The Earth Observer September - October 2019 Volume 31, Issue 5

Thirty Years Reporting on NASA’s Earth Science Program National Aeronautics and The Earth Observer Space Administration September – October 2019. Volume 31, Issue 5

Editor’Editor’s Corners Corner

1 SStevteve Pe Platnicklatnick 9 8 19 3 9 • 2 0 EOS SEOS Senior Penior Prroject Scientistoject Scientist The coming of autumn has yielded a harvest of NASA Earth Science activity for us to report on, with missions at all stages of their life cycle–some coming to an end, some still going strong, some in development.

After 11 successful years, the joint NASA–CNES Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM), or Jason-2, stopped collecting science data on October 1, 2019, due to aging-related issues. Final decommissioning operations were completed on October 10. Following in the foot- steps of the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon and Jason-1, Jason-2 measured sea level from space with an accuracy of just a few centimeters, covering the global ocean once every 10 days (example sea surface height anomaly map below). Designed to last 3 years with an expected lifetime of 5 years, the satellite provided data for more than 2000 scientific papers during its 11-year lifespan. It also overlapped with Jason-3, launched in 2016, which will continue measuring global sea level through 2020. Two future Jason-Continuity of Service (CS) satellites are planned for launch in 2020 and 2025.1 Together, these satellites have charted the steady rise of global sea levels—see graph below. Because global sea level rise is one of the most sensitive indicators of climate change, as well as one of the largest impacts on society, these satellites form a lynchpin of climate change research.

After a period of cross-calibration with Jason-3, and a few months in an adjacent orbit that improved the effective resolution of the sea level observations from both satellites, Jason-2 was moved to a new orbit to protect Jason-3 and eventually Jason-CS (which will occupy the same orbit as Jason-3).2 Congratulations to all those involved in Jason-2, past and present, for the outstanding success of the mission.

As planned, the Total Solar Irradiance Calibration Transfer Experiment (TCTE) science mission ended on June 30, 2019, after collecting more than 5 years of total solar irradiance (TSI) data. The TCTE instrument was built and delivered in five months from program start,

1 These will launch as the European Copernicus Sentinel-6A and -6B missions. 2 Learn more about the end of Jason-2’s mission at https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/ocean-monitoring-satellite-mission-ends-after-11-successful-years. continued on page 2

On October 1, 2019, the joint NASA–CNES Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM), or Jason-2, stopped collecting science data. The image [left] shows areas in the Pacific Ocean where sea levels were lower (blues) or higher (reds) than normal during the first week of January 2018. Jason-2 contributed to a long-term record of sea surface height measurements that has been used to chart the steady rise of sea level since the early 1990s. The graph [right], which combines data from the Ocean Surface Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 satellites, shows global sea level measurements over a 26-year period. Image credit: NASA/JPL

