DOCSLIB.ORG

German Historical Institute London Bulletin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
German Historical Institute London Bulletin German Historical Institute London Bulletin Bd. 25 2003 Nr. 1 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht- kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. IDEAS, CONTEXTS, AND THE PURSUIT OF GENOCIDE by Mark Roseman PETER LONGERICH, The Unwritten Order: Hitlers Role in the Final Solution (Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2001), 160 pp. ISBN 0 7524 1977 3. £17.00 US $21.99 IRMTRUD WOJAK, Eichmanns Memoiren: Ein kritischer Essay, Wis- senschaftliche Reihe des Fritz Bauer Instituts, Sonderband (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2001), 279 pp. ISBN 3 593 36381 X. EUR 25.50 MICHAEL WILDT, Generation des Unbedingten: Das Führungskorps des Reichsicherheitshauptamtes (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2002), 964 pp. ISBN 3 930908 75 1. EUR 35.00 CHRISTIAN GERLACH and GÖTZ ALY, Das letzte Kapitel: Realpoli- tik, Ideologie und der Mord an den ungarischen Juden 1944/45 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2002), 481 pp. ISBN 3 421 05505 X. EUR 35.00 For a long time, debate about the Holocausts origins was dominated by the intentionalists and the functionalists. According to the clas- sic intentionalist view, the decision-making process leading to Auschwitz was single-minded and single-handed. Hitler, with a firm grip on power, was hell-bent on murder. The descent into genocide occurred because the master of Germany progressively implemented his plan. By contrast, the functionalists believed that Hitler merely supplied the rhetoric. Nazi Germanys internal structure was so anarchic that no one was in control. The murderous escalation of anti-Jewish measures was the result of untrammelled competition between Nazi leaders, pushing the envelope in a policy-area known to enjoy Hitlers particular regard. The interchange between these two schools was enormously productive, but over the last ten to fif- teen years an explosion of new research on the Holocaust has so recast the interpretative landscape as to render them almost irrele- vant. For one thing, central leadership and widespread participation no longer look so opposed to one another. It is possible to acknowledge 64 The Pursuit of Genocide Hitlers very powerful role without losing sight of his lieutenants energy, initiative, and drive. Moreover, it is now evident that inten- tionalists and functionalists shared a number of hidden assumptions that have since been called into question. Both schools concurred in seeing the Holocaust as a thoroughly irrational enterprise. Neither believed the Holocaust was the product of widespread desireit did not seem possible or plausible that a broad cohort of educated poli- cy-makers should have aspired to such an irrational and murderous ideal. Both sides were thus agreed in ascribing the specific murder- ousness of the vision to Hitlerin the form of a plan, said the inten- tionalists, in the form of vague, catalytic rhetoric, said the structural- ists. Both sides argued that it took the Third Reichs peculiar power structure (though they disagreed about what this was) to galvanize Hitlers army of helpers into action. What drove the subordinates to fulfil the plan, according to the intentionalists was loyalty, obedience, or fear in a totalitarian dictatorship; what led them to give reality to murderous fantasies, said the structuralists, was competition for pri- macy in a chaotic power structure. All these assumptionsabout rationality, power, and motivehave now been challenged. In particular, the desk-murderers and field-murderers have recently been put under the spotlight. After all, if the Third Reichs policy environment was characterized neither by absolute dictator- ship nor by anarchy, the question arises as to how Hitler managed to find so many energetic and able racial warriors. Those warriors have come to seem far more willing and motivated than they once did; the intention, to follow the language of the older debate, was dispersed far more widely than historians once thought. Yet there is no new consensus among historians to account for the willingness to em- brace genocide. Some analysts emphasize particular mentalities, oth- ers particular situations and contexts. These contrasting approaches raise questions about the relationship between ideas, language, and action that extend far beyond the Holocaust. I Alongside Saul Friedländer and Ian Kershaw,1 Peter Longerich has been one of the most influential scholars redefining the relationship 1 Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution 19331939 (London, 1997) and Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 19361945, vol. 1: Hubris; vol. 2: Nemesis (Harmondsworth, 2000). 