Coral reef condition: 2018 A status report for FAIR Coral reefs are important

Healthy coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth, with high cultural and economic significance. They provide billions of dollars in food, jobs, recreational opportunities, coastal protection, and other important goods and services to people around the world. Guam's coral reefs are an integral part of the culture, livelihoods, and aesthetics of the island.

Food Fishing provides Guam residents with an accessible and healthy source of protein. Nearshore coral reef habitats are important to both subsistence and commercial fishing. Survey data indicate that 30% of residents fish or gather marine resources and 94% of residents who do fish, do so to feed themselves or their family (NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science 2018). Traditionally, a large catch was shared by many people, providing a much needed food resource. Traditional marine management was conducted at the village level.

Under modern management at the island-scale, enforcement of Harvey Ryan marine preserve regulations is an ongoing challenge on Guam.

Biodiversity Coral reef ecosystems are renowned for the stunning diversity of life they support. Although they occupy less than 1% of the seafloor globally, it is estimated that more than 25% of all marine species can be found on coral reefs (Burke et al. 2011). On Guam, there are over 5,000 species of coral reef organisms (Paulay 2003). Protecting this impressive biodiversity through management and conservation is important for sustaining healthy reefs and the human communities Burdick David dependent on them.

Tourism Coral reef-related tourism contributes $323 million per year to Guam's economy (Spalding et al. 2016). The tourism industry supports over 21,000 jobs annually, representing 34% of total employment (Guam Visitors Bureau 2018). Each year, Guam’s reefs host over 300,000 tourist snorkelers and 100,000 tourist scuba divers (QMark Research 2016a, 2016b). In addition, over 30% of visitors cite the marine environment as a top reason for visiting Josie Moyer Guam (Guam Visitors Bureau 2018).

Shoreline Protection The coral reefs found in the nearshore areas and lagoons of Guam provide many benefits to the island's shorelines. Coral reefs form a natural breakwater, protecting the shoreline by absorbing and reducing wave energy by 97% on average (Ferrario et al. 2014). This prevents erosion and beach loss, which can lead to economic hardship. Shoreline protection is important for Guam, which is subjected to typhoons that may increase in severity due to climate change. Raio Robert D.

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Coral reefs are declining globally, which has significant There are many threats to coral reefs. Here are a few ecological, social, cultural, and economic impacts on people actions YOU can take to help conserve coral reefs: and communities. Guam's coral reefs are threatened by overfishing, climate change, pollution, and overuse. Be responsible for the fishing Overfishing nets and other gear you use. Catch data over the last two decades on Guam show the gradual replacement of large-bodied species Only catch enough fish for you with smaller species across several fisheries sectors: and your family and obey all SCUBA, freedive, and bottom (Houk et al 2018). marine preserve regulations. Fish declines impact fishermen's profits, ecosystem health, and local diets. Improving Guam’s nearshore Do not drop your anchor fisheries is a difficult ongoing process that requires in reef areas, instead use trusted partnerships between scientists, fishermen, mooring buoys or sandy managers, and other stakeholders. bottom areas.

Climate Change Reduce energy use and your Ocean warming is the most pressing climate change carbon footprint. impact facing Guam’s reefs, which experienced coral bleaching in 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2017. Pick up your own trash and Bleaching-induced mortality has reduced coral cover carry away the trash that and decreased available habitat for fishes and other others have left behind. reef-associated species. Ocean acidification is a growing threat to Guam’s reefs. Local resource managers aim Support initiatives to to address climate change impacts by reducing local preserve and protect stressors and protecting resilient coral populations. coral reefs.

Land-based sources of pollution Plant native vegetation to Pollution threatens Guam's reefs, with much of the prevent sediment and pollutants pollution stemming from activities on land. Unsustainable from reaching the reef. coastal development, driven by population growth and increasing tourism, leads to runoff of pollutants and Don't burn trash. Don't burn for sediments to the reefs. This can smother corals and hunting as it causes erosion that impact fish and other organisms. Nutrient pollution may damages reefs. lead to outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns sea star, a coral predator that has had major impacts on Guam's reefs. Help protect mangroves and Misuse and overuse wetlands from filling and Guam’s reefs are threatened by recreational misuse and construction activities. overuse, and lack of regulations aiming to protect reefs from impacts such as vessel groundings. Reef users can Don’t stand on or touch live impact coral reef health by breaking corals, feeding fish, coral. Don't take pieces of harassing marine life, or introducing harmful chemicals corals home with you. into the water with sunscreen use. Guam needs stronger Educate yourself about laws and regulations to protect coral reefs from impacts coral reefs and the caused by recreational use and vessel groundings. creatures they support.

