Vegetation Mapping of the Mariana Islands: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and Territory of Guam

Home , Agrihan, Aguiguan, Alamagan, Anatahan, Delonix regia, Farallon de Medinilla

VEGETATION MAPPING OF THE MARIANA ISLANDS: COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS AND TERRITORY OF GUAM

NOVEMBER 2017 FINAL REPORT

FRED AMIDON, MARK METEVIER1 , AND STEPHEN E. MILLER PACIFIC ISLAND FISH AND WILDLIFE OFFICE, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, HONOLULU, HI 1 CURRENT AGENCY: BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, MEDFORD, OR

Photograph of Alamagan by Curt Kessler, USFWS.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

CONTENTS

List of Figures ...... 3 List of Tables ...... 4 Abbreviations ...... 5 Summary ...... 6 Introduction ...... 7 Description of Project Area ...... 7 Previous Landcover and Vegetation Classification ...... 8 Methods ...... 9 Vegetation Classification ...... 9 Non-vegetated and Developed Areas ...... 9 Vegetated Areas ...... 11 Wetland and Water Features ...... 13 Imagery and Geospatial Data Used for Analysis ...... 13 Mapping Procedures and Image Analysis ...... 25 Accuracy Assessment ...... 26 Results ...... 27 Landcover/Vegetation Classification ...... 27 Accuracy Assessment ...... 45 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 74 Acknowledgements ...... 75 References Cited ...... 75 Appendices ...... 77 Appendix 1 – Accuracy assessments based on field survey data only...... 77

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Map outlining the islands that compose the Mariana archipelago in the western Pacific. .... 8 Figure 2. Natural color mosaic of 19 January 2016 Worldview 3 images of Guam used for classification...... 15 Figure 3. Natural color mosaic of Worldview 2 and 3 images of Rota used for classification...... 16 Figure 4. Natural color display of 9 September 2016 Worldview 2 image of Aguiguan used for classification...... 16 Figure 5. Natural color display of 5 February 2016 Worldview 2 image of Tinian used for classification...... 17 Figure 6. Natural color display of 5 February 2016 Worldview 2 image of Saipan used for classification...... 18 Figure 7. Natural color display of 1 September 2011 Worldview 2 image of Farallon de Medinilla used for classification...... 19 Figure 8. Natural color display of 12 March 2012 Worldview 2 image of Anatahan used for classification...... 19 Figure 9. Natural color display of 16 March 2013 Worldview 2 image of Sarigan used for classification...... 20 Figure 10. Natural color display of 29 December 2013 Worldview 2 image of Guguan used for classification...... 20 Figure 11. Natural color display of 11 December 2012 Worldview 2 image of Alamagan used for classification...... 21 Figure 12. Natural color display of 20 March 2012 Worldview 2 image of Pagan used for classification...... 22 Figure 13. Natural color display of 11 July 2013 Worldview 2 image of Agrihan used for classification...... 23 Figure 14. Natural color display of 15 January 2012 Worldview 2 image of Asuncion used for classification...... 24 Figure 15. Natural color display of 13 December 2011 Worldview 2 image of Maug used for classification...... 24 Figure 16. Natural color display of 4 January 2012 Worldview 2 image of Uracus used for classification...... 25 Figure 17. landcover/vegetation map of the island of Guam ...... 30 Figure 18. lancover/vegetation map of Rota...... 31 Figure 19. landcover/vegetation map of Aguiguan...... 32 Figure 20. landcover/vegetation map of Tinian...... 33 Figure 21. landcover/vegetation map of Saipan...... 34 Figure 22. landcover/vegetation map of Farallon de Medinilla...... 35 Figure 23. landcover/vegetation map of Anatahan...... 36 Figure 24. landcover/vegetation map of Sarigan...... 37 Figure 25. landcover/vegetation map of Guguan...... 38 Figure 26. landcover/vegetation map of Alamgan...... 39 Figure 27. landcover/vegetation map of Pagan...... 40 Figure 28. landcover/vegetation map of Agrihan...... 41 Figure 29. landcover/vegetation map of Asuncion...... 42 Figure 30. landcover/vegetation map of Maug...... 43 Figure 31. landcover/vegetation map of Uracus...... 44

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

Figure 32. Location of ground-truthing points on Guam used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 46 Figure 33. Location of ground-truthing points on Rota used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 47 Figure 34. Location of ground-truthing points on Aguiguan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 47 Figure 35. Location of ground-truthing points on Tinian used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 48 Figure 36. Location of ground-truthing points on Saipan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 49 Figure 37. Location of ground-truthing points on FDM used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 50 Figure 38. Location of ground-truthing points on Anatahan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 50 Figure 39. Location of ground-truthing points on Sarigan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 51 Figure 40. Location of ground-truthing points on Guguan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 51 Figure 41. Location of ground-truthing points on Alamagan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 52 Figure 42. Location of ground-truthing points on Pagan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 53 Figure 43. Location of ground-truthing points on Agrihan used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 54 Figure 44. Location of ground-truthing points on Asuncion used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 55 Figure 45. Location of ground-truthing points on Maug used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 55 Figure 46. Location of ground-truthing points on Uracus used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classification...... 56

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.Vegetation and landcover mapping categories used in this assessment and how they relate to categories used under the noaa ccap and forest service land classification schemes...... 10 Table 2. Date, classification reference level, and sensor of imagery utilized for vegetation mapping on each island...... 14 Table 3. Estimated acreages of landcover/vegetation types by island...... 28 Table 4. Percent cover of landcover/vegetation types for all islands...... 29 Table 5. Overall accuracy and kappa scores for the delineation of vegetation and land cover classes on the islands of the Mariana archipelago...... 45 Table 6. Error matrix for the 15 islands of the Mariana archipelago based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 58 Table 7. Error matrix for Guam based on imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 59 Table 8. Error matrix for Rota based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points. ... 60 Table 9. Error matrix for Aguiguan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 61

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

Table 10. Error matrix for Tinian based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 62 Table 11. Error matrix for Saipan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 63 Table 12. Error matrix for FDM based on imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 64 Table 13. Error matrix for Anatahan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 65 Table 14. Error matrix for Sarigan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 66 Table 15. Error matrix for Guguan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 67 Table 16. Error matrix for Alamagan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 68 Table 17. Error matrix for Pagan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 69 Table 18. Error matrix for Agrihan based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 70 Table 19. Error matrix for Asuncion based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 71 Table 20. Error matrix for Maug based on field survey and imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 72 Table 21. Error matrix for Uracus based on imagery-based ground-truthing points...... 73

ABBREVIATIONS

DEM Digital Elevation Model CCAP Coastal Change Analysis Program CNMI Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands DFW Division of Fish and Wildlife NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration nDSM Normalized Digital Surface Model NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

SUMMARY

Detailed vegetation maps are an important tool for natural resource planning and conservation. Previously, only general land cover maps are available for the entire Mariana archipelago. Here we present the results of an assessment to develop detailed vegetation/land cover maps for the 15 islands of the archipelago. The primary goals of this project were to provide up-to-date, detailed vegetation/land cover maps of the islands and to improve the delineation of native dominated forest. New classifications using recent satellite imagery were created for the 14 islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In addition, the 2014 Forest Service vegetation/land cover map of Guam, based on 2012 imagery, was updated and expanded using 2016 imagery. Twenty-three landcover/vegetation classes were delineated over all of these islands as part of this assessment. Mixed Introduced Forest was the dominant class overall followed by Mixed Grass/Herbaceous. Native dominated forests made up approximately 15% of the land area with the largest acreage of native dominated forests occurring on Guam. Accuracy assessments indicate classifications on each island have acceptable levels of error. Of the classes delineated, the Mixed Introduced Forest class was the most prone to misclassification based on producer and user accuracy scores. Due to the limited availability of native dominated forests in the region future work should focus on developing delineations of mixed introduced forests with large native composition. These mixed classes will likely be important for native plant and animal conservation.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

INTRODUCTION

Up to date and detailed vegetation/land cover maps are an important component of conservation planning. This is especially true for plant and animal conservation where the availability of specific forest and vegetation types determine whether an island or region can be utilized by a species. For example, an island may be forested but the composition of that forest may not provide adequate resources to support a species.

Land cover maps have been previously developed for the Mariana archipelago. However, they either use general landcover classes like Evergreen Forest to describe all forest types or, if they are detailed, have not been completed for all islands or been updated within the last ten years. In order to address this issue we set out to develop detailed vegetation/land cover maps for the entire archipelago using recent high resolution satellite imagery. The goals were to identify and map vegetation classes to dominant species, when possible, delineate native dominated forests on all islands, and to provide a consistent vegetation/land cover classification that could be applied to all the islands of the archipelago. These maps and classifications could then be used by local and regional planners to develop conservation strategies for natural resources in the Mariana Islands.

DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA

The Mariana archipelago is a chain of 15 islands in the western North Pacific (Figure 1). The archipelago consists of two geologic subgroups. The islands between, and including, the islands of Guam and Farallon de Medinilla (FDM) are older coralline limestone islands while the remaining nine islands north of FDM are more recent volcanic islands. The chain of islands also consists of two political entities, the Territory of Guam, which includes the island of Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), which consists of the remaining islands in the archipelago. The CNMI is further divided into four municipalities: Rota, Tinian and Aguiguan, Saipan, and the northern islands (FDM to Uracus or Farallon de Pajaros; Figure 1). Rota, Tinian, and Saipan support human populations (2,527, 3,136, and 48,220 people, respectively) while the island of Aguiguan and the northern islands were uninhabited in 2010 (U.S. Census Bureau 2011).

The climate of the region is tropical with a wet and dry season. The dry season occurs from January through June while the wet season occurs from July through December. Average rainfall for the dry and wet seasons on Saipan are 20 inches (8 inches standard deviation) and 52 (13 inches standard deviation), respectively (Lander 2004). Average temperatures on Saipan range from 24 to 31 degrees Celsius (75 to 87 degrees Fahrenheit) with lowest and highest temperatures in the dry and wet season, respectively (Weather Spark 2017). Tropical cyclones occur regularly in the region with three tropical cyclones, of tropical storm intensity and higher, per year per 5-degree latitude- longitude square (Lander 2004).

