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Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing

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Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing Remote sensing of the Earth from orbital altitudes was recognized in the mid-1960’s as a potential technique for obtaining information important for the effective use and conservation of natural resources. The studies began when the Tiros satellites (1960) provided first synoptic view of the Earth’s weather systems. The manned Gemini and Apollo Programs (1962-1972) led to further consideration of space-age remote sensing for study of the planet Earth. 1 Earth rising over the lunar surface, one of the most famous images of the 20th century. The photo was taken by astronaut William Anders from Apollo 8 in December 24, 1968. This is how Anders saw the image. Earth rising As Apollo 8 raced backward away from the Earth, Anders snapped a picture of “a fist-sized fuzzy little ball of color against the immense backdrop of space.” (Parker, RI News, Providence Journal, Oct. 24, 2010) (Anders lived in Barrington RI for about 5 years in 1980s as an executive at RI-based Textron. He was inducted Into Rhode Island Aviation Hall of Fame for his role on Apollo 8.) 2 Skylab, the largest manned space station placed at low Earth orbit at the time, was lunched in May 14, 1973 and carried into space the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). EREP was designed to view the Earth with sensors that recorded data in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. EREP became another step in space exploration by testing the high spatial resolution camera systems with film return capability. A significant feature of EREP was the use of man to operate the sensors in a laboratory fashion. The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS), later designated Landsat, provided repetitive multispectral observation of the Earth. Landsat represents the world's longest (since 1972) continuously acquired collection of space-based land remote sensing data. The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the United States and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, education and national security. 3 Digital Data Acquisition Multispectral Digital Image Spectral Resolution Spatial Resolution (Bands) (Pixel size) 4 Landsat-1, 2, 3 Landsat Missions Landsat 1 (07/12/1972 - 01/06/1978) - RBV, MSS (80m) Landsat 2 (01/22/1975-07/27/1983) - RBV, MSS (80m) Landsat 3 (03/05/1978-09/07/1983) - RBV, MSS (80m) Landsat 4 (07/16/1982 - ) - MSS, TM (30m, 120m TIR) Landsat 5 (03/01/1984 - ) - MSS, TM (30m, 120m TIR) Landsat 6 (10/05/1993): ETM ??? Landsat 7 (04/23/1999 - ) - ETM+ (30m, 60m TIR, 15m Pan) Landsat-4, 5 Landsat 8 (February 11, 2013) – OIL, TIRS (30m, 100m TIRS 15m Pan ) Landsat 9 (Scheduled lunch time: 2021) ETM+: Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus MSS: Multispectral Scanner OLI: Operational Land Imager Landsat-7 Pan: Panchromatic RBV: Return Beam Vidicon Camera TIR: Thermal Infrared Landsat-8 TIRS: Thermal Infrared Sensor TM: Thematic Mapper Spectral Cover of Landsat Sensors Band 1: 0.45-0.52m (blue) (TM, ETM+) Provide increased penetration of water bodies, as well as supporting analysis of land use, soil, and vegetation characteristics. Band 2: 0.52-0.60m (green) This band spans the region between the blue and red chlorophyll absorption bands and therefore corresponds to the green reflectance of healthy vegetation. Band 3: 0.63-0.69m (red) This is the red chlorophyll absorption band of healthy green vegetation and represents one of the most important bands for vegetation discrimination. 5 • Band 4: 0.76-0.90m (Near-infrared). Spectral Cover of This band is responsive to the amount of Landsat Sensors vegetation biomass present in the scene. (TM, ETM+) It is useful for crop identification and emphasizes soil-crop and land-water contrasts. • Band 5: 1.55-1.75m (Mid-infrared) This band is sensitive to the amount of moisture in plants and therefore useful in crop draught and in plant vigor studies. • Band 6: 10.4-12.5m (Thermal infrared) This band measures the amount of infrared radiant flux emitted from surface. • Band 7: 2.08-2.35m (Mid-infrared) This is an important band for the discrimination of geologic rock formation. It is effective in identifying zones of hydrothermal alteration in rocks. Comparison of Landsat 1-7 Sensors Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Thematic Mapper (TM) Enhanced Thematic Landsat 1-5 Landsat 4 & 5 Mapper Plus (ETM+) Landsat 7 • 0.5-0.6 (green) 1. 