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136. Myoporacées À 148. Hydnoracées

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136. Myoporacées À 148. Hydnoracées FLORE DES MASCAREIGNES LA RÉUNION, MAURICE, RODRIGUES 136. MYOPORACÉES à 148. HYDNORACEES" FLORE DES MASCAREIGNES LA RÉUNION, MAURICE, RODRIGUES COMITÉ DE RÉDACTION J. BOSSER TH. CADET t. J. GUÉHO, W. MARAIS 136. MYOPORACÉES à 148. HYDNORACÉES PRÉPARÉE SOUS LA DIRECTION DE R. ANTOINE J. BOSSER I.K. FERGUSON (M.S.I.R.f.) (ORSTOM) (KEW) PUBLIÉE PAR THE SUGAR INDUSTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, MAURITIUS L'INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIHQUE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT EN COOPÉRATION (ORSTOM), PARIS THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW AVEC LE SOUTIEN DU CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL DE LA RÉUNION Octobre 1994 Copyright M.S.I.R.I.• ûRSTûM et Kew Mise en page: Renée LECOUFFE 136. MYOPORACÉES M yoporurn mauritianum Banks el Solander ex Forster f.. endémique de Maurice et Rodrigues. PhOlO J. Bosser. FLORE DES MASCAREIGNES 136. MYOPORACÉES par J. Bosser * Arbrisseaux, arbustes ou arbres, à abondantes glandes résineuses dans les feuilles et autres organes, ± glabres ou à indument parfois lépidote. Feuilles alternes, plus rarement opposées, simples, entières ou dentées; stipules absentes. Inflorescences axillaires, à fleurs solitaires ou fasciculées, hermaphrodites, zygo­ morphes ou ± actinomorphes. Calice 4-5 (-6-7) -lobé. Corolle gamopétale, (4-) 5 (-7) -lobée; lobes imbriqués. Etamines 4 (-5-7), insérées sur le tube de la corolle et alternant avec les lobes; anthères biloculaires; loges déhiscentes longitudinalement et souvent confluentes au sommet. Ovaire supère, 2-3 (-4-5) -loculaire; loges à 1-2 ou plusieurs ovules collatéraux ou superposés, pendants; placentation apicale; style simple; stigmate punctiforme ou 4-5 -lobulé à -lobé. Fruit drupacé ou capsulaire. Graines à albumen absent ou réduit; embryon droit ou un peu courbé. Famille comprenant cinq genres et une centaine d'espèces, dont les aires sont disjointes: un genre existe aux Antilles (Bontia L.). un genre en Afrique du Sud (Oftia Adans.), un genre à Madagascar (Ranopisoa J.F. Leroy), un genre est endémique d'Australie (Pholidia R. BL), le cin­ quième genre, Myoporum Forster f., a une répartition plus vaste et se trouve en Australie, en Nouvelle­ Zélande, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, en Polynésie, en Asie du S.E. et aux Mascareignes (une espèce). MYOPORUM Banks et Soland. ex Forster f. FI. Ins. Austral., Prodr. : 44 (1786) Arbrisseaux ou arbustes. Feuilles alternes. Fleurs ± actinomorphes. Calice 4-5 (-6-7) -lobé, persistant, non ou peu accrescent. Corolle caduque, à 4 (-5-7) lobes sub­ égaux. Etamines 4 (-5-7), sub-égales. Ovaire 2-5-1oculaire; loges 1-2-ovulées; stig­ mate punctiforme ou lobé. Fruit drupacé, souvent à 2-3 loges par avortement. Genre d'une quarantaine d'espèces, surtout de la région australienne; une espèce est endémique aux Mascareignes. M. mauritianum A. oc., Prodr. Il : 711 (1847); Baker, F.M.S. : 250; Balf. f., B. Ro : 362; W. Strahm, Plant Red Data Book for Rodrigues : 115-116, fig. (1989). Type: Maurice, Sieber, FI. Maurit. II, n° 260 (G-DC, holo) Arbrisseau atteignant 1 m de hauteur, ramifié, de forme ± hémisphérique, très glanduleux, à glandes résineuses arrondies, nombreuses, présentes dans l'écorce des rameaux, les feuilles, les pédicelles, les