www.nasa.gov editor's corner 02 The Earth Observer The Earth 4 3 Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor 1(TSIS-1). and ClimateExperiment (SORCE) andthe Total and asabridgebetween theSolarand served Radiation the TSI value of1361 W/m 4-decade long TSI climatedatarecord andconfirmed mission requirement toensure continuityofthenow tions anddataprocessing. TCTE metitsprimary opera- theinstrument performed tions in2017.LASP responsibility forcontinuedSTPSat-3 TCTE opera- the desired TSI-measurement overlap. NASAassumed extended the TCTE missionmultipletimestoprovide technology-demonstration mission.However, NOAA Satellite-3 (STPSat-3), whichwasinitiallyan18-month onboardflew theU.S.Air Force’s Space Test Program Decision Point-F (KDP-F) the SORCE decommissioningplan.TheSORCE Key 2019, prompting NASAHQtoconsideraccelerating began toexperiencecommunicationoutagesinApril work around thepower limitations.However, SORCE though scientistsandengineerssuccessfullymanagedto Launched in2003,SORCE issuesforyears, hadbattery to extendSORCE operationsintoJanuary 2020. Meanwhile, NASAHeadquarters (HQ)decided witness unit. ing theSORCE ground-based Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) was quicklyreadiedTIM instrument for flight by refurbish- degradation,the to continueoperationsduebattery TCTE to record missionin2011and after the failedlaunchofGlory NASA mission’s lifecycle. In order tofillapotentialgapinthe35+ year TSI climate KDP–F marks the entry intoPhase F, KDP–Fmarks theentry thefinal stageina address thegrowing concernsregarding SORCE’s ability Meeting Summaries Feature Articles Editor’s Corner Issue In This Summary oftheUSFS–NASA Joint Summary oftheSpring 2019NASA Summary oftheFiftieth ASTERScience Remembering Apollo Point from anEarthly SHADOZ at20 Years: Achievements ofa aafrNtrlRsuc aaeet 33 Data forNatural Resource Management Applications Workshop onSatellite Science TeamMeeting Land-Cover andLand-Use Change Team Meeting 16 ofApolloAnniversary 11Moon Landing of View: NASACelebratesFiftieth Strategic Ozonesonde Network 4 meetingwasheldinJuly 2 . September -October2019 3 Front Cover TCTE 28 21 4 Reminder: To imagesincolor, newsletter view visit Regular Features In theNews clouds andatmospheric aerosols. that formthebase oftheaquaticfoodchain—as well as PACE willstudy phytoplankton—microscopic algae Currently scheduledforlaunchinDecember 2022, study ofEarth’s ocean-atmosphere–land system. PACE represents NASA’s nextadvance inthecombined a mission-level CDRinFebruary 2020. ment onPACE—is scheduledforDecember 2019,with - instru Ocean ColorInstrument (OCI)—the primary design phase.The Critical Design (CDR)ofthe Review review inAugust 2019.PACE now entersitscritical ocean Ecosystem (PACE) missionpasseditsKDP-C With regard tothefuture, thePlankton, Aerosol, Cloud, date ofFebruary 2023. for TSIS-2 have already begun,witha launch-readiness second year ofitsfive-year primemission. Preparations Space Station. TSIS iscurrently midwaythrough the quality solarirradiancedatafrom theInternational In themeantime, TSIS-1 continuestoproduce high ing 17-year mission. archive thefinaldataproducts, cappingoffanoutstand- continue through September 2020toproduce and thedayafterpassivationscience. Phase and Fwillstart January 15,2020wasbasedonSORCE’s compelling The finaldecisiontocontinueSORCE operationsuntil January 2020passivation date. a mid-July 2019passivation (turn-off)ortheoriginal budget formissionclose-out,andtodecidebetween to evaluate thedecommissioningplan,schedule,and eospso.nasa.gov/earth-observer-archive. Science Calendars ScienceintheNewsNASA Earth An Inside LookatHurricane Dorian from a NASA Studies How Arctic Wildfires Philippine AirborneCampaign Targets Science Summary ofthe2019Earth Summary oftheFirst NASAHarvest Mini Satellite the WorldChange Weather, ClimateScience Technology Forum 44 Conference 38 Volume 31,Issue5 55 53 52 50 47 The Earth Observer The Earth 5 Instrument (EVI-5) for development underNASA’s fifthEarth Venture and Monitoring Radiometer(GLIMR)instrument NASA selectedtheGeosynchronous LittoralImaging pace.gsfc.nasa.gov. KDP-C milestone.Learnmore aboutPACE athttps:// Congratulations tothePACE teamonclearingthe reviews inFebruary 2019andApril 2019,respectively. SPEXone andHARP2passedtheircriticaldesign ments incoupledocean–atmosphericscience.Both and thetwopolarimeterswillenablesignificantadvance- Baltimore County(UMBC).Thesynergyacross OCI andSpaceEarth Institute attheUniversity ofMaryland, Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP2)willbebuiltby