Earth Observation Forum Tuesday 28th August 2012 ‘Working together to achieve the best use of Earth Observation data’ To celebrate the 50th Anniversary of ISRSE

JAXA’s Earth Observation Programme

Toru Fukuda Earth Observation Research Center Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA Operating and Planned ALOS-3 Optical Satellites/Missions (tentative) ALOS-2 SAR (JFY2015) JFY: Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY2013) Earth CARE/CPR (JFY2015)

GPM/DPR QZSS (JFY2013) (2010-)

GCOM-C1 (JFY2015) KIZUNA (2008-) DAICHI (ALOS) (2006-2011)

Aqua/AMSR-E KIKU-8 (2002-) (2006-) TRMM/PR (1997-)

KODAMA (2002-) GCOM-W1 (2012-) IBUKI (GOSAT) (2009-) 1 Long-Term Plan for JAXA’s Earth Observation Program

Launch in JFY ~2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 [Optical radiometer] Disasters & MOS-1, ADEOS (87-95) (96-97) ALOS-2 SAR Resources ALOS/PALSAR [Optical sensor, [Land and Disaster Monitoring] synthetic aperture ALOS "DAICHI" radar] ALOS/PRISM AVNIR-2 ALOS-3 Optical JERS-1 (92-98)

TRMM/PR

[Precipitation radar] TRMM GPM/DPR Climate PR (97-) [Precipitation] Change [Microwave radiometer] Aqua/AMSR-E [Wind, SST, Water Vapor] GCOM-W2 MOS-1 (87-95) Aqua GCOM-W1/ AMSR2 Water Cycle ADEOS-2/AMSR (2003)

[Vegetation, Aerosol, Cloud, SST, Ocean Color] GCOM-C2 [Optical radiometer] GCOM-C1/SGLI MOS-1, ADEOS 250 m, Multi-angle, Polarization (87-95) (96-97) Climate ADEOS-2/GLI [Cloud and Aerosol 3D structure] Change [Cloud profiling EarthCARE/CPR radar]

[Spectrometer] GOSAT "IBUKI" Greenhouse ADEOS/ILAS [CO2 Methane] [CO2 Methane] gases (96-97) GOSAT-2 ADEOS-2/ILAS-2

Mission status On orbit Phase B~ Phase A Extension 2 ALOS to ALOS-2 and ALOS-3

ALOS Jan. 2006-May 2011

Weight : 4 t PRISM PALSAR AVNIR-2

Weight : 2t Weight : 2t ALOS-2 (SAR satellite) ALOS-3 (Optical satellite) Launch: JFY2013 Launch: JFY2015 3 ALOS Emergency Observation after the Great East Japan Earthquake

Flooded area

Drifted materials

4 Emergency Observation by International Charter

5 Emergency Observation by Sentinel Asia

March 12 March 13 March 14

6 Emergency Observation Summary

ALOS “Daichi” Optical Satellite Agency IKONOS-2 USGS  Duration: March 12 – April 21 GeoEye-1 USGS PRISM: 3, AVNIR-2: 34, PALSAR: 26 paths QuickBird-2 USGS  about 400 scenes in total WorldView-1,2 USGS SPOT-5 CNES Kompsat-2 KARI International Charter/Sentinel Asia RapidEye DLR Emergency Obs.: 4,508 scenes HJ CNSA Reference: 835 scenes Landsat-5,7 USGS EO-1 USGS SAR Satellite Agency Formosat-2 NSPO TerraSAR-X DLR THEOS GISTDA RADARSAT-1,2 CSA RESURS-DK ROSCOSMOS ENVISAT ESA DEIMOS-1 DEIMOS COSMO-SkyMed ASI DubaiSat-1 EIAST

International Charter Sentinel Asia Others 7 Data Analysis by International Partners

8 8 ADEOS-II to GCOM-W and C ADEOS-II Dec. 2002- Oct. 2003

Aqua/AMSR-E May 2002- Weight : 3.7 t AMSR GLI

Weight : 2t Weight : 2t GCOM-W1 (AMSR2) GCOM-C1 (SGLI) May 18, 2013 - Launch: JFY2015 GCOM consists of 2 satellite series (GCOM-W and GCOM-C), and 3 satellite generations that will be used to perform consistent and sustained global observations for 10-15 years 9 Target Geophysical Parameters of GCOM

land cover land cloud surface Atmosphere proper- Land tempera- Carbon ties aerosol ture primary Cycle proper- water produc- vapor tion ties cloud soil C Radiation liquid mois- snow water ture above- Budget ice precipi- ground distribu- tation sea bio- C tion snow surface mass snow depth wind sea ice surface speed concen- PAR proper- snow tration. ties ocean surface Cryosphere color Ocean temp. sea Water & surface Energy temp. WCycle 10 GCOM-W1 “Shizuku” First Light Image