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Guam has established five marine preserves to Community involvement in marine resource protect, preserve, manage, and conserve aquatic life, management enables critical conversations about habitats, and marine communities and ecosystems. and actions around coral reef protection. The Guam The five preserves are Piti Bomb Holes, Achang Reef Community Coral Reef Monitoring Program was Flat, Pati Point, Sasa Bay, and Tumon Bay. launched in 2012 to create more opportunities for Guam residents to engage in coral reef management Guam’s network of marine preserves was created in through experiential learning about Guam’s coral 1997 to restore declining fish stocks. The preserves reefs and first-hand observation of the challenges have been enforced since 2001. Although protection of facing them. these areas is difficult due to insufficient enforcement of regulations, there are signs of improvement. Studies have confirmed that limiting fishing in these areas has had a positive effect on species density and diversity (The Territory of Guam and NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program 2010). The increased number, size, and diversity of fish within the protected areas has allowed residents and visitors to recognize the value of Guam's marine preserves.

Members monitoring in Piti. Photo: NOAA.

Local community members are trained to survey the condition of corals, algae, and macroinvertebrates, all of which are important indicators of habitat health. Trained program members complete monitoring surveys on reef flats around Guam. Community- collected data is shared at member meetings and with local reef managers for informed updates on Guam’s reef flat health at monitoring sites. The Guam Community Coral Reef Monitoring Program encourages community members to be stewards of Guam’s natural resources so that their cultural, social, and economic value can be preserved for the people of Guam. The size of reef fish has increased in and around the Piti Bomb Holes Marine Preserve. Photo: Dave Burdick.

100 fish sre hiher in preserves 90 80 70 60 50 40 Score (%) Score 30 20 10 0 Eastern Guam Western Guam Marine Preserves A group of volunteers preparing to go monitor the reef. Fish indicators scored better within the Marine Preserves. Photo: NOAA. GUAM CORAL REEFS ARE IN FAIR CONDITION guam Guam is an unincorporated territory of the United States in the western Juvenile coral Pacific Ocean. It is the largest and southernmost island of the Mariana Adult coral

Coral reef Archipelago. The island, which is 210 square miles, is surrounded

cover Herbivory by fringing coral reefs. Approximately 162,000 people live on eastern guam (windward) Mortality

Diversity Guam, with 1.5 million tourists visiting annually. Guam Temperature was divided into three sub-regions, western (leeward), Eastern Guam extends from Ritidian AL Sharks stress COR S & Point in the north through Pati Point, LGAE eastern (windward), and marine preserves, to evaluate R A L S A O & to and Talofo Bay on the Other predators condition of four categories—corals & algae, fish, C LGAE R A eastern side, to Cocos Point in the E Sustainability climate, and human connections. Guam coral

T

H C south. Eastern Guam’s coral reefs Ocean A

S reefs are in fair condition overall. Benthic cover is

M I L

acidification I are in impaired condition. This region F

L very impacted, and herbivory levels are critical.

Reef I C 71 67 M H had the highest score for climate, a fish Fish are very impacted and overall fish S M igo A I fair score. Corals & algae were very C H * indicators are impaired. As is common in T F UMAN Diversity ON NS E impacted with an impaired score. Reef material NECTIO populated areas, reef fish populations are Tumon Bay growth Management Fish indicators were very impacted, Awareness depleted, as indicated by relatively small G in place Awareness leading to an impaired condition. sizes of fishery species and low overall fish biomass. Climate is also a factor R Support for actions management negatively affecting coral reefs. Overall T

behaviors behaviors

Participation in pro-environment climate conditions are fair. Temperature

Pro-environmental agatna stress is having an impact on coral reefs. Guam marine preserves Human connections are good, which means R Guam has five marine preserves, communities support management actions and engage in behaviors that protect reef encompassing 11% of the island's A L S ecosystems. These conditions show that Guam's coral reefs are moderately impacted, Pago Bay O R & GA coast. They are Pati Point, Achang and overall conditions are fair. Guam's reefs are struggling against threats such as C A L E Reef Flat, Sasa Bay, Piti Bomb Holes, pollution, overfishing, and climate change.