the Defence andSpace Netherlands. The Hyper-Angular Netherlands Institute forSpace Research andAirbus (SPEXone) willbebuiltandoverseen by theSRON size. The SpectropolarimeterExploration for Planetary compositionand ing uniqueinformationonparticle tation oflightwaves interactingwiththem,provid- (andmolecules)changetheorien- the waysthatparticles cated toaerosol andcloudscience.Polarimeters measure PACE twomultianglepolarimetersdedi- willalsocarry phytoplankton communities. identify bothbeneficialandharmful(potentiallytoxic) color science,OCI’s spectralcoverage willallow itto usedforocean instruments previous Earth-observing infrared. isbeingbuiltatGSFC. Theinstrument Unlike spectrograph toextendcoverage intotheshortwave through near-infrared, coupledwithamultibandfilter will measure reflected lightfrom thenear-ultraviolet OCI isahyperspectralscanningradiometerthat many observations ofagiven areamany observations each day—acritical this vantage point,GLIMRwillbeabletogather tor awidearea, centered ontheGulf ofMexico. From a geosynchronous orbitwhere itwillbeabletomoni- plan callsforlaunchinthe2026–2027timeframeinto integrated onaNASA-selectedplatform.Thecurrent Raytheon Aerospace willbuildGLIMR,whichbe Hampshire (UNH). is Joseph from Salisbury theUniversity ofNew River enterstheAtlantic Ocean. The PI forGLIMR and theAmazon River plume—where theAmazon of Mexico, ofthesoutheasternU.S.coastline, portions of oceanbiology, chemistry, andecologyintheGulf in narrow wavebands, leadingtouniqueobservations reflected sunlightfrom opticallycomplexcoastalwaters hyperspectral oceancolorradiometerthatwillmeasure more, visithttps://essp.nasa.gov/projects. (EVM), Instrument (EVI), andSub-Orbital (EVS). To learn missions. There are three categoriesofinvestigation: Mission complementing NASA’s satellite largerEarth-observing program contributessmall,targetedscience investigations considered undertheEVI-5 solicitation.TheEarth Venture GLIMRwaschosenfrom amongeightproposals 5 solicitation.GLIMRwillbea September -October2019 release/nasa-targets-coastal-ecosystems-with-new-space-sensor. Mall in Washington, DC, ofthe50 and Space Museum hostedacelebrationontheNational On July 18-20,2019,theSmithsonian’s National Air discoveries, andtechnicalachievements ofSHADOZ. this issuetolearnmore aboutthehistory, scientific of successfulozonesonde launches. Turn topage4of [GSFC] andtheentire SHADOZteamontwodecades ulations toprincipalinvestigator AnneThompson the originalSHADOZobjectives. Iextendmycongrat- hundreds, andwithanimpactextendingfarbeyond discoveries by ausercommunitynumberinginthe have ledtoscoresobservations ofpublishedscientific SHADOZ collecteditsfirstofficialdatain1998.The tional ozone-monitoring instruments. number of(atthattime)upcomingNASAandinterna- to remedy thelackofballoon-basedozone datafora Monitoring Division) proposed thenetwork asaway (nowand Diagnostic known Laboratory astheGlobal NASA HQ,GSFCandNOAA’s ClimateModeling range were nearlynonexistent. With thebackingof inthislatitude conceived backin1997,observations ics (25°Nto25Slatitude). When SHADOZwas from different locationsinthetropics andsubtrop- ozonesondes. The regularly coordinated launchesare ments formore than20years usingballoon-borne project. SHADOZ hascollectedozone profile measure- Hemisphere ADditionalOZonesondes (SHADOZ) In thisissue,we report onNASA’s Southern being chosenasEVI-5. andtheGLIMRteamon Congratulations toSalisbury the ocean(e.g.,PACE). those from otherlow-Earth orbitsatellitesthatobserve to GLIMR willmakeitsdatahighlycomplementary orbit. Theuniquespatialandtemporal resolution of that wouldnotbepossiblefrom asatelliteinlow-Earth of coastalphytoplanktonbloomsandoilspillsinaway capability instudyingphenomenasuchasthelifecycle 6 50 oftheEarth-related activitiesattheApollo a summary Science programs were alsoprominently featured. For ties focusedontheMoon, NASA’s andPlanetary Earth ning andstaffingthe event. Whilemostoftheactivi- Headquarters OfficeofCommunications inplan- and ScienceSupport Office(SSO)assistedthe NASA hands-on activities.NASA’s ScienceMission Directorate numerous tentssetupwithavariety ofexhibitsand Apollo 11Moon andhad landing.NASAparticipated cle on page 16 of this issue. cle onpage16ofthisissue. To learnmore aboutGLIMR,seehttps://www.nasa.gov/press- See page55foralistofundefinedacronyms usedintheeditorial th - arti event, pleaseturntothesummary anniversary and tableofcontents. 6  Volume 31,Issue5 th anniversary of the ofthe anniversary