65 Review Articles between Hitler and his followers. His giant study Politik der Vernich- tung, published in 1998 and reviewed in the Bulletin of the GHIL, 22/2 (Nov. 2000), pp. 735, constitutes one of the best modern syntheses of the evolution of Nazi murder policy towards not only the Jews, but also the gypsies and the handicapped.2 In that work he expertly tran- scended the polarization of the older debates, showing that Hitler repeatedly intervened in Jewish policy but at the same time depend- ed on a large cohort of enthusiastic followers, who shared and devel- oped many of his goals and ideas. Given the studys importance and the interest the Holocaust commands, it is very surprising that Politik der Vernichtung is still not available in English. However, non- German-speaking readers can now gain a flavour of Longerichs ideas with The Unwritten Order, a shorter work completed in the wake of Longerichs activity as expert witness in the David Irving libel trial. In preparing his expert testimony, Longerich discovered to his surprise that despite more than fifty years of intense historical interest in the Holocaust, the key primary sources remained widely dispersed and often hard to track down. And thus Longerich resolv- ed to produce a short volume, identifying when and where Hitlers activities are documented, and locating Hitlers role in relation to the wider process of the Holocaust. The books coverage of the 1930s is particularly effective, though the general tenor will be familiar to readers of Saul Friedländers magnificent Nazi Germany and the Jews. In short readable chapters, Longerich demolishes the structuralist view that the 1933 pogroms or the Kristallnacht of November 1938 occurred somehow outside Hitlers control, or that he was bounced into producing the Nurem- berg Laws in September 1935. A telling comment was Reich Chan- cellor Hitlers statement to the Reichstatthalter in September 1933 in the context of explaining why he had deferred some of his proposed laws on Jews. As far as the Jewish question is concerned, there could be no going back. In the Reich Chancellors view, it would have been better if increasingly tough measures against the Jews could have been introduced step by step, beginning with a change in the citizen- ship laws and from there gradually tightening the grip on the Jews (my translation from the German edition). What was here uttered in 2 Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der national- sozialistischen Judenverfolgung (Munich, 1998). 66 The Pursuit of Genocide the subjunctive could hardly have been a more accurate prediction of later developments from 1935 to 1939. And yet for all the clarity of Hitlers intention, as Longerich argues, there was no blueprint for Auschwitz waiting in the wings. On the contrary, the aim through- out the 1930s was to get the Jews out of Germany, the further away, the better. When we look at the transition to genocide after 1939, Hitlers role is more elusive. His interventions, though no less significant, took place less frequently and less publicly, and in some cases his position was almost completely and deliberately obscured. It is understand- able, therefore, that Longerich should widen his brief to explore the process as much as the man, and thus the reader gains a pithy sum- mary of the arguments offered in more detail in Politik der Vernichtung. One of Longerichs most distinctive contributions lies in the timeframe he ascribes to the transition to murder in Nazi policy. Whereas other authors have tended to focus on the summer and autumn of 1941 as the point at which the idea of a Jewish reservation gave way to the killing fields and gas chambers, Longerich identifies a gestation period extending from the outbreak of war (when in the euthanasia institutes and in Poland murder first emerged as a tool of social engineering) through to the summer of 1942 (when, in Longerichs view, the Nazis finally introduced pan-European geno- cide against the Jews). Although not everyone will agree with all of this, and many authors still see a critical watershed sometime between July and December 1941, there is certainly now a much greater consensus both that the outbreak of war marked a decisive caesura, and that in the late spring or early summer of 1942 one or several decisions (Himmlers role is clear, Hitlers deducible) led to an expansion of the killing programme.3 The weakness of the current volume is that in pursuing his par- ticular interpretation Longerich loses sight of the aim of clarifying exactly what we know and do not know about Hitlers role. The read- 3 See on this point also Peter Witte, Two decisions concerning the Final Solution to the Jewish Question: Deportations to Lódz and Mass murder in Chelmno, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 9/3 (1995), pp. 31845 and Christopher Browning, A final Hitler decision for the Final Solution? The Riegner Telegram Reconsidered, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 10/1 (1996), pp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: from Impunity to Retributive Justice*
