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Remote Sensing Final Final Lower Ord River Functional Habitat Mapping: Evaluation and Field Trial of Remote Sensing Platforms and Imaging Techniques Prepared by Andrew Marshall Andrew Storey Andrew Marshall Pty Ltd Wetland Research & Management August 2005 Lower Ord River Functional Habitat Mapping: Evaluation and Field Trial of Remote Sensing & Imaging Techniques CONTENTS EXECUTUVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................................................1 THE FUNCTIONAL HABITAT CONCEPT .....................................................................................................2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................................2 PHASE I – EVALUATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES ..................6 APPROACH ...............................................................................................................................................6 SENSOR TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................6 SENSOR TECHNICAL EVALUATION...........................................................................................................8 ° Low-Resolution Satellite Sensors..............................................................................................8 ° High-Resolution Satellite Sensors...........................................................................................10 ° Airborne Sensors.....................................................................................................................11 ACQUISITION / PROCESSING EVALUATION .............................................................................................13 ACQUISITION / PROCESSING COST..........................................................................................................13 PHASE I RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................16 PHASE II - FUNCTIONAL HABITAT MAPPING TRIAL ...............................................................17 APPROACH .............................................................................................................................................17 QUICKBIRD SATELLITE IMAGE ACQUISITION .........................................................................................18 DIGITAL VIDEO IMAGE ACQUISITION.....................................................................................................19 IMAGE CLASSIFICATION.........................................................................................................................24 COMPARISON OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES -................................................................................34 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FROM PHASE I & II .............................................................................34 QUICKBIRD ............................................................................................................................................34 DIGITAL VIDEO ......................................................................................................................................38 AERIAL COVERAGE OF HABITATS..........................................................................................................39 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................42 RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................................43 MONITORING SCENARIO #1....................................................................................................................43 MONITORING SCENARIO #2....................................................................................................................43 MONITORING PROTOCOL .......................................................................................................................43 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................45 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................45 ii Lower Ord River Functional Habitat Mapping: Evaluation and Field Trial of Remote Sensing & Imaging Techniques List of Figures, Tables and Plates FIGURES Figure 1. Example of resolution achieved with Landsat 7 satellite images - 30m image resolution............8 Figure 2. Example of resolution achieved with SPOT 4 satellite images– 20m image resolution...............9 Figure 3. Example of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image – 10m image resolution .............................9 Figure 4. Example of simulated multispectral imagery from Quickbird satellite system. .........................10 Figure 5. Example of simulated multispectral imagery from Ikonos satellite system................................11 Figure 6. Comparison between film-based aerial imagery and Ikonos satellite imagery...........................12 Figure 7. Example of scanned film based aerial imagery – 1.0m image resolution...................................12 Figure 8. Selected Reach for the Functional Habitat Mapping Trial..........................................................17 Figure 9. Ord River discharge at time of aerial survey and ground-truthing ............................................17 Figure 10. Extent and orientation of Quickbird imagery acquired for the lower Ord River ......................18 Figure 11. Panasonic NV-MX500 digital video camera ............................................................................19 Figure 12. Digital video flight path – 1st November 2003 .........................................................................22 Figure 13. Sample digital video image of lower Ord River with resolution of 0.5 metres.........................22 Figure 14. Mosaic of digital video images of reach between Carlton Crossing & Macca’s Barra Camp..23 Figure 15. Results of the mosaicing process in terms of both radiometric and spatial accuracy ...............24 Figure 16. Results of habitat classification process using ENVI cf the source (Quickbird) image............29 Figure 17. Habitat classification legend used for Quickbird satellite and Digital Video imagery .............30 Figure 18. Quickbird image classification – full scene results and detail at Carlton Crossing. .................31 Figure 19. Habitat classification of Quickbird images as simple vector entities for the whole study area and detail of the Ord River near Macca’s Barra Camp.....................................................................32 Figure 20. Comparison of habitat classification of Quickbird image and Digital Video image ................33 Figure 21. Snag habitat captured as Quickbird image and Digital Video image .......................................35 Figure 22. Quickbird satellite imagery illustrating impact of high off-nadir view angle...........................35 Figure 23. Water penetration characteristics of the Quickbird satellite cf the Digital Video.....................36 Figure 24. Quickbird source image cf same image with enhancement filters ............................................37 Figure 25. Classification results from un-enhanced and enhanced Quickbird satellite images..................37 TABLES Table 1. Functional habitats of high importance to invertebrate and fish faunas in the lower Ord River....3 Table 2. References providing technical details on each sensor system ......................................................7 Table 3. Relevant technical specifications for each system .........................................................................7 Table 4. Satellite and aerial photography systems further assessed...........................................................14 Table 5. Estimated image acquisition costs for sensors .............................................................................15 Table 6. General Digital Video Camera Specifications for Habitat Mapping...........................................20 Table 7. Physical units identifiable from imagery .....................................................................................25 Table 8. Functional habitats of high importance to invertebrates with equivalent remote sensing units. ..25 Table 9. Functional habitats of high importance to fish with equivalent remote sensing units..................25 Table 10. Aerial coverage of physical units as calculated from Quickbird satellite and Digital Video imagery.............................................................................................................................................40 Table 11. Comparison of estimated acquisition and image analysis costs.................................................44 PLATES Plates 1 – 12. Examples of key habitats for aquatic invertebrates and fish in the lower Ord River, as identified by Storey (2002, 2003).....................................................................................................
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