editor's corner 03 feature articles 04 The Earth Observer The Earth nearly nonexistent. 25° NandSwere at latitudesbetween 1997, regular soundings Monitoring Divisionin and NOAA's Global Space Flight Center by NASA’s Goddard network was proposed When theSHADOZ Debra Kollonige, ScienceSystems andApplications, Inc., NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, [email protected] Ryan Stauffer, Universities Space ResearchAssociation, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, [email protected] Anne Thompson,NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, [email protected] Ozonesonde Network SHADOZ at20Years: AchievementsofaStrategic dinating regular launchesat10stationsinthetropics andsubtropics. throughout theatmosphere, orozone profiles , usingballoon-borneozonesondes by coor- gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz. It beganasatwo-year initiative tocollectmeasurements ofozone Southern Hemisphere ADditionalOZonesondes (SHADOZ)project—https://tropo. Twenty ofthe announcingthestart years publishedanarticle ago,The Observer Earth Introduction 3 2 1 Aug99.pdf#page=27]. [VolumeObserver 11,Issue 4,pp. 27-30—https://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/July_ Ozone ScienceCommunity” Dataset fortheEarth intheJuly–August 1999issueofThe Earth Division (GMD) National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s Global Monitoring network wasproposed by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center(GSFC)andthe validation—see WhatIs anOzonesonde?on page5.However, whentheSHADOZ data have longbeenrecognized resources asimportant forsatellitealgorithmsand gte.larc.nasa.gov/gte_hmpg.htm#table. collected acomprehensive Learnmore athttps://www- setofatmosphericchemicalobservations. (GTE) project. Alltheinvestigations listedhere were of GTE.Theseinvestigations part 1983–2001 fieldstudiesoperated undertheumbrella ofthe Global Tropospheric Experiment Program, whichhasfunded fieldinvestigations from themid-1980s uptothepresent. The ProgramChemistry (GTCP) in1984.NASA’s response wasthe Tropospheric Chemistry and Pacific Mission (PEM)-Tropics-A,Exploratory in1996. Transport Experiment-Atlantic andAtmospheric (TRACE-A), in1992; Chemistry fieldinvestigations,ics andsubtropics orcampaigns:e.g.,NASA’s duringshort-term over tropical AfricaorAsia.However, atleasttenstationshadoperatedinthetrop- a continuoussoundingrecord formore than20years, andthere were soundings few 1960s, thetropics were undersampled.In 1997,onlyNatal, Brazilhad (5.8°S,35.2° W) to mid-andpolarlatitudes,where dozens ofsounding stationshadoperatedsincethe develop abetterozone profile climatologyforsatellite algorithmdevelopment. Compared From itsinception,theprincipalgoalofSHADOZozonesonde network wasto andBackgroundSHADOZ History major scientificandtechnologicaladvances resulting from SHADOZ. network itself. andtheozonesonde instrument It then discussesseveral spinoffsand andbackground onSHADOZ,includingdetailsthe begins withsomehistory providing to article afittingopportunity reflect onitsscientificcontributions.This numbering inthehundreds. Thenetwork reached its20-year milestonein2018,thus data have ledtoscores ofpublishedscientificdiscoveries by ausercommunity SHADOZ collecteditsfirstofficial ozone profilesin1998. Sincethen,SHADOZ European counterparts. ontheNOAAozone instruments andNASA joint polar-orbitingsatellitesandtheir Envisat satellite(launchedin2002,andending2012),theongoingseriesof for Atmospheric (SCIAMACHY) ontheEuropean CHartographY Space Agency’s Aura platform(launchedin2004),theSCanningImaging Absorption SpectroMeter and Microwave LimbSounder (MLS)onNASA’s System Observing (EOS) Earth balloon-based ozone dataforthe upcomingOzone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were nearlynonexistent.NASAHeadquarters theplantoremedy supported alackof Diagnostics Laboratory. At