C and Tumon Bay. The coral reefs in L Guam’s marine preserves are in fair I 76 M M H condition. This was the highest score S Talofofo A I of all three regions. This region also T F western guam (leeward) G E had the highest score for fish, a good Talofo Bay score. Corals & algae are not scored R Western Guam extends from Ritidian due to insufficient monitoring data T Point in the north, to Tumon Bay and R A L S within the marine preserves. Apra Harbor in the west, to Cocos O GA & C A L E Point in the south. Western Guam's

coral reefs are in an impaired condition. C

This was the lowest score of all three L While these scores reflect data collected through summer 2017, very I 63 regions. This region also had the lowest M H recent data suggest coral reef bleaching has resulted in severe impacts. S score for corals & algae, a critical score. A I Coral reef habitat It is unclear what the impact of the latest bleaching event will be on T F Climate conditions were fair, and fish E all reefs of the , but preliminary information suggests indicators were very impacted, leading GM MR PRR widespread loss across the archipelago. to an impaired condition.

0 m What do the scores mean? nsufficient data not scored 0 2.mi Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of living organisms. 90–100% Very good 80–89% Good 70–79% Fair 60–69% Impaired 0–59% Critical High biodiversity of corals, fish, and other organisms helps keep the ecosystem in balance and makes it resilient to ll or almost all indicators meet Most indicators meet ome indicators meet ew indicators meet ery few or no indicators meet reference values. Conditions in reference values. Conditions reference values. Conditions reference values. Conditions reference values. Conditions in environmental impacts. Although we measure biodiversity, these locations are unimpacted in these locations are lightly in these locations are in these locations are very these locations are severely the science is not yet mature enough to score biodiversity in or minimally impacted or have impacted or have lightly moderately impacted or have impacted or have declined impacted or have declined an area. As the science and analysis progress, we will look to not declined. uman declined. uman declined moderately. uman considerably. uman substantially. uman include biodiversity scores in future status reports. connections are very high. connections are high. connections are moderate. connections are lacing. connections are severely lacing. uman connections data are only collected at the overall Guam level not the subregion level. reef restoration key themes & indicators

On Guam, reef restoration is recognized as an Corals & algae important approach to restoring the health of Corals & algae make up the base of the coral degraded reefs. Natural resource managers are reef ecosystem, providing food and shelter for extremely interested in reef restoration as a tool fish, shellfish, and marine mammals. The five to recover degraded reefs. In 2018, stakeholders indicators for corals & algae are: formed the new Guam Reef Restoration and • Coral reef cover, which includes corals, algae, and Intervention Partnership (GRRIP), to develop an crustose coralline algae. island-wide strategy for restoration. • Coral populations, a measure of the population's ability to reproduce and sustain itself. An ocean-based coral nursery was installed in • Herbivory, a measure of the level of grazing pressure the Piti Bomb Holes Marine Preserve during by fish on corals and algae. workshops in 2013 and 2014. The University of • Mortality, which measures the amount of recently Guam and Underwater World Guam co-organized dead coral. the workshops, in which field training taught • Diversity, a measure of the number of different participants how to use sexual coral reproduction species of coral present. for restoration efforts. In 2015, a mass spawning occurred and more than 1000 larvae settled on tiles in the floating nursery. Spawning work continued in fish 2016 with support from the Aquarium of the Pacific. Coral reefs serve as habitat and food for fish species. Fish are important to the ecology of the reef, the economy, and the livelihoods of local communities. The four indicators chosen for fish are: • Reef fish, a measure of the amount of fish present. • Sustainability, which is indicative of whether fishery stocks still have abundant large breeding-sized fishes. • Sharks and other predators, a measure of the amount of fish that eat other fish. • Diversity, a measure of the number of different species of fish present. Climate Climate affects all components of a reef system. Climate change and ocean acidification influence reefs across the globe, but conditions vary at the regional and local level. The three The mid-water coral nursery in Guam. Photo: Whitney Hoot. climate indicators are: • Temperature stress, which evaluates the frequency and severity of high temperature events. The nursery also contains over 1,000 fragments • Ocean acidification, indicating if the water chemistry of five species of staghorn Acropora corals, is suitable for the growth of corals and other calcifiers. which are a vital component of Guam’s coral • Reef material growth, which directly measures the reef communities. Local scientists and resource increase in reef skeletal material in a particular place. managers have already experimentally outplanted some of these corals and plan to scale-up efforts to restore degraded reefs. Local stakeholders plan to human connections install a second nursery in 2019. Coral reef management agencies protect reef resources through management plans, In addition to the coral nursery and sexual public education, and involving communities propagation, Guam is experimenting with micro- in managing their resources. The three fragmentation and various outplant methods indicators for human connections are: to increase restoration success. Restoration of • Awareness, an indicator of residents’ familiarity with other coastal systems, such as seagrasses and threats to and the importance of reefs. mangroves, is also being considered. • Support for management actions, an indicator of support for reef management activities. • Pro-environmental behavior, an indicator of residents’ participation in activities to protect the environment. challenges for coral reef management on guam