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 1. MAP OUTLINING THE ISLANDS THAT COMPOSE THE MARIANA ARCHIPELAGO IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC.

PREVIOUS LANDCOVER AND VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION

General descriptions of the vegetation communities of the Mariana Islands have been provided by Fosberg (1960) and Muller-Dombois and Fosberg (1998). Muller-Dombois and Fosberg (1998) provide a short account of each island and more detailed description of the vegetation communities on Guam. Ohba (1994) provides detailed descriptions of the vegetation communities on Anatahan, Sarigan, Guguan, Alamagan, Pagan, Agrihan, Asuncion, Maug, and Uracus and Whistler (1996)

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017 provided a detailed account of FDM. Currently there is no known comprehensive assessment of the vegetation communities on Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, and Saipan.

Probably the earliest vegetation map of a Mariana Island was by Stone (1970). His publication, “The Flora of Guam,” included a vegetation map of Guam which delineated 10 land cover classes. In 1989 the Forest Service prepared vegetation/landcover maps using aerial photographs of the islands of Rota, Tinian, Saipan, and Asuncion as part of their Forest Health Protection, Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (Falanruw 1989, Falanruw et al. 1989). In 2006 updated maps were created using IKONOS and Quickbird imagery of Rota, Tinian, and Saipan and the Forest Service completed their first published vegetation/landcover map of Guam (Liu and Fischer 2006 a,b). In 2009 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) subsequently produced general landcover maps of the entire archipelagos using Quickbird imagery as part of their Coastal Change Analysis Program (CCAP). Finally, in 2014, the Forest Service and NOAA teamed up on an updated classification of Guam using 2012 Worldview 2 imagery.

METHODS

VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION

The classification scheme for the Mariana Islands is outlined in Table 1, along with the cross-walked classification from the Forest Service’s system for the Mariana Islands (Liu and Fischer 2006a,b)and the NOAA CCAP program (NOAA 2017). A general description of the vegetation/land cover category is outlined below. Species and common names follow Raulerson and Rinehart (1991).

NON-VEGETATED AND DEVELOPED AREAS

This general category includes all non-vegetated and developed areas. Developed areas can be vegetated, such as lawns and agriculture fields, but are generally maintained through mowing or planting.

DEVELOPED (BUILDINGS/ROADS/IMPERVIOUS SURFACES) This category includes all buildings (concrete and other materials), paved surfaces, and roads. Gravel roads are generally included in this category as well.

DEVELOPED VEGETATION This category includes lawns and mowed areas as well as ornamental and shade trees and shrubs. Parks, golf courses, and residential open spaces are included in this category.

AGRICULTURE This category includes all agriculture fields and sites planted for agriculture. Typically this category only includes recently cleared or planted lands due to the difficulty of distinguishing grassland, herbaceous, and scrub areas from abandoned or dormant agriculture fields. However, agricultural trees and shrubs planted in rows are also included in this category. The one notable exception is coconut which is included under coconut forest below.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

TABLE 1.VEGETATION AND LANDCOVER MAPPING CATEGORIES USED IN THIS ASSESSMENT AND HOW THEY RELATE TO CATEGORIES USED UNDER THE NOAA CCAP AND FOREST SERVICE LAND CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES.

This Assessment Landcover Type Category NOAA CCAP Forest Service - 2006 Developed, High, Medium Developed Urban and Built-up and Low Intensity Developed Developed Vegetation Developed, Open Space Urban Vegetation/Urban Cultivated Agriculture Cultivated Crops Cropland/Agriculture Field Bare Rock Barren/Sandy Beach/Bare Rocks Barren Land Barren/Sandy Beach/Bare Bare Soil/Gravel Barren Rocks/Bad Land Barren/Sandy Beach/Bare Sand Unconsolidated Shore Rocks/Sand Beach/Bare Rocks Mixed Grass/ Other Shrub and Grass Grass/Herbaceous Grassland/Herbaceous Herb Grassland Savanna Complex Scrub/ Coastal Scrub Strand/Strand Vegetation Scrub/Shrub Shrub Scrub/Shrub Other Shrub and Grass Bamboo Thicket Evergreen Forest, Palustrine Mixed Introduced Forest Forested, Scrub/Shrub (Native) Limestone Forest, Ravine Hibiscus Thicket Wetland Forest Leucaena Leucocephala/Leucaena Leucaena Thicket Stand Mixed Introduced Forest/Acacia Acacia Forest Plantation Casuarina Forest Casuarina Thicket Agroforest - Coconut/Coconut Forest Coconut Forest Evergreen Forest Plantation Vitex Forest Mixed Introduced Forest Mixed Introduced Mixed Introduced Forest/Scrub Forest Forest Native Limestone (Native) Limestone Forest Forest Evergreen Forest, Palustrine Native Volcanic Forest Forested, Scrub/Shrub Ravine Forest Wetland Palustrine, Estuarine Emergent Wetland Wetland/Marsh Land Emergent Wetland Wetland/ Estuarine Forested, Mangrove Wetland Mangrove Swamp Water Scrub/Shrub Wetland Open Water Open Water Water

BARE ROCK This category includes all consolidated formations such as rock and lava flows. Typical examples include exposed limestone shorelines, cliffs, quarries and lava flows.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

BARE SOIL/GRAVEL This category includes bare soil or gravel. Badlands on volcanic soil, recently cleared areas with exposed soil, and recently burned areas fall within this category.

SAND This category includes all sand formations, including beaches and sand traps on golf courses.

VEGETATED AREAS

This general category includes all vegetated areas and ranges from groundcover to forested areas. Subcategories are broken out by dominant species when possible.

MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS This category includes all areas dominated by a mix of grass and herbaceous species. Typically this category is a catch-all for open field areas that are not obviously dominated by a single grass species like Micanthus floridulus (swordgrass) which is included in the grassland category below. This category grows on volcanic and limestone substrates.

GRASSLAND This category includes all areas dominated by a grass species. Swordgrass and Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) are examples of species that occur in this category. This category only occurs on volcanic substrates.

COASTAL SCRUB This category includes areas dominated by native coastal plant species like Scaevola sericea (nanaso or lanasa) and Pemphis acidula (nigas or engi). This category can range in size from low groundcover to shrub.

SCRUB/SHRUB This category includes all interior areas dominated by shrub or scrub species and generally consists of non-native species. Common species that occur in this category include Lantana camara (lantana), Triphasia trifolia (lemondichina), Callicarpa candicans (hamlag), and Cestrum diurnum (tinta’n-china). Native coastal scrub species are included in the coastal scrub category above.

BAMBOO THICKET This category includes stands of Bambusa vulgaris (bamboo). It often occurs along streams and near wetlands. However, it can occur throughout the interior of an island.

HIBISCUS THICKET This category includes areas dominated by Hibicus tiliaceus (pago). This species can occur throughout the archipelago and is found around wetlands, along streams, and in interior areas. This category is included with the scrub/shrub species but is also associated with forested areas.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

LEUCAENA THICKET This category includes stands of Leucaena leucocephala (tangantangan). It is generally associated with previously cleared areas and often forms monotypic stands. It is found on both limestone and volcanic substrates.

CASUARINA FOREST This category includes stands of or individual Casuarina equisetifolia (ironwood). This category is typically found along shorelines but can occur throughout the interior of an island. It is found on both volcanic and limestone substrates.

COCONUT FOREST This category includes stands of Cocos nucifera (coconut). Generally this category represents former coconut plantations. It is found on both volcanic and limestone substrates.

VITEX FOREST This category includes forest dominated by Vitex parviflora. Large stands of this category occur in northern Guam.

MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST This category includes all forests dominated by non-native species. This is a mixed category and can include components of other forest categories, included native forest, listed previously. The key feature which delineates it from other categories is that it is mixed and not obviously dominated by a specific species. Canopy species can include combinations of coconut, ironwood, tangantangan, Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree), Delonix regia (flame tree), Acacia confusa (sosugi), Albizia lebbeck (trongkon-kalaskas), Pithecellobium dulce (kamachile), and Samanea saman (trongkon-mames or monkeypod). It occurs on both limestone and volcanic substrates.

NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST This category includes forest on a limestone substrate with a canopy dominated by native tree species. This category includes forests of varying age classes. Canopy species include Elaeocarpus joga (joga), Pisonia grandis (umumu or umomo), Hernandia labyrinthica (oschal), Hernandia sonora (nonak or nonag), Ficus prolixa (nunu), Macaranga thompsonii (pengua), and Intsia bijuga (ifit). Dominant canopy species can vary by island and region of island.

NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST This category includes forest on a volcanic soil substrate with a canopy dominated by native tree species. This category includes forests of varying age classes and is primarily found in the northern volcanic islands of the CNMI and volcanic soil regions of southern Guam. Canopy species include Pisonia grandis (umumu or umomo), Hernandia sonora (nonak or nonag), Barringtonia asiatica (putting), Pandanus tectorius (kafu), and Terminalia catappa (talisai).Dominant canopy species can vary by island and region of island.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

WETLAND AND WATER FEATURES

This general category includes all water and wetland features. It includes both estuarine and palustrine wetlands.

EMERGENT WETLAND This category includes all wetland areas dominated by grasses or reeds like Phragmites karka. This category is found on Guam, Tinian, and Saipan.

MANGROVE WETLAND This category includes all wetlands dominated by Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (mangrove or manglen lahi). This category is only found on Saipan and Guam.

OPEN WATER This category includes all freshwater and marine open water areas and includes ponds, lakes, rivers, and water catchment areas.