thetimeSHADOZwasproposed, theGMDwasknown astheClimateMonitoring and To learnmore, see “SHADOZ(Southern Hemisphere ADditionalOZonesondes): ANew The National Academy ofSciencesissued astudy on theneedfora Globalreport Tropospheric September -October2019 2 in1997,regular soundingsatlatitudesbetween 25°NandS 3 Sondes operatingin Volume 31,Issue5 1 Ozonesonde The Earth Observer The Earth occupies today. [GSFC], wasnamedprincipalinvestigator (PI) fortheproject, apositionshestill to create AnneThompson SHADOZ.At thattime,theleadauthorofthisarticle, and personnel)wasalready inplace,whichprovided additionalimpetusforNASA Thus, theinfrastructure to resume soundings(includingthe facilities,launchgas, day-to-day datafrom fixed sites,as well asprofiles above maximumflightaltitudes. these campaignswere valued ascomplementstoaircraft measurements by providing direction. Column-integratedozone amountsinDobson Units profiles from theradiosondethataccompaniesozonesonde. Theradiosondealsomeasures windspeedand Measurements are pressure inpartial andmixingratiounitsare shown alongwith pressure andtemperature The ozone profile shown below [bottomright ] wasobtainedover AscensionIsland (7.97°S,14.4° W) clouds andprecipitation, asmanyspectroscopic techniquesare. electrochemical method(whichistheusedforallSHADOZozonesonde launches)isnot affected by deployedsensing instruments onsatellites.Furthermore, sondesare the all-weather instruments; virtually resolution oftheozone datais50-150m(~164-492ft)—whichmuchbetterthanthatofopticalremote electric current, thestrength totheamountofozone ofwhichisproportional present. Theeffective vertical cellscontainingdilutepotassiumiodide(KI)solutions.The is pumpedintotwoinert reaction generatesan areafter whichtheinstruments usuallylost.Ozone ismeasured viaaninsitutechniquewhere ambientair humidity (PTU)dataare duringatwo-hourascentanddescentcycle, returned totheground viatelemetry (or 5-10mb),commonlyfoundatanaltitudeof30-35km(~19-22mi).Ozone andpressure-temperature- and stratosphere. With a1200-or1500-g(~2.6-3.3-lb)balloon,bursttypicallyoccursbetween 5-10hPa measurements, someother satellitemeasurements douseDUs, e.g.,columnnitrogen dioxide (NO Dobson, tomeasure whointhe1920sbuiltfirstinstrument ozone from theground. Whileprimarilyusedforatmosphericozone Dobson unitisequivalent toalayer ofpure ozone 0.01mmthickatstandard temperature andpressure. Theunitisnamedafter Gordon ** * [upper rightphotobelow] measures ozone (O thatwhenaffixedAn ozonesonde isasmallinstrument toamodifiedradiosonde andaweather balloon What Is anOzonesonde? lites andground-based spectrometers. Typical totalcolumnozone (TCO) over thetropics is250-325DU. The Dobson unit(DU)isameasurement ofthetotalamountozone intheatmosphere above One surface. apointontheearth's In amixture pressure ofgases,thepartial istheamountofpressure eachgaswouldexert ifitwere theonlygasinvolume. September -October2019 3 partial pressure) partial ** * are usedforcomparisonstoreadings from satel- as thepackagerisesthrough thetroposphere Cullis [GMD]; [GSFC]; lower leftphotos—AnneThompson tively]. Image credits: respec- blue, andpurplecurves ture, humidity, andpressure [red, this profile alsoshows tempera- it isdescribedinthetext.Note that appears ontheSHADOZwebsite; obtained over AscensionIsland asit an ozone profile [blackcurve] text). The graph[lower right]shows JOSIE (discussedlaterinthemain Intercomparison Experiments, or exercise fortheJülich Ozonesonde (background) duringatraining NASA's Wallops Flight Facility (front) withtwocoachesfrom tors from Brazil andSouth Africa left] thatshows SHADOZopera- [ attached, priortolaunchviaballoon in theirpackageswitharadiosonde brator [upperleft];twoozonesondes omy ofanozonesonde anditscali- Shown here are photos of:theanat- lower upper right];andaphoto[lower 2 ) from OMI and TROPOMI. upper rightphoto—Patrick Volume 31,Issue5 graph—SHADOZ Upper and

