenbehoefte van houtig kleinfruit en aardbei (teeltkundige behoefte aan water bij blauwe bes) Ondersteuning en vernieuwing van de adviesbasis voor bemesting in vollegrondsteelt van aardbei en houtig kleinfruit (optimalisering bemesting bij blauwe bes) Jaarverslag FPO 1995 Afdeling Gewasbescherming Sectie Fytopathologie en Kruidbeheersing 140 Biologie en bestrijding van incidenteel optredende (of minder belangrijke) ziekten in fruitgewassen (vruchtboomkanker - wortelrot bij peer - vruchtrot bij blauwe bes) Biologie en bestrijding van schurft bij appel (ontwikkeling van de schurftzwam - toetsing schurftfungiciden - resistentie tegen EBR's - bladval versnellen) Biologische bestrijding van ziekten bij fruitgewassen (meeldauw bij kruisbes) Populatie dynamica van Pratylenchus penetrans in fruitgewassen (vergelijking van diverse voorgewassen ter bestrijding van bodemmoeheid veroorzaakt door het aaltje Pratylenchus penetrans - optimalisering alternatieven voor chemische grondontsmetting - bestrijding van aaltjes met bacteriën - herkomst plantmateriaal en bodembehandeling - toetsing van diverse onderstammen op gevoeligheid voor aaltjes - teelt op ruggen met potgrond tegen aaltjes - strokenontsmetting in vergelijking met volveldsontsmetting) Sectie Entomologie en Geïntegreerde Plaagbestrijding 151 Gebruikswaarde van insecticiden, fungiciden en bactericiden in de fruitteelt (gebruiks­ waarde van nieuwe middelen tegen bladluizen - beproeving van middelen tegen toortswants) Geïntegreerde bestrijding van plagen op appel (schadedrempels van bladrollers en fruitmot - anjerbladroller - schadelijke wantsen) Biologische bestrijding van plagen bij aardbei en houtig kleinfruit (schade door tripssoor- ten) Ontwikkelingen van teeltsystemen voor geïntegreerde fruitteelt (doel - aanpak - conclusie) Lijst van toegelaten middelen 168 Publicaties 170 Publicaties op het gebied van de fruitteelt 174 Trefwoordenlijst 176 Jaarverslag FPO 1995 Begunstigers Degenen die belangstelling stellen in het werk van het proefstation en het onderzoek willen steunen, kunnen begunstiger worden. De begunstigers ontvangen het jaarverslag en andere publikaties van het proefstation gratis. De bijdragen voor het begunstigersschap zijn: voor natuurlijke personen in Nederland minimaal f 35,= per jaar, voor rechtspersonen minimaal f 60,= per jaar. Voor het buitenland minimaal f 50, = per jaar. Bijdragen kunnen onder vermelding van "begunstiger" worden gestort op girorekening nr. 49 50 17 t.n.v. Proefstation voor de Fruitteelt te Wilhelminadorp. Opmerkingen over merken van gewasbeschermings­ middelen De in dit verslag vermelde doseringen van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen hebben betrekking op de dosering van het gebruikte merk. Het is onvermijdelijk dat niet alle op de markt zijnde Produkten met dezelfde werkzame stof zijn genoemd. Hieruit mag niet worden afgeleid dat een voorkeur bestaat voor het genoemde merk. Met nadruk wordt erop gewezen dat in dit verslag ook proeven worden beschreven met middelen en/of doseringen die op grond van de Bestrijdingsmiddelenwet niet zijn toegelaten. De gebruiker van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen dient zich ten alle tijde eerst van de op het etiket van de verpakking van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen voorkomende gebruiksaan­ wijzing te vergewissen, welke behandelingen in de praktijk mogen worden uitgevoerd. Een en ander geldt ook voor de in dit verslag genoemde groeiregulatoren. Jaarverslag FPO 1995 Voorwoord Het afgelopen verslagjaar heeft het fruitteeltpraktijkonderzoek te maken gehad met ingrijpende gebeurtenissen. Enerzijds heeft een aantal medewerkers
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