IMAGERY AND GEOSPATIAL DATA USED FOR ANALYSIS

The imagery utilized for this assessment is summarized in Table 2 below and presented in Figures 2 to 16. This assessment was initiated using Worldview 2 imagery available for each island from 2010 to 2012. The islands of FDM, Anatahan, Sarigan, Guguan, Alamagan, Pagan, Agrihan, Asuncion, Maug and Uracus were all completed utilizing this initial imagery dataset. Preliminary maps of Guam, Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, and Saipan were also created using this imagery. However, the 2010/2011 image of Rota was of poor quality with large areas of the Sabana region of the island under heavy shadow. In addition, the Forest Service and NOAA completed an updated map of Guam utilizing the 2012 imagery, thereby making our assessment with the same imagery redundant. Therefore, we obtained 2016 imagery of Guam, Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, and Saipan and completed the assessments of those islands using that imagery. The vegetation maps for Guam and Rota were based on multiple sets of imagery (Table 2, Figures 2-3). Vegetation maps for Aguiguan, Tinian, and Saipan were based on a single set of imagery for each island. Areas covered in clouds and cloud shadows were classified with older and newer sets of imagery. The recent (2015-2017) satellite imagery was preprocessed (i.e., orthorectification, atmospheric correction, mosaicking) using ENVI 5.4 (Harris Geospatial Solutions) and ArcMap 10.4.1 (ESRI). The older imagery (2012 and earlier) was obtained pre-processed from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The classification was also supplemented with additional GIS layers and imagery. Aerial photographs of Rota, Tinian, and Saipan from 1944 and 1945 were used to help delineate native forest. For Guam, Rota, and Saipan the NRCS soil layers were used to differentiate forests on volcanic and limestone soils. The 2006 Forest Service landcover classifications of Rota, Tinian, and Saipan were used to help differentiate land and water features. The 2014 Forest Service landcover classification of Guam was used for the initial delineation of landcover/vegetation categories on Guam. A high resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and normalized digital surface model (nDSM) based on 2012 Lidar data was also used to delineate vegetation classes on Guam.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

TABLE 2. DATE, CLASSIFICATION REFERENCE LEVEL, AND SENSOR OF IMAGERY UTILIZED FOR VEGETATION MAPPING ON EACH ISLAND. CLASSIFICATION REFERENCE LEVEL REFERS TO WHETHER THE IMAGERY WAS THE PRIMARY REFERENCE FOR CLASSIFICATION, USED FOR CLOUD COVER GAP FILLING, OR USED FOR A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF THE ISLAND.

Classification Island Date Reference Level Sensor Guam 19 January 2016 Primary Worldview 3 Gap Fill 9 June 2017 Worldview 2 (Central Guam) Gap Fill 16 August 2017 Worldview 3 (Southern Guam) Rota 20 January 2016 Primary (East Rota) Worldview 3 10 February 2016 Primary (West Rota) Worldview 2 16 April 2017 Primary (West Rota) Worldview 2 13 December 2015 Gap-Fill (West Rota) GeoEye 18 October 2010 – 5 Preliminary Worldview 2 February 2011 Aguiguan 09 September 2016 Primary Worldview 2 11 February 2013 Preliminary Tinian 05 February 2016 Primary Worldview 2 Preliminary Saipan 05 February 2016 Primary Worldview 2 11 February 2011 Preliminary FDM 01 September 2011 Primary Worldview 2 Anatahan 12 March 2012 Primary Worldview 2 Sarigan 16 March 2013 Primary Worldview 2 Guguan 29 December 2013 Primary Worldview 2 Alamagan 11 December 2012 Primary Worldview 2 Pagan 20 March 2012 Primary Worldview 2 04 March 2010 Gap-Fill Quickbird Agrihan 11 July 2013 Primary Worldview 2 Asuncion 15 January 2012 Primary Worldview 2 Maug 13 December 2011 Primary Worldview 2 2003 Gap-Fill Worldview 2 Uracus 04 January 2012 Primary Worldview 2

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 2. NATURAL COLOR MOSAIC OF 19 JANUARY 2016 WORLDVIEW 3 IMAGES OF GUAM USED FOR CLASSIFICATION. AREAS OUTLINED IN BLUE AND RED ARE FROM 2017 IMAGERY (SEE LEGEND).

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 3. NATURAL COLOR MOSAIC OF WORLDVIEW 2 AND 3 IMAGES OF ROTA USED FOR CLASSIFICATION. THE IMAGE TO THE WEST AND ENCLOSED BY RED LINES IS DATED 16 APRIL 2017. THE IMAGE TO THE EAST OF THE RED LINE IS DATED 20 JANUARY 2016. SEE TABLE 2 FOR DETAILS ON IMAGERY.

FIGURE 4. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 9 SEPTEMBER 2016 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF AGUIGUAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 5. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 5 FEBRUARY 2016 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF TINIAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 6. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 5 FEBRUARY 2016 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF SAIPAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 7. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 1 SEPTEMBER 2011 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF FARALLON DE MEDINILLA USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

FIGURE 8. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 12 MARCH 2012 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF ANATAHAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 9. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 16 MARCH 2013 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF SARIGAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

FIGURE 10. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 29 DECEMBER 2013 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF GUGUAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 11. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 11 DECEMBER 2012 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF ALAMAGAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 12. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 20 MARCH 2012 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF PAGAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 13. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 11 JULY 2013 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF AGRIHAN USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 14. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 15 JANUARY 2012 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF ASUNICON USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

FIGURE 15. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 13 DECEMBER 2011 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF MAUG USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 16. NATURAL COLOR DISPLAY OF 4 JANUARY 2012 WORLDVIEW 2 IMAGE OF URACUS USED FOR CLASSIFICATION.

MAPPING PROCEDURES AND IMAGE ANALYSIS

Image analysis and classification was conducted using a combination of object and pixel-based methods. Pixel-based methods, which classify individual pixels in an image, were used exclusively for the northern islands of the CNMI (i.e., all islands north or Saipan). Object-based methods, which classify groups of pixels in an image, were the primary method used for the remaining islands. Object-based methods were conducted using eCognition Developer 9 (Trimble) while pixel-based methods were conducted with Feature Analyst 5.1.2.0 for ArcGIS (Overwatch, Textron Systems, Ltd.). The general workflow for the object-based methods involved segmentation of the multi-band image followed by classification of water, impervious, and individual vegetation features using image specific rule-sets based on spectral thresholds, object geometry, and relationships between objects. Data utilized in each classification included the multi-band imagery and derived indices like the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the panchromatic image, a pan-sharpened version of the imagery, preliminary classifications using 2012 imagery, and the 2006 Forest Service landcover classifications (Liu and Fisher 2006). The general workflow for the pixel-based methods was to conduct a supervised classification using training sets identified throughout the image. Preliminary testing of various band combinations determined that spectral bands 3 (Green), 5

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

(Red), and 7 (Near Infrared 1) and a texture band (we used the panchromatic image) performed well for all islands and all feature types.

The classification of Guam followed the general workflows identified above. However, as noted under the Imagery section above, the Forest Service completed a detailed 2014 classification of Guam utilizing the high resolution 2012 imagery we used for our preliminary assessment (Liu 2014). Completing a similar and potentially competing classification of Guam using the 2012 or more recent imagery was considered redundant. Therefore, our Guam classification focused on delineating vegetation types that were not classified previously (e.g., Vitex Forest and Bamboo Thicket) and updating the Forest Service classification by identifying areas that had changed since their assessment (i.e., changes from 2012 to 2016) and reclassifying them.

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT

Accuracy assessments of the vegetation classifications were conducted using ground-truthing data from field surveys and visual inspection of pan-sharpened satellite imagery. The field data used for this assessment was derived from survey station descriptions recorded during 2008, 2010, and 2012 forest bird and Micronesian megapode (Megapodius laperouse) surveys (Amidon et al. 2011, 2014; Camp et al. 2012, 2015). All survey stations were 100-150 meters apart and occurred along transects with randomly generated start points.

These field data provide an on-the-ground assessment of the vegetation occurring at sites throughout the islands. However, as these data were not collected specifically for ground-truthing vegetation classifications using satellite imagery, they do have limitations. First, these surveys were designed to sample forest bird populations and used generalized vegetation categories like native forest, coconut forest, secondary forest, scrub/shrub, tangantangan, open field or other to classify each survey station. The survey categories did not always match up with the vegetation categories used in this assessment. Therefore, the vegetation categories in this assessment had to be cross- walked to the survey station vegetation categories using notes on dominant vegetation recorded by the surveyors. These notes were not available for all stations and so the general vegetation category had to be used at those sites. In addition, the vegetation classifications for each survey station were based on the dominant vegetation surrounding the station, not just the vegetation at the station point. To address this issue we buffered each station by 5 m, clipping the vegetation map, and assigning a vegetation category to the station based on the dominant vegetation at the station type.

Field survey data was not available for the islands of Guam, FDM, and Uracus and, as noted above, was primarily focused on sampling forested areas. This led to limited or no ground-truthing sites for some vegetation categories. Therefore, the field survey data was supplemented with randomly generated ground-truthing points which were evaluated visually using pan-sharpened versions of the satellite imagery used for the classification. When possible, a total of 50 sites, a minimum of 100-m apart, in each vegetation category were assessed for each island. All points were generated using ArcGIS 10.

Accuracy assessments were conducted by estimating overall, producer and user accuracy and the Kappa statistic for each island and for all islands grouped together. Overall accuracy is equal to the number of correctly classified ground-truthing points divided by the total number of points. Producer accuracy is an estimate of the exclusion (omission) error while user accuracy is an estimate of the inclusion (commission) error. In other words, user accuracy identifies the

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

percentage of other categories that were incorrectly included in a category while the producer error identifies the percentage of one category that was incorrectly included in other categories. Finally, the Kappa statistic is the difference between the percentage of correctly classified ground- truthing points in each category and the expected number of correctly classified points estimated by chance. All values were estimated using error matrices and calculations outlined in Congalton and Green (2009).