feature articles 05 feature articles 06 The Earth Observer The Earth hence thename. Hemisphere—Southern distributed across the stations thatwere well 10 contributing began, there were When SHADOZ Image credit: Debra Kollonige listed inthe Table onpage7. numbers foreachstationare of operation,andtotalprofile 2019). Coordinates, periods has beenoperational(1998– during thetimeSHADOZ data have beenobtained than 10years ofcontinuous stations from whichmore Figure 1.Map ofSHADOZ Archiver Two keypositionsintheSHADOZorganizationare theSHADOZPI andSHADOZ Outreach andCommunications spectrometer], eithernearby orcollocated at10oftheSHADOZstations. Dobson spectrophotometer, Système Zénithales D’AnalyseparObservations (SAOZ) of ground-based, [e.g.,Brewer total-columnozone instruments spectrophotometer, see Figure 1forlocations.Of additionalvalue forsatellitecalibrationisthepresence the subtropics: Hanoi andHilo andIrene inthenorth, andRéunion inthesouth— available asofearly2019are listedintheTable onpage7.Four stationsare located in in SHADOZ archive to16.The14stationswithatleast10 years ofoperationare shown (France), inthesouthjoined,bringingtotalnumberofstationssendingdatato Vietnam andHilo, andIrene, HI,inthenorth, South AfricaandLaRéunion Island ing datafrom Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2.73°N,101.7° E).In 2005–2006 Hanoi, andaJapanese–MalaysianW) Meteorological begansend- partnership Department inAura’sa partner added Paramaribo, OMIinstrument, Suriname (5.81°N,55.21° Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI) [Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute], across the Southern Hemisphere—hence thename.In 1999theDutch Koninklijk When SHADOZbegan,there were 10contributingstationsthatwere well distributed Implementation The SHADOZnetwork designconceptwas(andcontinuestobe)intendedto: 4 year (publishedonthewebsite) tokeepreaders uptodateontheproject’s activities. to-day exchange each ofinformation,andSHADOZissuesoneortwonewsletters of methods:Online communicationviaemailandothersocial mediaare usedforday- gators around theworld,andwithlargerscientificcommunity through a variety Ultraviolet Data Centre (WOUDC). posting thedatato thewebsite, and transmittingSHADOZprofiles tothe World Ozone and TheSHADOZ Archiver is responsible forcollectingsonde datafrom thestationpartners, • partner with tropical entities (e.g., meteorological services, spaceagencies,univer- withtropical entities(e.g.,meteorological partner services, • selectstationstocover theentire tropical zone; and • provide trainingforconductingsondelaunches; • collectallsondedatafrom agiven station; • Supply existingstationswithadditionalsondeexpendables(~$1000/launch)to • Figure 1,andcoordinates, sponsoringorganizations,andnumbersofozone profiles leverage resources withagoalofsustainingoperation,longterm. sities) andsponsors(e.g.,NASA,NOAA, Japanese andEuropean agencies) to achieve afrequency of2-4launchespermonth; 4 bothbasedatGSFC.Theykeep intouchwithmanySHADOZco-investi- September -October2019 Volume 31,Issue5 Data processing iscarriedoutby station orsponsorpersonnelandcheckedby the vary, from transmittal immediatelypost-launchtotwo-to-fourtimesannually. Data transmissionfrequencies from anindividualstationtotheSHADOZ network Data Disposition Ozone Research Managers Meetings heldat WMO Headquarters inGeneva. (SPARC) project, theInternational Ozone Commission(IO3C),andthetriennial The Earth Observer The Earth 5 Change (NDACC), Watch (WMO/GAW), the Network fortheDetection ofAtmospheric Composition pate inactivitiesrelated tothe World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmospheric conferences, andassemblies.In particular, SHADOZteammembersregularly- partici gators isthrough interactionswithcolleaguesatworkshops, majorscientificmeetings, forinformationexchange opportunity amongSHADOZinvestiAnother important - * Table. ListofSHADOZstationsthathave compiledatleast10years ofdata. eo_pdfs/Sept-October%202016%20color%20508.pdf#page=4]. [Volumeof The Observer Earth 28,Issue 5,pp. 4-15—https://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ Composition Change: 25 Years Old andGoing Strong” intheSeptember–October 2016issue These numbers represent numberofprofiles from eachstationasof 2019. February To learnmore aboutNDACC, see“The Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Pago Pago, AmericanSamoa Watukosek, Java, Indonesia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [19.72° Paramaribo, Suriname San Pedro, CostaRica [14.3° S,170.71° W] 2.2 ,158 E] N,105.8° [21.02° 75°S 1.5 E] [7.57° S,112.65° [18.15° S,178.4°E] 58°N,55.21° [5.81° [latitude, longitude] Galapagos, Ecuador 2.9 ,5.8 E] S,55.48° [20.89° La Réunion, France 27°N 0.°E] N,101.7° [2.73° Irene, South Africa 2.°S 82°E] [25.9° S,28.22° 79°S,14.4° [7.97° 13 S,36.76°E] [1.3° [0.9° S,89.6° [5.8° Ascension Island Hanoi, Vietnam Nairobi, Kenya 1°N,84° [10° Hilo, HI,U.S. San Cristóbal, Natal, Brazil Suva, Fiji