    The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice* Vahakn N. Dadrian I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 504 II. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND AFTERMATH OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ............... 507 A. Outlines of the Problem .......................................................................... 507 B. Conflict in the U.S. Government Regarding the Lausanne Treaty ........................ 511 M. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THE TwO CASES ........................................................... 517 A. The Historical Vulnerability of the Jews and Armenians to Victimization ............... 517 B. The Factorsof Power and Opportunity........................................................ 519 C. Strategiesfor Taking Advantage of the Opportunity Structure ............................ 521 1. The Use of Wartime Emergency Powers by the Executive ......................... 521 2. The Role of PoliticalParties ........................................................... 524 3. Trial Balloons ............................................................................. 529 IV. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE AS A PRECEDENT AND A PRECURSOR OF THE HOLOCAUST ........... 531 A. Nazi Germany's Knowledge of the Fate of the Armenians ................................. 532 B. Hitler'sAppreciation of the Armenian Genocide............................................. 537 C. The Legacy of Genghis Kum as a Functional
    [Show full text]
  • “Working Towards the Führer” Peter Longerich
    “Working Towards the Führer” Ian Kershaw, Hitler. 1889-1936: Hubris; 1936-1945: Nemesis, London: Penguin Books 1998 and 2000, vol. I, xxx + 845 pp., illus., vol. II, xxiii + 1115 pp., illus. Reviewed by Peter Longerich Two years after the publication of the first volume (1998), Ian Kershaw has now brought his mammoth biography of Adolf Hitler to completion. With nearly 2,000 pages, this voluminous work, more than five decades after Hitler’s death, provides us with the first truly comprehensive, rigorously scholarly biography of Hitler. Kershaw, originally trained as a medievalist, pursues an approach akin to the German “structuralist” school and is well acquainted with the bitter debates that raged in the 1970s and 1980s regarding the character of the German dictatorship. His own previous research interests have centered primarily on popular opinion and the image of Hitler in the German population, as well as the historiographic debates on the key questions of the Nazi regime.1 The present book attempts to dovetail biographical and structural interpretative approaches in examining the perennial question of the individual’s power to shape history as exemplified in one of the recent past’s most powerful personalities. His work is also a noteworthy attempt to link German structural history with the British tradition of biography. Kershaw’s methodological point of departure is the Weberian concept of charismatic rule. His interest is thus less in the dictator’s personality and more in the complex of social expectations and motivations projected onto Hitler, which accounted for the “power of the Führer,” his principal concern. Consequently, the author does not blaze some path-breaking new approach; rather, he tries fruitfully to apply one of the familiar interpretations of the Nazi dictatorship to uncommon terrain.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitler's American Model
    Hitler’s American Model The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law James Q. Whitman Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford 1 Introduction This jurisprudence would suit us perfectly, with a single exception. Over there they have in mind, practically speaking, only coloreds and half-coloreds, which includes mestizos and mulattoes; but the Jews, who are also of interest to us, are not reckoned among the coloreds. —Roland Freisler, June 5, 1934 On June 5, 1934, about a year and a half after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich, the leading lawyers of Nazi Germany gathered at a meeting to plan what would become the Nuremberg Laws, the notorious anti-Jewish legislation of the Nazi race regime. The meeting was chaired by Franz Gürtner, the Reich Minister of Justice, and attended by officials who in the coming years would play central roles in the persecution of Germany’s Jews. Among those present was Bernhard Lösener, one of the principal draftsmen of the Nuremberg Laws; and the terrifying Roland Freisler, later President of the Nazi People’s Court and a man whose name has endured as a byword for twentieth-century judicial savagery. The meeting was an important one, and a stenographer was present to record a verbatim transcript, to be preserved by the ever-diligent Nazi bureaucracy as a record of a crucial moment in the creation of the new race regime. That transcript reveals the startling fact that is my point of departure in this study: the meeting involved detailed and lengthy discussions of the law of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Hannah Arendt's Representation of The