RESULTS

Landcover/vegetation classifications were successfully completed for all 15 of the islands of the Mariana archipelago. Descriptions of these classifications, as well as assessments of their accuracy, are detailed in the sections below. All results are presented for the archipelago, as a whole, and then by island.

LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION

A total of 23 landcover/vegetation categories in six major landcover types were delineated for the Mariana Islands (Table 3). The estimated acreages and percent cover of each of these vegetation/landcover types for each island are presented in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Maps of the landcover/vegetation categories for each island are presented in Figures 17-31. The order of the maps is based on the location of the island in the archipelago from south to north.

Of all vegetation/landcover types, mixed introduced forest had the largest total acreage followed by mixed grass/herbaceous (Table 3 and 4). Developed areas (i.e., Developed, Developed Vegetation, and Agriculture) made up 15% of the cover while wetlands and water features (i.e., Emergent Wetland, Mangrove Wetland, Open Water), the most uncommon cover types, made up 1% of the total cover (Table 4). Mixed Grass/Herbaceous was the dominant vegetation type on the islands of FDM, Anatahan, Alamagan, Agrihan, Asuncion, and Maug (Table 4). Uracus was dominated by Bare Rock (Table 4). Forested areas (i.e., all vegetation types with Forest or Thicket in their name) dominated the total cover on Guam, Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, Sarigan, and Pagan (Table 4). Guguan was equally dominated by forest and grass/herb landcover types (Table 4).

Of the island dominated by forest, only Rota, Aguiguan, and Guguan were dominated by native forests (i.e., Native Limestone and Volcanic Forest). Interestingly, Guam had the highest acreage of native dominated forest (Table 3) but it was dominated by Mixed Introduced Forest (Table4). The remaining forest dominated islands were dominated by Mixed Introduced Forest (Saipan), Leucaena Thicket (Tinian), Coconut Forest (Sarigan), and Casuarina Forest (Pagan; Table 4).

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ACREAGES OF LANDCOVER/VEGETATION TYPES BY ISLAND. ALL ACREAGES ARE IN ACRES.

Landcover/ Vegetation Category Guam Rota Aguiguan Tinian Saipan FDM Anatahan Sarigan Guguan Alamagan Pagan Agrihan Asuncion Maug Uracus Total Developed 13,125 365 0 749 2,908 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 17,147 Developed Vegetation 14,909 690 0 707 3,684 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19,990 Agriculture 672 108 0 77 131 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 987 Bare Rock 79 253 159 328 241 34 0 98 119 93 2,505 222 109 112 424 4,775

Bare Soil/Gravel 2,509 168 43 15 109 11 3,226 234 117 411 391 0 117 0 11 7,360 Sand 240 68 0 15 133 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 0 525 Mixed Grass/Herbaceous 6,475 4,911 1 5,260 2,122 105 3,678 341 392 1,530 2,928 5,357 918 214 120 34,353 Grassland 21,770 225 0 0 1,194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,189 Coastal Scrub 532 307 0 621 339 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,800 Scrub/Shrub 11,272 991 445 756 1,027 25 302 15 0 146 185 1,205 99 12 0 16,480 28

Hibiscus Thicket 114 44 0 33 39 0 242 25 0 252 25 3 4 39 0 821

Bamboo Thicket 508 67 0 16 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 597 Leucaena Thicket 4,914 229 74 8,279 5,492 0 0 9 0 0 2 196 0 0 0 19,194 Acacia Forest 217 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 217 Casuarina Forest 147 170 30 781 231 0 0 0 0 0 4,014 10 0 0 0 5,382 Coconut Forest 1,345 497 0 108 295 0 3 273 0 508 1,163 1,003 156 36 0 5,388 Vitex Forest 2240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,240 Mixed Introduced Forest 30,522 2,096 31 6,186 10,651 0 168 2 0 205 403 0 0 0 0 50,262

Native Limestone Forest 12,978 10,008 939 1,034 388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,347 Final Report November 2017 Native Volcanic Forest 8,576 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 410 0 0 2,530 480 23 0 12,120 Emergent Wetland 734 1 0 34 363 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,132 Mangrove Wetland 182 0 0 0 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 184 Open Water 360 74 0 1 89 0 249 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 832 Shadow/Cloud 0 13 0 5 6 5 494 2 0 55 64 357 61 98 0 1,160

Total 134,420 21,284 1,722 25,003 29,448 179 8,361 1,099 1,038 3,203 11,806 10,884 1,945 534 554 251,481

Mariana Island Vegetation Mappi

TABLE 4. PERCENT COVER OF LANDCOVER/VEGETATION TYPES FOR ALL ISLANDS. EACH ROW AND COLUMN LISTS THE PERCENT COVER OF EACH TYPE BY TOTAL ISLAND AREA. CLOUD AND SHADOW AREAS ARE INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL AREA FOR EACH ISLAND. SEE TABLE 3 FOR ACREAGES USES IN CALCULATIONS.

Landcover/Vegetation Anatahan Sarigan Guguan Alamagan Pagan Agrihan Asuncion Maug Uracus Category Guam Rota Aguiguan Tinian Saipan FDM Total Developed 10% 2% 0% 3% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 7% Developed Vegetation 11% 3% 0% 3% 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% g Final Report November 2017 ng Agriculture <1% <1% 0% <1% <1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% Bare Rock <1% 1% 9% 1% 1% 19% 0% 9% 11% 3% 21% 2% 6% 21% 77% 2% Bare Soil/Gravel 2% 1% 3% <1% <1% 6% 39% 21% 11% 13% 3% 0% 6% 0% 2% 3% Sand <1% <1% 0% <1% <1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% Mixed Grass/Herbaceous 5% 23% <1% 21% 7% 60% 44% 31% 38% 48% 25% 49% 47% 40% 22% 14% Grassland 16% 1% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9%

29 Coastal Scrub <1% 1% 0% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% Scrub/Shrub 8% 5% 26% 3% 3% 14% 4% 1% 0% 5% 2% 11% 5% 2% 0% 7% Hibiscus Thicket <1% <1% 0% <1% <1% 0% 3% 2% 0% 8% <1% <1% <1% 7% 0% <1% Bamboo Thicket <1% <1% 0% <1% <1% 0% 0% % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% Leucaena Thicket 4% 1% 4% 33% 19% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% <1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 8% Acacia Forest <1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% Casuarina Forest <1% 1% 2% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 34% <1% 0% 0% 0% 2% Coconut Forest 1% 2% 0% <1% 1% 0% <1% 25% 0% 16% 10% 9% 8% 7% 0% 2% Vitex Forest 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% Mixed Introduced Forest 23% 10% 2% 25% 36% 0% 2% <1% 0% 6% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% Native Limestone Forest 10% 47% 55% 4% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% Native Volcanic Forest 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 39% 0% 0% 23% 25% 4% 0% 5% Emergent Wetland <1% 0% 0% <1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% Mangrove Wetland <1% 0% 0% 0% <1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% Open Water <1% <1% 0% 0% <1% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% <1% 0% 0% 0% 0% <1% Shadow/Cloud 0% <1% 0% <1% <1% 3% 6% <1% 0% 2% <1% 3% 3% 18% 0% <1%

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 17. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR A LARGE- FORMAT VERSION OF THIS MAP.

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FIGURE 18. LANCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF ROTA. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR A LARGE-FORMAT VERSION OF THIS MAP.

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FIGURE 19. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF AGUIGUAN.

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FIGURE 20. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF TINIAN. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR A LARGE-FORMAT VERSION OF THIS MAP.

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FIGURE 21. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF SAIPAN. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR A LARGE-FORMAT VERSION OF THIS MAP.

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FIGURE 22. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF FARALLON DE MEDINILLA.

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FIGURE 23. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF ANATAHAN.

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FIGURE 24. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF SARIGAN.

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FIGURE 25. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF GUGUAN.

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FIGURE 26. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF ALAMGAN.

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FIGURE 27. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF PAGAN.

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FIGURE 28. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF AGRIHAN.

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FIGURE 29. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF ASUNCION.

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FIGURE 30. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF MAUG.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 31. LANDCOVER/VEGETATION MAP OF URACUS.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT

Over 5,000 ground-truthing points were used to assess the accuracy of the vegetation classifications (Table 5). Of these points, approximately 25% (1,262) were from field survey data while the remaining based on visual evaluation of pan-sharpened imagery. Figures 32 to 46 show the distribution of field survey based and image-based ground-truthing for each island. Due to the limited area of some landcover/vegetation types and the small size of some islands, it was not possible to generate 50 image-based ground-truthing points a minimum of 100-m apart, the minimum identified in the methods, for all classes and islands. Limited sampling can lead to biased assessments of accuracy for some vegetation categories. Therefore, accuracy assessments for landcover/vegetation types based on data from all islands, as a whole (Table 6), may be more appropriate than estimates for individual islands (Tables 7-21) for some landcover/vegetation categories.

The overall accuracy assessment score for all islands, as a whole, was 88% with a Kappa statistic of 0.87. Our minimum acceptable performance was an overall accuracy of 80% and a Kappa score of 0.7. All island classifications scored higher than the minimum required scores (Table 5). The poorest performing classification was for Maug while Sarigan performed the best. There was no clear pattern in how each of the island classifications performed. Larger islands performed as well as smaller islands and islands with large numbers of vegetation categories performed as well as islands with fewer categories.

TABLE 5. OVERALL ACCURACY AND KAPPA SCORES FOR THE DELINEATION OF VEGETATION AND LAND COVER CLASSES ON THE ISLANDS OF THE MARIANA ARCHIPELAGO. SAMPLE SIZES INCLUDE FIELD AND IMAGE BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. NUMBERS IN PARENTHESIS ARE OF FIELD BASED POINTS ONLY.