fleurs, et à petites glandes sphériques, fugaces, externes, sur les pédicelles et le calice; jeunes pousses couvertes d'un enduit résineux; rameaux glabres, verruqueux sur le sec. Feuilles groupées au sommet des rameaux, à limbe étroitement oblong à étroitement rhombique, 3~7,5 x 0,6-1,6 cm, rétréci régulièrement du milieu vers les deux extrémités, aigu au sommet, étroitement cunéiforme à la base et décurrent sur un pétiole très court à subnul, glabre, épais, charnu; marges ± serretées dans les 2/3 ou la 1/2 supérieure, rarement entières; nervure médiane seule visible, saillante dessous; glandesen relief sur le sec. Inflorescences à 1-2 (-4) fleurs fasciculées; pédicelles jeunes couverts de petites glandes sphériques, disparaissant et formant un enduit résineux, longs de 0,5-10 mm, s'allongeant un peu dans le fruit. Calice à 5-6 (-7) lobes ovales-aigus à .. ûRSTûM et Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Muséum, Paris. 136. MYOPORACÉES MYOPORUM o • '. .. .;-', :. .; ,',~:;. TC. 1 [P'" * Myoporum mauritianum : l, rameau en fleurs et en fruits xl; 2, fleur x 6; 3, corolle étalée et androcée x 6; 4, anthère x 13; 5, fruit x 5; 6, coupe transversale de l'ovaire x 10; (1-6, Friedmann 2450 (P». 2 MYOPORUM 136. MYOPORACÉES étroitement triangulaires, longs de 1-3 mm, portant les mêmes petites glandes que les pédicelles. Corolle blanche, glabre à l'extérieur, pileuse à l'intérieur au niveau des lobes, longue de 5-6 mm; tube long de 3-4 mm; lobes 5-6, arrondis. Etamines 4 (-5); filets glabres, soudés sur environ la moitié de leur longueur au tube de la corolle, fixés au 1/3 supérieur de l'anthère; anthères introrses, longues de 1,5 mm environ, bilobées à la base, à loges convergentes au sommet. Ovaire glabre, à 5-6 loges uni-ovulées; ovules pendants, fixés au sommet des loges; style droit, long de 1 mm environ, persistant et s'allongeant dans le fruit; stigmate à 4-6 lobes étroits, papilleux. Fruit drupacé, subsphérique, d'environ 5 mm de diamètre, violet à matu­ rité. Graines 2-3 (-5), à albumen peu abondant; embryon droit. (PI.). Maurice, Rodrigues. Endémique. Décrite sur une récolte de Sieberde Maurice, la plante n'a pas été retrouvée depuis dans celle île. Balfour la signalait autrefois de l'Anse Coton à Rodrigues; aujourd'hui, elle n'est connue que de deux îlots du Sud de l'île: l'îlot Gombrani et l'îlot Pintades, où elle croît sur des calcaires coralliens. Elle est donc menacée de disparition. Les bovins qui fréquen­ tent parfois l'îlot Pintades, semblent la dédaigner alors que d'autres plantes telle Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. (Rhamnacée) sont broutées jusqu'au sol. Le stigmate nettement lobé est un caractère particulier de celle plante et la met un peu à part dans le genre Myoporum. Certaines espèces australiennes peuvent avoir un stigmate faiblement lobulé. Physionomiquement, M. mauririanum rappelle M. tenuifolium Forster f., espèce de Nouvelle­ Calédonie, d'Australie et de Polynésie, qui croît sur les rivages marins, et M. acuminatum R. Br., espèce australienne très polymorphe, proche et peut-être conspécifique de la précédente. INDEX DES NOMS SCIENTIFIQUES Le nombre gras indique la page de l'illustration. Bontia L. 1. Myoporum Banks et Soland. ex Forster f. l , acuminatum R. Br. 3. mauritianum A. OC. t, 2. tenuifolium Forster f. 3. Oftia Adans. 1. Pholidia R. Br. 1. Ranopisoa J. F. Leroy 1. 