    Understanding, Reconciliation, and Prevention – Rethinking Hannah Arendt’s Representation of the Holocaust by Lindsay Shirley Macumber A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department for the Study of Religion University of Toronto © Copyright by Lindsay Shirley Macumber 2016 Understanding, Reconciliation, and Prevention: Rethinking Hannah Arendt’s Representation of the Holocaust Lindsay Shirley Macumber Doctor of Philosophy Centre for the Study of Religion University of Toronto 2016 Abstract In an effort to identify and assess the practical effects and ethical implications of representations of the Holocaust, this dissertation is a rethinking and evaluation of Hannah Arendt’s representation of the Holocaust according to the goal that she herself set out to achieve in thinking and writing about the Holocaust, understanding, or, “the unmediated, attentive facing up to, and resisting of, reality- whatever it may be.”1 By examining Arendt’s confrontation with the Holocaust from within the context of systemic evil (which is how I argue she approached the Holocaust), and in light of her ultimate aim to “be at home in the world,” I conclude that understanding entails both reconciling human beings to the world after the unprecedented evil of the Holocaust, as well as working towards its prevention in the future. Following my introductory chapter, where I argue that Arendt provided an overall representation of the Holocaust, and delimit the criteria of reconciliation and prevention, each subsequent chapter is dedicated to an aspect I identify as central to her representation of the Holocaust: Her claim that totalitarianism was unprecedented; that the evil exemplified by Adolf Eichmann was “banal;” and that the Jewish Councils “cooperated” with the Nazis in the destruction of their communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
    Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J.
    [Show full text]
  • Saskia Sassen's Missing Chapter - the Chronicle of Higher Education
    2/1/2016 Saskia Sassen's Missing Chapter - The Chronicle of Higher Education THE CHRONICLE REVIEW Saskia Sassen's Missing Chapter By Marc Parry DECEMBER 05, 2014 he mass murderer visited on Sundays. Nearly 60 years later, T Saskia Sassen can still picture his arrival. A gaunt man in a raincoat and dark hat, with a face that seemed paralyzed in a Steve Pyke for the chronicle review bitter smirk, the visitor would disappear Saskia Sassen, a professor of sociology at Columbia U., has had to reckon with her father’s behind closed doors with her father and a relationship with Adolf Eichmann. tape recorder. They remained there for hours. Sassen—now a professor of sociology at Columbia University, then a girl of about 10 growing up in Argentina—didn’t know who the visitor was. She didn’t know what he and her father were talking about. She knew only that her mother detested the guest, whose visits triggered hysterical arguments between her parents. "I wanted to find out what this was," she says. "I just needed to know." The visitor, she eventually learned, was Adolf Eichmann. And what the Nazi fugitive was doing in her home is detailed in a new book that is changing how scholars view one of the chief architects of the Holocaust. http://chronicle.com/article/Saskia-Sassens-Missing/150337/ 1/13 2/1/2016 Saskia Sassen's Missing Chapter - The Chronicle of Higher Education In the late 1950s, Eichmann discussed the Holocaust in a series of recorded talks with Sassen’s Dutch-born father, Willem Sassen, who had been a Nazi SS volunteer and propagandist in World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Catriona Kelly Julian Barnes Antony Beevor Mary Beard Richard J Evans Sameer Rahim Andrew Marr Simon Schama 2 PROSPECT
    The past in perspective Catriona Kelly Julian Barnes Antony Beevor Mary Beard Richard J Evans Sameer Rahim Andrew Marr Simon Schama 2 PROSPECT Foreword by Sameer Rahim t Prospect we believe that reflecting on the past glossed over in traditional works. Reviewing Beard’s new book, can provide key insights into the present—and the SPQR, Edith Hall, Professor of Classics at King’s College, Lon- future. In the following pages, you can read a selec- don, hails her “exceptional ability” to keep up with modern tion of some our favourite historical and contem- scholarship as well as her talent for plunging the reader into the porary essays we have published in the last year. thick of the action right from the start. AJulian Barnes’s new novel, The Noise of Time, is based on Nazi propaganda presented Hitler’s Germany as the inher- the life of the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich. In her itor of the Roman Empire. The man who shaped that image lively and expert review, Catriona Kelly, Professor of Russian at was Josef Goebbels. Richard J Evans, a leading historian of the Oxford University, argues that Barnes has captured the spirit of Nazis, reviews a biography of Goebbels that draws extensively the “technician of survival,” who was in continual fear of having for the first time on his private diaries. What Evans finds is a his music—and his life—being eradicated by Stalin. man, for all his fanatical bombast, who had “a soul devoid of Staying on Russia, Antony Beevor’s column “If I ruled the content.” Also included is my interview with Nikolaus Wachs- world” describes how after the publication of his bestselling Ber- mann, whose acclaimed book KL is the first comprehensive his- lin: the Downfall, which criticised the Red Army’s conduct dur- tory of the Nazi concentration camps.