Island Sample Size Categories Overall Accuracy Kappa Guam 901 (0) 23 86% 0.86 Rota 874 (410) 19 91% 0.89 Aguiguan 171 (80) 8 85% 0.76 Tinian 798 (254) 18 87% 0.86 Saipan 653 (82) 20 90% 0.89 FDM 15 (0) 4 93% 0.90 Anatahan 188 (21) 7 89% 0.87 Sarigan 105 (41) 9 94% 0.93 Guguan 94 (32) 4 86% 0.79 Alamagan 227 (72) 9 86% 0.83 Pagan 422 (144) 11 86% 0.83 Agrihan 355 (75) 10 86% 0.82 Asuncion 144 (37) 7 92% 0.90 Maug 42 (14) 6 81% 0.75 Uracus 42 (0) 3 95% 0.88

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 32. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON GUAM USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

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FIGURE 33. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON ROTA USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

FIGURE 34. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON AGUIGUAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 35. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON TINIAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

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FIGURE 36. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON SAIPAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

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FIGURE 37. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON FDM USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

FIGURE 38. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON ANATAHAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 39. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON SARIGAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

FIGURE 40. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON GUGUAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 41. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON ALAMAGAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

Table 6 summarizes the producer and user accuracy assessments for each vegetation/landcover class for all islands, as a whole, using all ground-truthing data. Accuracy assessments based solely on the field survey data are presented in Appendix 1. These assessments were not included in the main report as the field survey data was based on forest bird survey stations and does equally sample all vegetation types (see Methods). However, they were included in the Appendix for informational purposes.

User Accuracy - As noted in the Methods, user accuracy is a measure of error associated with incorrectly classifying an area as a landcover/vegetation type. For all islands as a whole, the landcover/vegetation types with the poorest performing user accuracy (i.e., <80%) were Agriculture (AG) and Mixed Introduced Forest (IF; Table 6). Mixed Grass/Herbaceous (GH) and Scrub/Shrub (SS) were most commonly incorrectly classified as Agriculture. An evaluation of the error matrices for the islands with Agriculture (i.e., Guam, Rota, Tinian, and Saipan; Tables 7-8, 10- 11) indicates that Guam had the lowest user accuracy for Agriculture. This error appears to be related, in part, to using the 2014 classification of Guam as a baseline for this assessment. As noted previously, that assessment used 2012 imagery. Therefore, areas that were classified as Agriculture in that assessment may have been abandoned by 2016 resulting in conversion to Grass/Herbaceous and Scrub/Shrub categories.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

FIGURE 42. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON PAGAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

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FIGURE 43. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON AGRIHAN USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

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FIGURE 44. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON ASUNCION USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

FIGURE 45. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON MAUG USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

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FIGURE 46. LOCATION OF GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS ON URACUS USED TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF THE VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION.

The Mixed Grass/Herbaceous and Scrub/Shrub types were also incorrectly classified as Mixed Introduced Forest. However, Native Limestone Forest (LF) was most commonly misidentified as Mixed Introduced Forest. This error is, in part, due to the difficulty of differentiating Mixed Introduced Forest and Native Limestone Forest when the canopy may include introduced species but the subcanopy is dominated by native species. Evaluation of the error matrices for the islands with Native Limestone Forest (i.e., Guam, Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, and Saipan; Tables 7-11) show that Rota and Saipan had similar levels of misclassification of Native Limestone Forest as Mixed Introduced Forest.

A review of the error matrices associated with each island indicates that Agriculture and Mixed Introduced Forest had poor performing user accuracy assessments for Guam (Agriculture), Rota (Mixed Introduced Forest), Tinian (Mixed Introduced Forest), Saipan (Mixed Introduced Forest), Anatahan (Mixed Introduced Forest), and Pagan (Mixed Introduced Forest). However, Mixed Grass/Herbaceous had poor performing user accuracy on Tinian, Guguan, and Agrihan while Scrub/Shrub had poor user’s performance on Aguiguan, Pagan, and Agrihan. In both cases these errors were likely associated with lumping of small patches of vegetation into larger adjacent vegetation categories.

Producer Accuracy – Producer accuracy is a measure of the error associated with not including an area within a landcover/vegetation type. For all islands as a whole, the landcover/vegetation types with the poorest performing producer accuracy (i.e., <80%) were Scrub/Shrub, Hibiscus Thicket (HT), and Mixed Introduced Forest (Table 6). These types were also identified as having low producer accuracy on individual islands. Specifically, Scrub/Shrub had low producer accuracy for Guam, Saipan, Anatahan, Sarigan, Alamagan, Pagan, Agrihan, Asuncion, and Maug (Tables 7, 11, 13- 14, 16-18) while Hibiscus Thicket had low accuracy for Rota, Anatahan, Alamagan, Pagan, and Agrihan (Tables 8, 13, 16-18). Mixed Introduced Forest had low producer accuracy on Aguiguan, Tinian, Anatahan, Alamagan, and Pagan (Tables 9-10, 13, 16-17).

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

Scrub/Shrub was misidentified as a different vegetation type over broad range of vegetated and unvegetated categories. This may reflect some lumping of Scrub/Shrub with another landcover/vegetation category if it occurred as a small patch near a larger landcover/vegetation type. For example, small patches of Scrub/Shrub occurring in open fields may have been classified as Mixed Grass/Herbaceous.

Hibiscus Thicket tended to be lumped in with Coconut Forest (CO) and Mixed Introduced Forest. This is probably due to small patches of Hibiscus Thicket occurring intermixed with other forest types. For example, Hibiscus Thicket regularly occurs in ravines intermixed with Coconut Forest and other introduced trees species on the islands of Alamagan and Agrihan. Both of these islands had poor producer accuracy scores for Hibiscus Thicket (Table 16 and 18).

The producer error associated with Mixed Introduced Forest was spread across categories but was commonly associated with Mixed Grass/Herbaceous, Scrub/Shrub, Leucaena Thicket (LT), Coconut Forest, and Native Limestone Forest. Mixed Introduced Forest is a general category and can include coconut trees and Leucaena leucocephala. So, lumping Mixed Introduced Forest into other forest categories was not surprising, especially when the forest is patchily distributed. Inclusion in Native Limestone Forest, as previously mentioned, is due to the difficulty in separating the types, especially in instances where the dominant canopy cover is obvious. This error was often observed with the field based ground-truthing data where the observer reported on dominant vegetation in the understory and not the overstory. Finally, the producer error associated with Mixed Grass/Herbaceous and Scrub/Shrub may be due to lumping where small patches of Mixed Introduced Forest are included in surrounding vegetation types.

A review of error matrices for each island indicated that other landcover/vegetation types had low producer accuracies on one or more islands, indicating that these types may be under presented in the maps. Leucaena Thicket had low accuracy on Aguiguan and Pagan (Table 9 and 17) while Native Volcanic Forest had low accuracy on Agrihan and Maug, respectively (Table 18 and 20). Bamboo Thicket had poor producer accuracy on Rota (Table 8) while Casuarina Forest, Mixed Grass/Herbaceous had low producer accuracy on Guam (Table 7), Anatahan (Table 13), and Alamagan (Table 16), respectively. It’s not clear why these specific landcover/vegetation types only had low producer accuracy on one or two islands. However, many of these categories had low numbers of ground-truthing points (<20) indicating that that they had relatively limited distributions on each island. If these categories occur in small patches then some of the error may be associated with lumping these categories into neighboring categories. For example Leucaena Thicket had a very limited distribution on Pagan and was often lumped in Mixed Introduced Forest. Low numbers of ground-truthing points also tends to inflate errors as any incorrectly classified point tends to have a greater influence on accuracy scores.

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 6. ERROR MATRIX FOR THE 15 ISLANDS OF THE MARIANA ARCHIPELAGO BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND- TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR HT CS SS LF VF LT CF CO BT AF VI IF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 183 2 1 2 1 1 190 96%

DV 3 193 3 5 2 206 94% AG 1 61 4 1 7 2 1 77 79% BR 1 262 1 2 4 1 2 3 2 2 2 282 93% SG 1 7 142 1 10 1 1 1 1 165 86% SA 1 36 1 2 40 90% GH 1 3 3 522 15 25 13 5 8 2 5 16 1 619 84% GR 1 224 3 228 98%

58 HT 1 75 2 1 1 80 94%

CS 2 1 2 116 10 1 132 88% SS 2 1 1 4 1 3 2 319 8 14 6 4 3 10 1 379 84% LF 1 1 4 1 1 7 569 5 2 16 607 94% VF 2 4 11 193 1 1 212 91% LT 3 1 1 11 5 251 2 19 293 86% CF 2 2 3 3 1 1 180 5 4 201 90% CO 1 12 4 2 13 2 3 407 2 21 467 87% BT 1 44 2 47 94% AF 1 15 16 94%

VI 50 50 100% Final Report November 2017 IF 1 16 1 7 10 41 2 8 5 6 1 325 423 77% EW 1 2 2 2 73 1 81 90% MW 1 14 15 93% OW 1 224 225 100% TOT 188 209 62 277 150 40 579 248 99 121 423 641 232 284 198 431 47 15 50 423 75 14 229 5035 PA 97% 92% 98% 95% 95% 90% 90% 90% 76% 96% 75% 89% 83% 88% 91% 94% 94% 100% 100% 77% 97% 100% 98% 88%

Ma riana IslandVegetation Mapping

TABLE 7. ERROR MATRIX FOR GUAM BASED ON IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 50 50 100% DV 47 1 2 50 94%

AG 1 35 3 1 7 2 1 50 70% BR 5 1 6 83% SG 1 43 1 3 1 1 50 86% SA 1 15 2 18 83% GH 43 6 1 50 86% GR 50 50 100% CS 38 1 39 97% 59

SS 1 1 1 1 45 1 50 90%

BT 36 2 38 95% HT 9 9 100% LT 2 1 2 45 50 90% AF 1 15 16 94% CF 11 11 100% CO 1 1 46 1 1 50 92% VI 50 50 100% IF 1 1 1 2 45 50 90% LF 2 1 47 50 94% VF 1 1 48 50 96%

