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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8107959 K a n o s t , R ic h a r d F a ir b u r n A STUDY IN ACCULTURATION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE MICRONESIAN CASE The University of Oklahoma Ph.D. 1980 University Microfilms 1 ntern 8.ti 0 n a!300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1980 by Kanost, Richard Fairburn All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background __ '4. Illustrations are poor copy ^ 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^ 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) ______ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows 11. Poor carbon copy ______ 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy ______ 14. Original copy with light type ______ 15. Curling and wrinkled pages ______ 16. Other ________ ______ U niversi^ M ’ooT ilm s Internationa! 300 N Z=== RD.. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 '3131 761-4700 THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A STUDY IN ACCULTURATION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE MICRONESIAN CASE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY RICHARD F. KANOST Norman, Oklahoma 1980 A STUDY IN ACCULTURATION AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE MICRONESIAN CASE APPROVED BY liXsr DISSERTATION COMMITTEE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures.................................................... v List of Maps........................................................ vi List of Tables........................................................ vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION................................................ I The Analysis of Political Culture The Structure of Belief Systems The Research Design II. PART I: THE PAN-MICRONESIAN CONTEXT II. THE ISLANDS OF MICRONESIA.................................. 51 Locating Micronesia The Islands The Four Stages of Development III. THE TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY SYSTEMS OF MICRONESIA............ 76 The Meaning of Traditional Ecological Influences on Traditional Authority Systems Micronesian Authority Systems: General Characteristics IV. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MICRONESIA......................... 103 Political Development Before 1962 Political Development Since 1962 V. THE ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY OF MICRONESIA........................ 130 The Money Economy The Subsistence Economy Impediments to Economic Development The High Cost of Government VI. THE ISSUES OF MICRONESIAN POLITICS............................ 156 Micronesian Politics: Sources and Opinion Makers The American Performance in Micronesia The Three Overriding Issues Conclusion to part I iii Chapter Page PART II; THE POLITICAL CULTURES OF FOUR ISLAND GROUPS VII. THE ISLANDS AND THE PEOPLE.................................... 187 The Area Included The Four Island Groups: An Economic Comparison VIII. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY SYSTEMS COMPARED........................218 The Family Authority System Community Authority Structures Socialization to Authority: The Micronesian Life Cycle IX. POLITICAL FACTIONS: THEIR ORIGINS AND IMPACT ............. 265 Party Politics in the Northern Mariana Islands Competition in the Politics of Yap District Factionalism in Truk X. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS........................................ 301 Election Campaigns Voter Participation The Electoral System The Explanation of Election Results XI. COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS................................ 354 The Structure of Government in 1977-78 The Political Process XII. POLITICAL ATTITUDES ........................................ 406 Results of the Survey The Structure of Attitudes XIII. CONCLUSION................... 460 APPENDIX: POLITICAL ATTITUDE SURVEY..................................471 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................... 480 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Populations of Main Islands, Semideveloped Islands, Outer Islands and the Totals for the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for the Years 1954, 1966 and 1973, in Thousands.................................................. 71 2. A Diagram of Relationships Between the Micronesian Environment, Traditional Values, Authority System and Political Behavior..................................... 101 3. A Comparison of Trends in Total Government Revenues and Expenditures, Exports and Employment in the Trust Terri­ tory of the Pacific Islands, from 1954 to 1976 132 4. Total Number of Government and Private Employees in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, from July 1968 to December 1976, in Thousands.................................136 5. Micronesian Government and Private Sector Wages as Percent­ ages of Total Wages Paid to Micronesians, from 1968 to 1976....................................................... 137 6. A Diagram of Relationships Between the Micronesian Environ­ ment, Traditional Values, Authority Systems, the Exper­ ience of Alien Administration, Imported Values and Political Behavior. ..................................... 186 7. Percentage of the Total Vote Received by the Territorial Party in Elections to the Congress of Micronesia, District and Municipal Legislatures in the Selected Districts. 337 8. Percentage of the Total Vote Received by the Territorial Party in Elections to the Congress of Micronesia, District and Municipal Legislatures in the Selected Districts. 340 9. Structure of the Government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, as It Existed before December 1977, with the Municipal Level Illustrated Only for the Mariana Islands, Yap and Truk Districts.......................... 359 10. Structure of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and of the Federated States of Micronesia, as of 1980....................................................... 360 V LIST OF MAPS Page Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands............................ 52 Island Groups Included in the Survey................................. 192 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.......................... 194 State of Yap...........................................................196 Truk L a g o o n ...........................................................204 State of Tr u k .........................................................207 VI LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Land Area and Population Distribution Among Four Categories of Inhabited Islands (Development Stages) in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: Average Populations and Population Densities, as of 1973....................... 68 2. Distribution of Inhabited Islands of Micronesia by Develop­ ment Category ^nd Size Range, in Square M i l e s .......... 69 3. A Comparison of the Amounts and Percentages of Total Govern­ ment Funds Available to the Government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for Fiscal Years 1954, 1965 and 1976 from Local Revenues and Federal Grants. 133 4. Distribution of the Trust Territory Labor Force Among the Subsistence, Government and Private Sectors of the Economy and the Unemployed, as of 1973............................. 140 5. Distribution of Working Age Population of the Trust Territory Between the Work Force and Various Categories Excluded from the Work Force, as of 1973 ............................ 141 6. A Comparison