Local natural resources managers are striving to protect and restore Guam’s coral reefs through an integrated, collaborative ridge-to-reef approach. Managers are taking actions to identify challenges identified by stakeholders.

Challenge Action Lack of awareness Increased public outreach of coral reef health and education efforts using a and impacts among citizen science approach community members Lack of local legislation Additional legal and technical to protect coral reef expertise within local agencies resources Insufficient enforcement Funding to build capacity for of Guam’s marine Guam’s conservation officers preserve regulations to enforce preserves Conflict between Proactive, consistent coral reef user groups engagement with community and natural resource leaders and groups to bring managers stakeholders to the table Coral reef bleaching is caused by temperature stress due to Uncertainty surrounding Adaptive management of coral climate change. Adaptive management can help make coral future climate change reef resources reefs more resilient to climate impacts. Photo: David Burdick. impacts why a status report? This status report provides a geographically specific assessment of Guam coral reef condition for the period Effective coral reef conservation cannot be accomplished 2012–2017. Guam was divided into three sub-regions without an informed and engaged public. This status report based on data resolution, geographical features, and is part of an ongoing series of documents to track the status impacts to the ecosystem. Data were collected by and trends of coral reefs across the U.S. and its territories. NOAA's National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. For The Guam coral status report is part of a larger effort to more detailed information on methodologies, indicators, provide the public and decision-makers with information thresholds, and grading, visit http://www.coris.noaa.gov about managing and conserving coral reef ecosystems. (keyword: status reports).

Status report working group Ferrario F, M Beck, C Storlazzi, F Micheli, C Shepard, Spalding MD, RD Brumbaugh, and E Landis. 2016. and L Airoldi. 2014. The Effectiveness of Coral Reefs Atlas of Ocean Wealth. The Nature Conservancy. Rusty Brainard, Val Brown, Dave Burdick, Jesse Cruz, for Coastal Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation. Arlington, Virginia. Peter Edwards, Hilary Goodwin, Andrea Hershberger, Nature Communications 5. Article number 3894. The Territory of Guam and NOAA Coral Reef Whitney Hoot, Peter Houk, Justine Kimball, Adrienne doi:10.1038/ncomms4794. Loerzel, Dana Okano, Marybelle Quinata, Anna Conservation Program. 2010. Guam’s Coral Reef Simeon, Brent Tibbatts, Bernardo Vargas-Angel, & Guam Visitors Bureau. 2018. I Estoria. 2017 Annual Management Priorities. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA. 36pp. Ivor Williams. Report. Tumon, Guam. Houk P, J Cuetos-Bueno, B Tibbatts, and J Gutierrez. About this status report 2018. Variable density dependence and the restructuring of coral-reef fisheries across 25 years of This status report is a joint product of NOAA's exploitation. Nature Scientific Reports 8:5725. Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) and the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Paulay G. 2003. Marine biodiversity of Guam and the Science. Science communication, design, and layout Marianas: overview. Micronesica 35-36: 3-25. by Alexandra Fries, Caroline Donovan, & Heath Kelsey. NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science November 2018. (2018). National Coral Reef Monitoring Program: Cover photo by David Burdick. Socioeconomic surveys of human use, knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions in Guam. NOAA National Acknowledgements Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. 09.12.2018. The CRCP supports effective management and sound The status report working group during the workshop science to preserve, sustain, and restore valuable coral QMark Research. 2016a. Guam Visitors Bureau: Japan in Guam, January 2017. reef ecosystems for future generations. visitor tracker exit profile, FY2016 data aggregation. Prepared for the Guam Visitors Bureau. 106pp. For more information, visit coralreef.noaa.gov . QMark Research. 2016b. Guam Visitors Bureau: References Korean visitor tracker exit profile, FY2016 data Burke L, K Reytar, M Spalding, and A Perry (eds). 2011. aggregation. Prepared for the Guam Visitors Bureau. Reefs at risk revisited. World Resources Institute. 104pp.