EW 1 2 2 44 1 50 88% Final Report November 2017 MW 1 13 14 93% OW 1 49 50 98% TOT 50 54 35 6 45 16 53 61 38 62 37 9 49 15 14 46 50 55 48 48 44 13 53 901 PA 100% 87% 100% 83% 96% 94% 81% 82% 100% 73% 97% 100% 92% 100% 79% 100% 100% 82% 98% 100% 100% 100% 92% 86%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 8. ERROR MATRIX FOR ROTA BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 24 1 2 27 89% DV 1 45 2 2 50 90%

AG 10 10 100% BR 1 16 17 94% SG 1 11 12 92% SA 4 1 5 80% GH 111 2 1 4 12 130 85% GR 16 16 100% CS 1 18 3 22 82% 60

SS 1 55 1 2 1 60 92%

BT 5 1 6 83% HT 3 3 100% LT 1 18 19 95% AF CF 11 1 12 92% CO 1 1 41 1 44 93% VI IF 1 1 1 1 2 1 51 13 71 72% LF 4 1 1 2 5 306 319 96% VF

EW 1 1 100% Final Report November 2017 MW OW 50 50 100% TOT 25 47 10 17 11 5 120 16 18 65 7 5 21 13 45 64 334 1 0 50 874 PA 96% 96% 100% 94% 100% 80% 93% 100% 100% 85% 71% 60% 86% 85% 91% 80% 92% 100% 100% 91%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 9. ERROR MATRIX FOR AGUIGUAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 11 2 13 85% SG 4 1 5 80% SA GH 1 1 100% GR CS 61

SS 29 1 3 4 37 78%

BT HT LT 8 8 100% AF CF 1 3 4 75% CO VI IF 3 3 100% LF 1 2 2 9 86 100 86% VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 12 4 0 1 32 11 3 16 92 171 PA 92% 100% 100% 91% 73% 100% 19% 93% 85%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 10. ERROR MATRIX FOR TINIAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 59 1 1 61 97% DV 56 56 100%

AG 6 1 7 86% BR 23 1 24 96% SG 2 2 100% SA 2 2 100% GH 1 67 2 4 11 1 86 78% GR CS 2 1 1 38 3 45 84% 62

SS 1 49 3 2 3 3 61 80%

BT 2 2 100% HT 3 3 100% LT 1 1 1 111 1 16 4 135 82% AF CF 2 2 46 1 51 90% CO 1 8 9 89% VI IF 10 2 7 84 4 107 79% LF 2 3 89 94 95% VF

EW 3 3 100% Final Report November 2017 MW OW 50 50 100% TOT 61 58 7 24 2 2 82 39 61 2 3 130 49 8 116 101 3 50 798 PA 97% 97% 86% 96% 100% 100% 82% 97% 80% 100% 100% 85% 94% 100% 72% 88% 100% 100% 87%

Marian

TABLE 11. ERROR MATRIX FOR SAIPAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE a IslandVegetation Mapping NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 48 1 1 50 96% DV 2 45 1 2 50 90%

AG 10 10 100% BR 17 1 18 94% SG 7 1 8 88% SA 10 10 100% GH 47 2 1 50 94% GR 50 50 100% CS 22 3 25 88% 63

SS 1 1 1 46 1 1 51 90%

BT 1 1 100% HT 3 3 100% LT 6 53 1 3 1 64 83% AF CF 2 15 17 88% CO 21 1 22 95% VI IF 3 75 24 102 74% LF 1 1 1 41 44 93% VF

EW 2 25 27 93% Final Report November 2017 MW 1 1 100% OW 50 50 100% TOT 50 50 10 17 8 10 50 50 25 61 1 3 56 17 21 80 66 27 1 50 653 PA 96% 90% 100% 100% 88% 100% 94% 100% 88% 75% 100% 100% 95% 88% 100% 94% 62% 93% 100% 100% 90%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 12. ERROR MATRIX FOR FDM BASED ON IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 3 3 100% SG 1 1 2 50% SA GH 8 8 100% GR CS 64

SS 2 2 100%

BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 4 1 8 2 15 PA 75% 100% 100% 100% 93%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 13. ERROR MATRIX FOR ANATAHAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 49 1 50 98% SG SA GH 45 5 1 2 53 85% GR CS 65

SS 1 20 1 1 23 87%

BT HT 1 20 1 22 91% LT AF CF CO 1 1 2 50% VI IF 1 4 14 19 74% LF VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW 19 19 100% TOT 49 47 27 26 2 18 19 188 PA 100% 96% 74% 77% 50% 78% 100% 89%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 14. ERROR MATRIX FOR SARIGAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 7 7 100% SG 14 3 17 82% SA GH 23 1 24 96% GR CS 66

SS 2 2 100%

BT HT 4 4 100% LT 1 1 100% AF CF CO 36 1 37 97% VI IF 1 1 100% LF VF 1 11 12 92%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 7 14 26 4 4 1 36 1 12 105 PA 100% 100% 88% 50% 100% 100% 100% 100% 92% 94%

Mariana Is

TABLE 15. ERROR MATRIX FOR GUGUAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE landVegetation Mapping LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 9 9 100% SG 2 5 2 9 56% SA GH 2 27 4 1 34 79% GR CS 67

BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF 1 1 40 42 95%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 11 7 30 5 41 94 PA 82% 71% 90% 98% 86%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 16. ERROR MATRIX FOR ALAMAGAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS HT BT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 1 1 100% DV

AG BR 13 1 2 2 1 19 68% SG 21 21 100% SA GH 11 11 100% GR 1 48 2 51 94% CS 68

SS 11 1 12 92%

HT 26 1 27 96% BT LT AF CF CO 2 4 47 11 64 73% VI IF 1 1 2 17 21 81% LF VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 13 23 14 49 17 34 48 28 227 PA 100% 100% 91% 79% 98% 65% 76% 98% 61% 86%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 17. ERROR MATRIX FOR PAGAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 50 50 100% SG 4 23 1 1 29 79% SA 5 5 100% GH 2 1 45 1 2 3 54 83% GR CS 69

SS 9 1 1 1 1 13 69%

BT HT 2 2 100% LT 1 1 100% AF CF 2 1 1 93 5 2 1 105 89% CO 1 2 3 94 7 2 109 86% VI IF 3 3 1 5 37 49 76% LF VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW 5 5 100% TOT 58 24 5 51 12 4 3 100 109 47 4 5 422 PA 86% 96% 100% 88% 75% 50% 33% 93% 86% 79% 100% 86%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 18. ERROR MATRIX FOR AGRIHAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 1 1 100%

DV AG BR 12 2 1 15 80% SG SA GH 94 6 1 2 103 91% GR

70 CS

SS 43 1 2 13 59 73% BT HT 1 1 100% LT 1 14 15 93% AF CF 1 1 100% CO 5 1 90 1 4 101 89% VI IF

LF 0 Final Report November 2017 VF 2 6 1 1 49 59 83% EW MW OW TOT 1 12 2 96 56 7 16 1 93 2 68 1 355 PA 100% 100% 98% 77% 14% 88% 100% 97% 72% 86%

Mariana Island

TABLE 19. ERROR MATRIX FOR ASUNCION BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE

SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB Vegetation Mapping (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 8 2 10 80% SG 9 9 100% SA GH 46 4 50 92% GR CS 71

SS 8 8 100%

BT HT 1 1 100% LT AF CF CO 19 3 22 86% VI IF LF VF 2 42 44 95%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 8 9 46 14 1 19 47 144 PA 100% 100% 100% 57% 100% 100% 89% 92%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 20. ERROR MATRIX FOR MAUG BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND IMAGERY-BASED GROUND-TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 9 9 100% SG SA GH 1 14 2 17 82% GR CS 72

SS 1 1 100%

BT HT 3 2 5 60% LT AF CF CO 4 3 7 57% VI IF LF VF 3 3 100%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 10 14 3 3 4 8 42 PA 90% 100% 33% 100% 100% 38% 81%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

TABLE 21. ERROR MATRIX FOR URACUS BASED ON VISUALLY INPSECTING PAN-SHARPENED IMAGERY AT RANDOMLY GENERATED GROUND- TRUTHING POINTS. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA

DE DV AG BR 30 2 32 94% SG 1 1 100% SA GH 9 9 100% 73

GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF

LF Final Report November 2017 VF EW MW OW TOT 30 1 11 42 PA 100% 100% 82% 95%

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Overall we were able to successfully develop relatively detailed vegetation/land cover classifications for the islands of the CNMI and Guam. This delineation included identifying and mapping native forest on previously unmapped islands like Sarigan and Aguiguan and mapping additional native forest areas on Saipan and Tinian. Our goal of identifying dominant species in some forested habitats was successful, especially non-native forests. However, we were unable to break down native forest classes into dominant species as we originally intended. The limited resolution of the imagery and high mixing of species in native forest made it difficult to identify species that were dominant forest canopy components. The one exception was Hibiscus tiliaceus which can form dense stands that are easily identifiable in high resolution imagery.

Accuracy assessments for the vegetation/land cover class delineations indicate that the classification fall within an acceptable level of error overall. Of the various classes identified, Mixed Introduced Forest was the most error-prone classes in terms of user and producer accuracy. However, Agriculture, Scrub/Shrub, and Hibiscus Thicket were also problematic classes on many of the islands. Some of this error was associated with the lumping of classes during the classification process. In some cases small patches of one class may be intermixed with another class that occurs in a larger patch. The small patch may be lumped in with the larger class to simplify the classification. Another source of error is the challenge of clearly separating individual classes. For example, Mixed Introduced Forest is a mixed class that can include coconut, Leucaena and native species that would normally be delineated separately. However, the mixing of the species may make it difficult to completely separate each species into its own class.