0.45-0.52 (B) 1. 0.45-0.52 • 0.6-0.7 (red) 2. 0.52-0.60 (G) 2. 0.52-0.60 • 0.7-0.8 (NIR) 3. 0.63-0.69 (R) 3. 0.63-0.69 • 0.8-1.1 (NIR) 4. 0.76-0.90 (NIR) 4. 0.77-0.90 Spectral 5. 1.55-1.75 (MIR) 5. 1.55-1.75 Resolution 6. 10.4-12.5 (TIR) 6. 10.4-12.5 (m) 7. 2.08-2.35 (MIR) 7. 2.09-2.35 8. 0.52-0.90 (Pan) Spatial 30 x 30 15 x 15 (Pan) Resolution 79 x 79 120 x 120 (TIR) 30 x 30 (meter) 60 x 60 (TIR) Temporal Resolution 18 (Landsat 1,2,3) 16 16 (revisit days) 6 Landsat-7 ETM+ Data of Providence Landsat-7 Panchromatic Data (15 m) Landsat-7 ETM+ Data (30 m), Bands 3, 2, 1 in RGB Landsat-7 ETM+ Data (30 m), Bands 4, 3, 2 in RGB Landsat-7 ETM+ Data (30 m), Bands 4, 5, 3 in RGB Landsat-8 and Sensors: 7 Landsat 8 Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqVKR9OnqqA Landsat-8 Sensors: Operational Land Imager (OLI) OLI spectral bands ETM + spectral bands # Band width GSD (m) # Band width GSD (m) (μm) (μm) 1 0.433–0.453 30 2 0.450–0.515 30 1 0.450–0.515 30 3 0.525–0.600 30 2 0.525–0.605 30 4 0.630–0.680 30 3 0.630–0.690 30 5 0.845–0.885 30 4 0.775–0.900 30 6 1.560–1.660 30 5 1.550–1.750 30 7 2.100–2.300 30 7 2.090–2.350 30 8 0.500–0.680 15 8 0.520–0.900 15 9 1.360–1.390 30 8 Landsat-8 Sensors: Operational Land Imager (OLI) Landsat-8 Sensors: Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) TIRS Sensors measure land surface temperature in two thermal bands. Band # Center wavelength (μm) Spatial resolution (m) 10 10.6-11.2 100 11 11.5-12.5 100 9 Comparison of Landsat Sensors Multispectral Scanner Thematic Mapper Enhanced Thematic Operational Land (MSS) (TM) Landsat 4 & 5 Mapper Plus (ETM+) Imager (OLI) / Thermal Landsat 1-5 Landsat 7 Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Landsat 8 • 0.5-0.6 (green) 1. 0.45-0.52 (B) 1. 0.45-0.52 1. 0.43-0.45 • 0.6-0.7 (red) 2. 0.52-0.60 (G) 2. 0.52-0.60 2. 0.45-0.51 • 0.7-0.8 (NIR) 3. 0.63-0.69 (R) 3. 0.63-0.69 3. 0.53-0.59 • 0.8-1.1 (NIR) 4. 0.76-0.90 (NIR) 4. 0.77-0.90 4. 0.64-0.67 Spectral 5. 1.55-1.75 (MIR) 5. 1.55-1.75 5. 0.85-0.88 Resolution 6. 10.4-12.5 (TIR) 6. 10.4-12.5 6. 1.57-1.65 (m) 7. 2.08-2.35 (MIR) 7. 2.09-2.35 7. 2.11-2.29 8. 0.52-0.90 (Pan) 8. 0.50-0.68 (Pan) 9. 1.36-1.38 10. 10.60-11.19 (TIRS) 11. 11.50-12.51 (TIRS) Spatial 30 x 30 15 x 15 (Pan) 15 x 15 (Pan) Resolution 79 x 79 120 x 120 (TIR) 30 x 30 30 x 30 (meter) 60 x 60 (TIR) 100 x 100 (TIRS) Temporal Resolution 18 (Landsat 1,2,3) 16 16 16 (revisit days) Example of Landsat 8 imagery (Fort Collins, Colorado, March 18, 2013) 10 11 Rhode Island: Path 12/Row 31 12 Landsat Ground Stations Collections of Landsat Images of the World 13 Mangroves in the Niger River Delta: 1990 Landsat Image 14 Mangrove Forests On Landsat Images Over 100 km crisscrossing streams and rivers of the Kibasira Swamp 15 Streams and rivers eroding the banks of the Rufiji river Stiegler’s Gorge section of the Rufiji River 16 17 USGS EROS Data Center http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Monthly true color CONUS browse images, each pixel is shown generalized from 17 × 17 30 m Landsat pixels to provide an approximate spatial resolution of 500 m. 18 Web-enabled Landsat Data (WELD): Annual (December 2007 to November, 2008) Landsat ETM+ composited mosaics of the conterminous United States (Roy et al., 2010) Monthly Landsat composites, processed 75000 scenes QuickTime?and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Dec. 2009 Jan. 2010 Feb. 2010 March 2010 April 2010 May 2010 June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 Sept. 2010 Oct. 2010 Nov. 2010 19 TERRA (EOS AM) - Launched December 18, 1999 The following instruments fly on TERRA: ASTER: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (15m - 3 bands in VNIR; 30m - 6 bands in SWIR; 90m - 5 bands in TIR) MODIS: Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (0.4 - 14.4 m) (250m - 2 bands, 500m - 5 bands, 1000m - 29 bands) CERES: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System MISR: Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer MOPITT: Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere.
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