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Review of Archaeological and Historical Data Concerning Reef Fishing in the U.S. Flag Islands of Micronesia: Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands

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Review of Archaeological and Historical Data Concerning Reef Fishing in the U.S. Flag Islands of Micronesia: Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands Final Report August 2003 REVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL DATA CONCERNING REEF FISHING IN THE U.S. FLAG ISLANDS OF MICRONESIA: GUAM AND THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS By Judith R. Amesbury and Rosalind L. Hunter-Anderson Micronesian Archaeological Research Services A Guam Non-Profit Corporation PO Box 22303; GMF, Guam 96921 A Council Authorized by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 1164 BISHOP STREET A SUITE 1400 A HONOLULU A HAWAII 96813 USA A TELEPHONE (808) 522-8220 A FAX (808) 522-8226 www.wpcouncil.org Cover Photograph: Chamorro women net fishing. Source: Unpublished Sketch from the Freycinet Expedition. Courtesy of the Commonwealth Museum of History and Culture A publication of the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No.NA97FCOI90 The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or the Department of Commerce Final Report REVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL DATA CONCERNING REEF FISHING IN THE U.S. FLAG ISLANDS OF MICRONESIA: GUAM AND THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS By Judith R. Amesbury and Rosalind L. Hunter-Anderson Prepared for Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council 1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1400 Honolulu, Hawai’i 96813 Micronesian Archaeological Research Services A Guam Non-Profit Corporation P.O. Box 22303; GMF, Guam 96921 August 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... v LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ........................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC POPULATIONS AND CULTURES IN GUAM AND THE NORTHERN MARIANAS by Rosalind L. Hunter-Anderson ............................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 PREHISTORIC PERIOD ....................................................................................... 4 Prehistoric Population Estimates ..................................................................... 9 Using Latte Stones to Estimate Population ..................................................... 11 SPANISH PERIOD ................................................................................................ 12 Early Historic Population Estimates ................................................................ 12 TWENTIETH CENTURY POPULATION HISTORIES OF GUAM AND OF THE NORTHERN MARIANAS IN RELATION TO TRADITIONAL USES OF INSHORE MARINE HABITATS ..................... 18 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 18 Population and Settlement Patterns in the Northern Marianas ........................ 20 Population and Settlement Patterns in Guam .................................................. 28 METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WITH THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALEO-ENVIRONMENTAL RECORDS AS INDICATORS OF PAST CULTURAL PRACTICES ............................................................ 34 Archaeology .................................................................................................... 34 Sediment Cores ................................................................................................ 37 CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER 2. PREHISTORIC PERIOD by Judith R. Amesbury ................................ 41 FISH REMAINS AND FISHING GEAR FROM GUAM ..................................... 41 Pagat ................................................................................................................ 41 Tarague Beach ................................................................................................. 44 Ritidian ............................................................................................................ 46 Former FAA Housing Area ............................................................................. 47 North and South Finegayan ............................................................................. 47 Tumon Bay ...................................................................................................... 47 Agana Bay ....................................................................................................... 54 Asan ................................................................................................................. 56 Nimitz Hill ....................................................................................................... 56 Sasa Valley and Tenjo Vista Fuel Tank Farms, Piti ........................................ 56 Orote Peninsula ............................................................................................... 57 Waterfront Annex and Ordnance Annex ......................................................... 57 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Agat/Santa Rita ................................................................................................ 57 Manenggon Hills ............................................................................................. 57 TURTLES FROM GUAM ..................................................................................... 58 INVERTEBRATES FROM GUAM ...................................................................... 60 Crustaceans ...................................................................................................... 60 Echinoderms .................................................................................................... 60 Mollusks .......................................................................................................... 61 FISH REMAINS AND FISHING GEAR FROM THE CNMI .............................. 66 Achugao and Matansa, Saipan ........................................................................ 66 Garapan to Oleai, Saipan ................................................................................. 68 Susupe, Saipan ................................................................................................. 68 Chalan Piao, Saipan ......................................................................................... 68 Afetña, Saipan ................................................................................................. 69 Laulau, Saipan ................................................................................................. 69 Kagman Peninsula, Saipan .............................................................................. 69 Unai Chulu, Tinian .......................................................................................... 69 Mulatu and Lamanibot Regions, Tinian .......................................................... 70 Military Lease Area, Northern Tinian ............................................................. 71 Military Leaseback Area, Central Tinian ........................................................ 71 Mochong, Rota ................................................................................................ 71 North Coast of Rota including the Uyulan Region ......................................... 73 Songsong, Rota ................................................................................................ 76 Southern Rota .................................................................................................. 76 TURTLES FROM THE CNMI .............................................................................. 76 INVERTEBRATES FROM THE CNMI ............................................................... 77 Crustaceans ...................................................................................................... 77 Echinoderms .................................................................................................... 77 Mollusks .......................................................................................................... 80 CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD ...................... 84 Fishes ............................................................................................................... 84 Turtles .............................................................................................................. 85 Invertebrates .................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 3. SPANISH PERIOD by Judith R. Amesbury ......................................... 89 EARLY EXPLORERS ........................................................................................... 89 Antonio Pigafetta—1521 ................................................................................. 89 Martín de Uriarte—1526 ................................................................................. 89 Andrés de Urdaneta—1526 ............................................................................. 90 Secondary Account—1526 .............................................................................. 90
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