Though we were generally successful meeting our goals for the project we believe there are still areas for improvement. These improvements are outlined in the recommendations below:

• Many of the forests classified as non-native dominated forests include native components. The accuracy assessments indicate that these forests are generally classified as mixed introduced forests or other non-native dominated forests. Efforts to identify and delineate these forests in the field and with remote sensing should be undertaken to include these forests types as a separate class. Due to the limited availability of native dominated forests on some islands, mixed forests with a native component may be important to native plant and animal conservation. • If possible, Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) derived normalized Digital Surface Models (nDSM) should be used in the delineation of vegetation on all of the islands. These models were very effective at delineating Vitex Forest on Guam and differentiating scrub and forested habitats. The classifications on the remaining islands could be improved if this data was used as part of the classification.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank all of the reviewers for their comments and suggestions. Data used in the accuracy assessment was provided by CNMI DFW, University of Washington, and USGS. We would like to thank the following people for providing photographs that were used to assist the classification: Curt Kessler, Shelly Kremer, Loyal Mehrhoff, and Cheryl Phillpson. This project was produced in cooperation with the Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative, with funding from the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

REFERENCES CITED

Amidon, F.A., A.P. Marshall, and C.C. Kessler. 2011. Status of the Micronesian megapode in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Technical Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI. 107p.

Amidon, F., R.J. Camp, A.P. Marshall, and T.K. Pratt. 2014. Terrestrial bird population trends on Aguiguan (Goat Island), Mariana Islands. Bird Conservation International 24:505-517.

Camp, R.J. F.A. Amidon, A.P. Marshall, and T.K. Pratt. 2012. Bird populations on the island of Tinian: Persistence despite wholesale loss of native forests. Pacific Science 66:283-298.

Camp, R.J., K.W. Brinck, P.M. Gorresen, F.A. Amidon, P.M. Radley, S.P Berkowitz, and P.C. Banko. 2015. Current land bird distribution and trends in population abundance between 1982 and 2012 on Rota, Mariana Islands. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management. 6:511-540.

Congalton, R.G., and K. Green. 2009. Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices (Second Edition). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

Falanruw, M.V.C. 1989. Vegetation of Asuncion: A Volcanic Northern Mariana Island. Island Resource Bulletin PSW-28, Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 11p.

Falanruw, M.C., T.G. Cole, and A.H. Ambacher. 1989. Vegetation survey of Rota, Tinian, Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Resource Bulletin PSW-27.

Fosberg, F.R. 1960. The vegetation of Micronesia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 119:1-75.

Lander, M.A. 2004. Rainfall climatology for Saipan: distribution, return-periods, El Nino, tropical cyclones, and long-term variations. Technical Report 103, Water and Environmental Research Institute of the Western Pacific, University of Guam, GU.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

Liu, Z. 2014. Guam landcover map update 2014 accuracy assessment, Quick Summary. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Health Protection.

Liu, Z. and L. Fisher. 2006a. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands vegetation mapping using very high spatial resolution imagery – methodology. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Health Protection.

Liu, Z. and L. Fisher. 2006b. Guam vegetation mapping using very high spatial resolution imagery – methodology. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Health Protection.

Mueller‐Dombois, D. and F.R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the tropical pacific islands. Ecological Studies, Volume 132. Springer, New York, New York.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2017. Coastal Change Analysis Program (C‐CAP) Land Cover Classifications. NOAA Office for Coastal Management, Digitalcoast. Published 25 July 2017. Retrieved on 1 August 2017 from https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/training/ccap‐land‐cover‐classifications.html

Ohba, T. 1994. Flora and vegetation of the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Pages 13‐69 in Biological Expedition to the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia, eds. Natural History Research, Species Issue, Number 1. Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan.

Raulerson, L., and A. Rinehart. 1991. Trees and Shrubs of the Northern Mariana Islands. Saipan, MP: Coastal Resources Management Office.

Stone, B.C. 1970. The Flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1‐659.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for the Northern Mariana Islands. Census 2010 News. Published 24 August 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2017 from https://www.census.gov/2010census/news/releases/operations/cb11‐ cn178.html

Weather Spark. 2017. Average Weather in Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. Weatherspark.com. Publication date unknown. Retrieved 15 August 2017 from https://weatherspark.com/y/144316/Average‐Weather‐in‐Saipan‐Northern‐Mariana‐ Islands

Whistler, W.A. 1996. Botanical survey of Farallon de Medinilla, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Report for Belt Collins and Associates, Honolulu, HI.

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 – ACCURACY ASSESSMENTS BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY

This appendix includes the error matrices for the islands of Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, Saipan, Anatahan, Sarigan, Guguan, Alamagan, Pagan, Agrihan, Asuncion and Maug based on field-based vegetation data associated with bird surveys on each island. The data for Rota was from 2012 forest bird surveys while the data for Aguiguan and Tinian are from 2008 forest bird surveys. The data for the remaining islands was from 2010 Micronesian megapode surveys. It should be noted that the main focus of each survey was to sample forest birds and so the survey stations are primarily associated with forested habitats. In addition, generalized vegetation categories were used to describe each station for each survey (e.g., native forest, secondary forest, coconut forest, Tangantangan, scrub/shrub, and open field) and do no directly correspond to all vegetation types used in this assessment. Finally, vegetation data associated with each survey station represents the dominant vegetation around the survey station and not just the dominant vegetation at the survey point. Therefore, the vegetation at the point may have been classified correctly but may be the same as the vegetation surrounding the point. This information, as well differences between the dates of the surveys and the imagery used for the assessment, should be considered when evaluating the following error matrices. In all cases, the accuracies represented in the following tables may be lower than errors that would have been derived from field data specifically collected for this assessment.

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.A. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR ALL MARIANA ISLANDS, EXCLUDING GUAM, FDM, AND URACUS, BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 11 1 1 13 85% DV 10 10 100%

AG 3 3 100% BR 1 1 1 2 5 20% SG 2 1 1 4 50% SA 0 GH 91 1 8 4 12 12 4 132 69% GR 6 6 100% CS 1 1 100% 78

SS 1 22 3 5 7 7 45 49%

BT 1 1 2 50% HT 27 1 1 2 31 87% LT 1 1 91 14 5 112 81% AF 0 CF 1 1 48 5 2 1 58 83% CO 8 2 185 14 1 10 220 84% VI 0 IF 12 5 6 2 6 102 37 2 172 59% LF 4 1 3 1 13 364 386 94% VF 1 1 1 1 58 62 94%

EW 0 Final Report November 2017 MW 0 OW 0 TOT 11 11 3 1 2 0 111 6 1 24 1 42 115 0 50 204 0 166 428 86 0 0 0 1262 PA 100% 91% 100% 100% 100% 82% 100% 100% 92% 100% 64% 79% 96% 91% 61% 85% 67% 81%

Mariana Island Veg

APPENDIX 1.B. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR ROTA BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA etation Mapping FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 2 2 100% DV 3 3 100%

AG 2 2 100% BR SG SA GH 63 2 1 3 11 80 79% GR CS 1 1 100% 79

SS 1 8 1 10 80%

BT 1 1 2 50% HT LT 6 6 100% AF CF 0 CO 13 1 14 93% VI IF 1 1 1 1 7 10 21 33% LF 4 1 1 4 259 269 96% VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 2 3 2 69 1 8 1 2 8 1 16 14 283 410 PA 100% 100% 100% 91% 100% 100% 100% 0% 75% 0% 81% 50% 92% 89%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.C. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR AGUIGUAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 1 1 2 50% SG 1 1 2 50% SA GH GR CS 80

SS 5 1 2 3 11 45%

BT HT LT 4 4 100% AF CF 2 2 100% CO VI IF 1 1 100% LF 2 8 48 58 83% VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 1 5 7 2 12 52 80 PA 100% 100% 100% 57% 100% 8% 92% 78%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.D. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR TINIAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE 9 1 1 11 82% DV 7 7 100%

AG 1 1 100% BR SG SA GH 22 4 9 1 36 61% GR CS 81

SS 3 2 3 3 11 27%

BT HT LT 1 1 67 12 4 85 79% AF CF 1 1 0% CO 1 1 0% VI IF 10 6 38 3 57 67% LF 1 43 44 98% VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 9 8 1 34 3 82 63 54 254 PA 100% 88% 100% 65% 100% 82% 60% 80% 75%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.E. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR SAIPAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT CF CO AF VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR SG SA GH GR CS 82

SS 1 1 100%

BT HT LT 11 2 1 14 79% CF CO AF VI IF 28 24 52 54% LF 1 14 15 93% VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 11 31 39 82 PA 100% 100% 90% 36% 66%

Mariana Island Vegetat

APPENDIX 1.F. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR ANATAHAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER

(OW). Mapping ion

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR SG SA GH 1 2 3 33% GR CS 83

SS 1 1 100%

BT HT 6 1 7 86% LT AF CF CO 1 1 100% VI IF 2 7 9 78% LF VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 1 8 1 10 21 PA 100% 100% 75% 100% 70% 76%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.G. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR SARIGAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR SG SA GH GR CS 84

BT HT 3 3 100% LT AF CF CO 28 1 29 97% VI IF LF VF 1 8 9 89%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 3 28 9 41 PA 0% 100% 100% 89% 95%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.H. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR GUGUAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR SG SA GH 9 9 100% GR CS 85

BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF 1 22 23 96%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 10 22 32 PA 90% 100% 97%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.I. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR ALAMAGAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 1 1 0% SG 1 1 100% SA GH GR 1 1 100% CS 86

SS 1 1 100%

BT HT 16 1 17 94% LT AF CF CO 4 31 8 43 72% VI IF 1 2 5 8 63% LF VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 1 1 1 23 32 13 72 PA 100% 0% 100% 100% 70% 97% 38% 76%

Mariana Island Vegetation

APPENDIX 1.J. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR PAGAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW). Mapping

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR SG 1 1 0% SA GH 1 3 4 0% GR CS 87