AMSR-2 color composite image (July 3, 2012) 11 GCOM-W1 in the Afternoon Constellation (A-Train)

GCOM-W1

©NASA 12 Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Melt in July 2012 observed by GCOM-W1

No Melting

Melt July 10 July 11 July 12

July 13 July 14 July 15 13 Long-term Arctic Sea-Ice Monitor Using PMRs

AMSR2 Current sea-Ice extent (4.21x106 km2 ) on Aug 24, 2007

AMSR-E

http://www.ijis.iarc.uaf.edu/en/home/seaice_extent.htm The ‘old’ smallest sea-Ice extent record (4.25x106 km2 ) on Sep. 24, 2007

14 Arctic Sea Ice Extent: 1978-2012

15 PMR data used in sea ice dataset

Satellite and Nimbus/ DMSP/ Aqua/ Coriolis/ GCOM-W1/ Sensor SMMR SSM/I AMSR-E WINDSAT AMSR2 Used Data 1978.11-1987.7 1987.7-2002.6 2002.6-2011.10 2011.10-2012.x 2012.7 (plan)- Period Observing 2days Daily Daily Daily Daily Frequency

Frequency 18V,37VH 6V,18V,23V,36VH 18V,23V,37VH 6V,18V,23V,36VH 19V,22V,37VH (6VH,10VH, (6H,10VH,18H, (6VH,10VH,18H, (6H,7VH,10VH, Band [GHz] (19H,85VH) (Unused for sea ice) 18H,21VH) 23H,89VH) pol. channels) 18H,23H,89VH)

Incidence 50.3 53.1 55.0 49.9 – 55.3 55.0 Angle [deg]

IFOV at 36 GHz 27×18 38×30 14×8 13×8 12×7 [km]

Swath Width 1,450 780 1,400 1,450 1,000 [km] (Effective 1,600)

16 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) • GPM Core Observatory and the constellation of satellites will facilitate global, frequent, and accurate precipitation observation. • Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard the Core Observatory will be a calibrator for microwave imagers and sounders onboard the constellation of satellites.

Constellation Satellites Core Observatory Objectives: Objective: Observation frequency Understanding the horizontal and Science, social applications vertical structure of precipitation • Cooperation with system constellation providers: JAXA Drop size distribution (GCOM-W), NOAA (JPSS), measurement CNES/ISRO (Megha- Improvement of precipitation rate Tropiques), etc. image by NASA accuracy of the constellation • 3 hourly observation of 80% satellites of the globe. • DPR (JAXA, NICT) (13.6, 35.5 GHz) • Launch around 2012-2015 by • GMI (NASA) each organization • Launch in JFY2013 by H-IIA rocket • Mainly sun-synchronous • Non-Sun-synchronous orbit, orbit with an altitude of 600- inclination: 65°, altitude: 407 km 800 km

17 EarthCARE/CPR Climate monitoring of earth radiation, cloud and aerosol Cooperation between ESA and Japan (JAXA/NICT) • Mission – Vertical profile of clouds, aerosol – Interaction between clouds and aerosol – Cloud stability and precipitation • Orbit – Sun synchronous – Equator crossing time 13:45 – Altitude 400km • Instrument – CPR (Cloud Profile Radar) – ATLID (Atmospheric LIDAR) – MSI (Multi-Spectral Imager) – BBR (Broad Band Radiometer) • Task sharing – JAXA/NICT （CPR） – ESA （LIDAR, MSI, BBR, Spacecraft) • Launch target – JFY2015 18 Global Rainfall Map in Near Real Time

0.1°and hourly global rainfall data available 4 h after observation via Internet http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/

19 Production of “GSMaP” from Multi-satellite Data GSMaP: Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation

Rain models developed from PR observation

Rainfall data retrieved from each microwave imager and/or sounder

TRMM GCOM-W1 Hourly merged microwave TMI AMSR-2 Geostationary rainfall map Satellite Aqua AMSR-E Calculate cloud moving vectors

DMSP NOAA&MetOp SSM/I, SSMIS AMSU-A/MHS GSMaP produced in 0.1°grid and hourly

20 CO2 Global Distribution Observed by GOSAT

Global distribution map of XCO2 (FTS SWIR L3 data product) 21 Summary • JAXA develops and operates a series of Earth observation satellites for collecting geophysical parameters relating to climate change, water cycle, greenhouse gases, and disaster. • Regarding JAXA’s EO program, there are various types of international collaboration: Joint development Emergency observation Constellation Virtual constellation Multi-satellite data fusion • International collaboration is essential to realize continuous and comprehensive observations.

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