    [Show full text]
  • Mommsen, Hans, Germans Against Hitler
    GERMANS AGAINST HITLER HANS MOMMSEN GERMANSGERMANSGERMANS AGAINSTAGAINST HITLERHITLER THE STAUFFENBERG PLOT AND RESISTANCE UNDER THE THIRD REICH Translated and annotated by Angus McGeoch Introduction by Jeremy Noakes New paperback edition published in 2009 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com First published in hardback in 2003 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd as Alternatives to Hitler. Originally published in 2000 as Alternative zu Hitler – Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Widerstandes. Copyright © Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, Munchen, 2000 Translation copyright © I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2003, 2009 The translation of this work has been supported by Inter Nationes, Bonn. The right of Hans Mommsen to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978 1 84511 852 5 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Project management by Steve Tribe, Andover Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press India Ltd ContentsContentsContents Preface by Hans Mommsen vii Introduction by Jeremy Noakes 1 1. Carl von Ossietzky and the concept of a right to resist in Germany 9 2. German society and resistance to Hitler 23 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Self-Fulfilled Prophecy: Tracing Convergence in the Development and Conception of the Holocaust
    THE SELF-FULFILLED PROPHECY: TRACING CONVERGENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONCEPTION OF THE HOLOCAUST A thesis submitted to Anglo-American University for the degree of Bachelor in Humanities, Society and Culture Spring 2020 MILAN SOKOLOVSKI INSTRUCTOR: WILLIAM EDDLESTON SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my independent work. All sources and literature are properly cited and included in the bibliography. I hereby declare that no portion of text in this thesis has been submitted in support of another degree, or qualification thereof, for any other university or institute of learning. I also hereby acknowledge that my thesis will be made publicly available pursuant to Section 47b of Act No. 552/2005 Coll. and AAU’s internal regulations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my family, especially my parents, and my partner for putting up with me and my slow, erratic research process. I contributed to ruining a visit that was meant to be filled with family bonding and planned activities and have, at times, been distant. You are all a constant base of support and fulfilment which no sustainable success/development can do without. I love you all so ridiculously much! Second, but no less important with regards to this thesis and my academic development, I would like to thank my instructor, Dr William Eddleston, or “Bill”, as I have been goaded into calling him. Without your classes and criticism (often in the charmingly derisive way that only you know how to do) I would not have achieved what I have in the last year, and the following would probably be 50+ pages of an incredibly abstract, philosophical tangent that would have pained me to finish.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is a Holocaust Perpetrator?