SS 1 1 0%

BT HT LT AF CF 1 46 5 2 1 55 84% CO 1 52 6 59 88% VI IF 1 5 18 24 75% LF VF

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 2 47 66 26 2 144 PA 0% 0% 98% 79% 69% 81%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.K. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR AGRIHAN BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR SG SA GH 1 2 3 0% GR CS 88

SS 3 6 9 33%

BT HT LT 3 3 100% AF CF CO 3 1 43 4 51 84% VI IF LF VF 1 1 7 9 78%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 3 3 5 44 1 19 75 PA 100% 0% 60% 98% 37% 75%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.L. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR ASUNCION BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR 2 2 0% SG SA GH GR CS 89

BT HT LT AF CF CO 13 3 16 81% VI IF LF VF 19 19 100%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 13 24 37 PA 100% 79% 86%

Mariana Island VegetationMapping

APPENDIX 1.M. ERROR MATRIX TABLE FOR MAUG BASED ON FIELD SURVEY DATA ONLY. EACH CELL INCLUDES THE NUMBER OF POINTS WHILE THE TOTAL (TOT) COLUMN AND ROW INDICATE THE TOTAL NUMBER OF POINTS IN EACH COLUMN OR ROW, RESPECTIVELY. USER ACCURACY AND PRODUCER ACCURACY ARE SUMMARIZED IN THE UA AND PA COLUMN AND ROW, RESPECTIVELY. THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CATEGORIES INCLUDE: DEVELOPED (DE), DEVELOPED VEGETATION (DV), AGRICULTURE (AG), BARE ROCK (BR), BARE SOIL/GRAVEL (SG), SAND (SA), MIXED GRASS/HERBACEOUS (GH), GRASSLAND (GR), HIBISCUS THICKET (HT), COASTAL SCRUB (CS), SCRUB/SHRUB (SS), NATIVE LIMESTONE FOREST (LF), NATIVE VOLCANIC FOREST (VF), LEUCAENA THICKET (LT), CASUARINA FOREST (CF), COCONUT FOREST (CO), BAMBOO THICKET (BT), ACACIA FOREST (AF), VITEX FOREST (VI), MIXED INTRODUCED FOREST (IF), EMERGENT WETLAND (EW), MANGROVE WETLAND (MW), AND OPEN WATER (OW).

DE DV AG BR SG SA GH GR CS SS BT HT LT AF CF CO VI IF LF VF EW MW OW TOT UA DE DV

AG BR SG SA GH 1 1 2 50% GR CS 90

BT HT 3 1 4 75% LT AF CF CO 4 2 6 67% VI IF LF VF 2 2 100%

EW Final Report November 2017 MW OW TOT 1 1 3 4 5 14 PA 100% 0% 100% 100% 40% 71%

Mariana Island Vegetation Mapping Final Report November 2017

APPENDIX 2 – LARGE FORMAT MAPS OF THE LANDCOVER/VEGETATION CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE MARIANA ISLANDS

The following supplemental maps are 34 x 44 inch maps of the landcover/vegetation classifications of each of the islands. The first map is of Guam. The second map is of Rota, Aguiguan, Tinian, and Saipan. The final map is of the northern islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (i.e., FDM, Anatahan, Sarigan, Guguan, Alamagan, Pagan, Agrihan, Asuncion, Maug, and Uracus).

Supplemental Map 1 - Landcover/Vegetation of Guam

Phjilippine Sea

Pacific Ocean

Mariana Archipelago

150000.000000200000.000000250000.000000300000.000000350000.000000400000.000000450000.000000500000.000000 .000000 .000000 Supplemental Map 3

2300000 Uracus 2300000 Developed

Developed Vegetation

.000000 Maug .000000 Agriculture

2200000 Asuncion 2200000 Bare Rock

Bare Soil/Gravel .000000 .000000 Sand

Grassland 2100000 Agrihan 2100000

Mixed Grass/Herbaceous

Coastal Scrub .000000 Pagan .000000

Scrub/Shrub 2000000 2000000

Bamboo Thicket Alamagan

Hibiscus Thicket .000000 Guguan .000000

Leucaena Thicket 1900000 1900000

Acacia Forest Sarigan Casuarina Forest .000000 Anatahan .000000 Coconut Forest 1800000 Farallon de Medinilla 1800000 Vitex Forest

Mixed Introduced Forest

.000000 Supplemental Map 2 .000000 Native Limestone Forest

1700000 Saipan 1700000 Native Volcanic Forest Tinian Aguiguan Emergent Wetland .000000 .000000 Mangrove Wetland Rota Open Water 1600000 1600000

Shadow/Cloud Supplemental Map 1 .000000 .000000

Guam 1500000 1500000

150000.000000200000.000000250000.000000300000.000000350000.000000400000.000000450000.000000500000.000000

´ 0 1 2 4 Miles 0 1 2 4 Kilometers

Produced by the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, Hawaii Date: October 31, 2017 This map is intended to display the results of the 2017 Vegetation Mapping of the Mariana Islands project by Amidon et al. of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS) Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. The USFWS makes no warranty for use of this map and cannot be held liable for actions or decisions based on map content. Supplemental Map 2 - Landcover/Vegetation of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands - Southern Islands

Tinian Saipan

Philippine Sea

Pacific Ocean

Philippine Sea

Pacific Ocean

´ 0 0.5 1 2 Miles 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers ´ 0 0.5 1 2 Miles Aguiguan 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers Developed Leucaena Thicket Developed Vegetation Acacia Forest Philippine Sea Agriculture Casuarina Forest Bare Rock Coconut Forest Mariana Archipelago

Bare Soil/Gravel .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 Vitex Forest 200000 270000 340000 410000 480000 .000000 .000000 Sand Mixed Introduced Forest Supplemental Map 3

Grassland Native Limestone Forest 2300000 Uracus 2300000 Mixed Grass/Herbaceous Native Volcanic Forest

.000000 Maug .000000 Pacific Ocean Coastal Scrub Emergent Wetland

Scrub/Shrub Mangrove Wetland 2200000 Asuncion 2200000 Bamboo Thicket 0 0.75 1.5 3 Miles Open Water ´ Hibiscus Thicket Shadow/Cloud .000000 .000000 0 0.75 1.5 3 Kilometers 2100000 Agrihan 2100000

.000000 Pagan .000000 2000000 2000000

Alamagan

Rota .000000 Guguan .000000 1900000 1900000

Sarigan

.000000 Anatahan .000000 Philippine Sea 1800000 Farallon de Medinilla 1800000

.000000 Supplemental Map 2 .000000

1700000 Saipan 1700000 Tinian Aguiguan .000000 .000000

Rota 1600000 1600000

Supplemental Map 1 .000000 .000000

Guam Pacific Ocean 1500000 1500000

200000.000000 270000.000000 340000.000000 410000.000000 480000.000000

´ 0 0.5 1 2 Miles 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers Produced by the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, Hawaii Date: October 31, 2017 This map is intended to display the results of the 2017 Vegetation Mapping of the Mariana Islands project by Amidon et al. of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS) Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. The USFWS makes no warranty for use of this map and cannot be held liable for actions or decisions based on map content. Supplemental Map 3 - Landcover/Vegetation of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands - Northern Islands

Mariana Archipelago

200000.000000 270000.000000 340000.000000 410000.000000 480000.000000 .000000 .000000 Supplemental Map 3 Agrihan Uracus 2300000 Uracus 2300000 P a c i f i c O c e a n .000000 Maug .000000

P h i l i p p i n e 2200000 Asuncion 2200000 S e a .000000 .000000

0 0.5 1 2 Miles ´ 2100000 Agrihan 2100000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers

.000000 Pagan .000000 2000000 2000000

Alamagan

.000000 Guguan .000000

Maug 1900000 1900000 Pacific Ocean Sarigan P a c i f i c O c e a n .000000 Anatahan .000000

1800000 Farallon de Medinilla 1800000 Philippine Sea

.000000 Supplemental Map 2 .000000

0 0.5 1 2 Miles P h i l i p p i n e 1700000 Saipan 1700000 S e a Tinian Aguiguan ´ 0 0.5 1 2 Miles 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers .000000 .000000

Rota ´ 1600000 1600000 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers

Supplemental Map 1 .000000 .000000

Guam Pagan Asuncion 1500000 1500000 200000.000000 270000.000000 340000.000000 410000.000000 480000.000000

P a c i f i c O c e a n

P h i l i p p i n e Philippine Sea S e a

0 0.5 1 2 Miles ´ Developed 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers Developed Vegetation

Agriculture

Bare Rock Alamagan Bare Soil/Gravel Pacific Ocean P h i l i p p i n e Sand S e a Grassland

Mixed Grass/Herbaceous

Coastal Scrub 0 0.5 1 2 Miles ´ Scrub/Shrub 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers Bamboo Thicket P a c i f i c O c e a n Hibiscus Thicket Leucaena Thicket ´ 0 0.5 1 2 Miles Acacia Forest Anatahan 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers Casuarina Forest Coconut Forest Pacific Ocean Vitex Forest Guguan Mixed Introduced Forest Native Limestone Forest

P a c i f i c Native Volcanic Forest O c e a n Emergent Wetland

Philippine Sea Mangrove Wetland

P h i l i p p i n e Open Water S e a Shadow/Cloud

0 0.5 1 2 Miles ´ 0 0.5 1 2 Miles 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers ´ 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers Farallon de Medinilla (FDM) Sarigan

P a c i f i c Philippine Sea O c e a n

Pacific Ocean P h i l i p p i n e S e a

0 0.5 1 2 Miles 0 0.5 1 2 Miles

´ Produced by the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, Hawaii ´ 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers Date: October 31, 2017 This map is intended to display the results of the 2017 Vegetation Mapping of the Mariana Islands project by Amidon et al. of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS) Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. The USFWS makes no warranty for use of this map and cannot be held liable for actions or decisions based on map content.