3 FLORE DES MASCAREIGNES 137. VERBÉNACÉES par A.J. Scott* Herbes, arbrisseaux ou arbres, parfois lianes; tiges et rameaux souvent tétra­ gones; indument formé de poils simples ou parfois de poils stellés ou glanduleux. Feuilles le plus souvent décussées, parfois en verticilles ou alternes, simples ou palmées ou rarement pennées, sans stipules. Inflorescences axillaires ou terminales, définies et centrifuges ou indéfinies et centripètes. Fleurs le plus souvent herma­ phrodites et zygomorphes. Calice gamosépale, persistant et souvent accrescent, à (2-) 4-5 (-7) lobes ou à marge ± entière. Corolle gamopétale, souvent ± bilabiée; lobes en même nombre que ceux du calice, souvent inégaux, imbriqués. Étamines habituellement 4, didynames, parfois 2 (-3) avec des staminodes, parfois 4-5 et égales, insérées sur le tube de la corolle en alternance avec les lobes; anthères bilo­ culaires, introrses. Ovaire supère, formé de 2-4 (-5) carpelles; loges 2-5, souvent subdivisées par des fausses cloisons; placentas axiles; ovules dressés, rarement pen­ dants, le plus souvent solitaires dans chaque loge; style terminal, simple; stigmate souvent bilobé. Fruit généralement un schizocarpe sec ou une drupe, indéhiscent ou déhiscent en 2-4 (-10) méricarpes ou nucules uni- ou biloculaires, rarement une cap­ sule. Graines 1 ou peu nombreuses; embryon droit; albumen absent. Famille surtout de régions tropicales ou subtropicales. Comprenant plus de 75 genres et peut­ être plus de 3000 espèces. Le groupe des Verbénacées ligneuses est proche des Labiées desquelles il diffère surtout par l'ovaire syncarpe à style terminal et les inflorescences cymeuses. Cependant les Verbénacées montrent plus de variations que les Labiées, surtout dans la morphologie du pollen. Généralement, le type de l'inflorescence a servi à diviser la famille en deux grands groupes: dans le premier, comprenant entre autres Verbena L., Lantana L. et Aloysia Juss., les inflorescences sont racé­ meuses-spiciformes; dans le deuxième, elles sont cymeuses, corymbiformes ou thyrsoïdes. Ce deuxième groupe est lui-même subdivisé sur des caractères de structure du fruit. Celui-ci peut être une drupe comme dans Vitex L., Tectona L.f., une capsule biloculaire comme dans Nyctanthes L., une cap­ sule s'ouvrant en quatre valves comme dans Caryopteris Bunge. Sur le plan économique, l'espèce la plus importante de la famille est Tectona grandis L.f., Teck, Teak, originaire de Malaisie et des régions tropicales sud-asiatiques, qui donne un bois très apprécié. Il est occasionnellement culti vé à Maurice dans les jardins ou le long des routes. Des plantations fores­ tières ont parfois été réalisées, surtout dans les régions sèches. Douze genres existent aux Mascareignes; dix ne comptent que des espèces introduites; 1, Premna, est représenté par une espèce indigène; seul Clerodendrum a des espèces endémiques. La famille contient de nombreuses plantes ornementales ou médicinales. Les suivantes, parfois cultivées à Maurice et à La Réunion, ont été traitées dans la clé des genres: Congea velutina Wight, à bractées persistantes, teintées de rose. Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. (Bojer, H.M. : 257), à calices longuement persistants, colorés d'écar­ late et H. speciosa Hutch, et Corbishey, à calices vieux rose. Aloysia triphylla (L'Hérit.) Britten (A. citriodora (Lam.) Ortega ex Pers.; Bojer, H.M. : 255; Lippia citriodora (Lam.) Kunth: R.E. Vaughan, Maur.lnst. Bull. 1 : 70 (1937», Verveine de France, Lemon Verbena (M.), utilisée pour ses propriétés médicinales.
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