    ©Copyright 2012 Or Rogovin Created in the Image? Holocaust Perpetrators in Israeli Fiction Or Rogovin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Reading Committee: Naomi Sokoloff, Chair Leroy Searle Adam Rovner Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Comparative Literature University of Washington Abstract Created in the Image? Holocaust Perpetrators in Israeli Fiction Or Rogovin Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Naomi Sokoloff Near Eastern Languages and Civilization This dissertation studies aesthetic, political and ethical dimensions of the representation of Holocaust perpetrators in Hebrew and Israeli fiction published since the mid-1940s. Drawing on recent scholarship by Holocaust historians, such as Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen, and on classical and post-classical theorists of narrative, such as E. M. Forster, Wayne Booth, and James Phelan, I examine modes, models, and possibilities applied in the treatment of Nazis, Nazi collaborators, and Germans in this fiction. My dissertation demonstrates that in Hebrew and Israeli fiction published before the mid-1970s, the dominant – but not exclusive – mode of characterization renders Holocaust perpetrators as relatively simple, stereotypical, and marginal characters. In contrast, as of the mid-1980s, the dominant mode of perpetrator characterization in Israeli fiction renders Nazis and Germans as significantly more complex, nuanced, and central characters, and the conventional boundary between them and their Jewish victims is blurred. These observations are based on a comprehensive survey of the major Hebrew and Israeli texts responding to the Holocaust, and more specifically on Ka-Tzetnik’s Salamandra as a case study of earlier writing, and on David Grossman’s See Under: Love and A.
    [Show full text]
  • Verhandelingen Curaçao and Guzmán Blanco
    VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 76 c. CII. GOSLINGA CURAÇAO AND GUZMÁN BLANCO A CASE STUDY OF SMALL POWER POLITICS IN mE CARIBBEAN 'S-GRAVENHAGE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1975 I CURAÇAO AND GUZMAN BLANCO To Marian VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 76 G. CH. GOSLINGA CURAÇAO AND GUZMÁN BLANCO A CASE STUDY OF SMALL POWER POLITIeS IN THE CARIBBEAN 'S-GRAVENHAGE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1975 The publication of this study was made possible by agrant from STICUSA, the Netherlands Foundation for Cultural Cooperation with Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles. I.S.B.N. 90 247 1836 8 PREFACE This monograph explores a critical phase in the history of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and its development of political relations with Venezuela. Tensions and conflicts growing out of these relations ac­ quired an extra Caribbean dimension with the involvement of the Netherlands in a region she had previously neglected. In concentrating on the political aspects of Curaçao's role in this complex entanglement of interests and influences, the author is only too aware that he bas excluded other relevant matters in favor of a more single-minded, monographic approach. These include the relationship between legal and illegal trade and its influence upon the economy of both the island and the Venezuelan republic ; the existence of a powerful merchant­ class in the colony; and the rise of what might be termed a national consciousness in Venezuela at the same time the Dutch island was becoming aware of its almost complete dependenee on a distant metro­ polis unfamiliar with Curaçao's problems and needs.
    [Show full text]
  • February Layout 1
    AMERICAN & INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR YAD VASHEM Vol. 41-No. 3 ISSN 0892-1571 January/February 2015-Shevat/Adar 5775 REMEMBERING HOLOCAUST VICTIMS On January 28, 2015, the United Nations held an event marking the tenth Visitors Lobby on January 28, 2015. United Nations Secretary-General anniversary of the International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Ban Ki-moon and the president of Israel, Reuven Rivlin, delivered Victims of the Holocaust, as well as the 70th Anniversary of the liberation remarks at the opening ceremony as well as statements by Ron Prosor, of Auschwitz-Birkenau, at the UN General Assembly. Avner Shalev, chair- permanent representative of Israel to the United Nations, and Leonard man of Yad Vashem, delivered the keynote address "Liberty, Life and the Wilf, chairman of the American Society for Yad Vashem. Created with the Legacy of the Survivors," via video. Among those who offered remarks generous support of Cindy and Gerald Barad, the exhibition uses texts, were UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Israel's President Reuven Rivlin, images and video clips to recount a comprehensive history of the Holocaust survivor Yona Laks, and other dignitaries. Grammy award–win- Holocaust from 1933 to 1945. The event was held in cooperation with the ning violinist Miri Ben-Ari also performed. A new Yad Vashem traveling American Society for Yad Vashem and the Permanent Mission of Israel exhibition, "Shoah — How Was It Humanly Possible?" opened in the UN to the United Nations. he international community has gathered to establish the United T not yet found the antidote to the Nations, Mr.
    [Show full text]