Station N, 155.05° W] N,

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Instituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais(INPE) Instituto Nacional deMeteorologia eHidrologia Meteorological ofSuriname Service andKNMI University oftheSouth Pacific (NOAA/GMD) American Samoa Observatory (NOAA/GMD)American Samoa Observatory Lembaga Penerbangan danAntariksaNasional (LAPAN) [Indonesian Institute ofAeronautics Administration andJapan Agency forMarine- [Brazilian Space Agency],GSFC,andNASA’s University ofCostaRica(atseveral locations) Centre National delaRecherche Scientifique Université delaRéunion, Météo-France, and Earth Scienceand Earth Technology (JAMSTEC) [National Meteorological andHydrological Vietnam Meteorological andHydrological Mauna Loa Observatory (NOAA/GMD)Mauna LoaObservatory Kenyan Meteorological and Department Malaysian Meteorological Department September -October2019 South African Weather Service U.S. AirForce andGSFC Partner Organization Wallops Flight Facility Institute ofEcuador] Méteoswiss and Space] (CNRS) Operational 1998–2008; 1998–2008; 1998–2010; 1998–2010; 1998–2011; 2012–2019 2012–2016 2012–2018 1998–2019 1998–2018 2016–2019 1999–2018 2013–2018 2005–2019 1998–2019 1998–2019 1998–2013 2004–2018 1998–2019 and assemblies. meetings, conferences, major scientific colleagues atworkshops, interactions with investigators isthrough among SHADOZ exchange information for opportunity Another important Years Volume 31,Issue5 Number of O Obtained 3 Profiles 1054 374 442 427 905 647 710 748 653 605 752 343 268 437 *

feature articles 07 feature articles 08 The Earth Observer The Earth archives... website andsecondary through the GSFC profile sets are available 8000 ozone andPTU Currently, more than exceeded expectations: sustainability goalhas record, theSHADOZ With a20-year 9 8 7 Ozone Sondes (ASOPOS) actively engagedintheAssessmentofStandardpartners Operating Procedures for taking atthestation.Asecondreason isthatdistributeddataprocessing by SHADOZ empowers inbuildingcapacityforongoingdata- theoperator–sponsorpartnership Technological Accomplishments” onpage12formore information.Thispractice use consensus-basedprocedures foroperationsanddata-processing—see “SHADOZ racy and5-15%precision throughout theprofile by havingstationdatasuppliers at GSFC.One reason forthisisthatSHADOZhasachieved ~3%totalozone accu- that theSHADOZdataarchiving protocol doesnotinclude centralized processing conditionsforthecalibration. final backgroundOf noteis current, andlaboratory ozonesonde andradiosondeserialnumbers,compositionofthesensingsolution, metadata—data aboutthedata—are transmittedwitheachrecord. Theseinclude andcalibratedpriortolaunch,extensive Because instrument each sondeisanew merges) thatare evaluated withSHADOZdata. products (e.g.,assimilatedmodeloutputandmultisatellite time, creating secondary Monitoring System (CAMS)inEurope isingestingmanysatellitedatasetsinnear-real Aura Validation Data Center(AVDC) Copernicus atGSFC.Thenew Atmospheric include the World Ozone andUltraviolet Data Centre (WOUDC), NDACC, andthe available through theGSFCwebsite (provided archives, which earlier)andsecondary exceeded expectations:Currently, more than8000ozone andPTUprofile setsare SHADOZ Archiver. With a20-year record, theSHADOZsustainabilitygoalhas 6 (INTEX-NA), ofIntercontinentalin support Chemical Transport Experiment–North America These port. Intensive Ozonesonde Network Studies (IONS)have beenassembled were organized toanswer questionsonpollutantchemicalsources andtrans- campaigns, several ozonesonde networks thatlastedthrough thevarious campaigns scientific questions. For example,coincidentwithseveral NASA-sponsored aircraft 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.002), tocoordinate launchesthataddress specific in a2011paperAtmospheric Environment by theleadauthorandothers;DOI: Another SHADOZspinoff owes totheconcept of astrategic sondenetwork (described Pacific in2014—are themost recent additions tothecampaignarchive. Airborne Studies inthe Tropics campaign,whichtookplaceinthewestern (CAST) Manus Island, Papua New Guinea (inthewestern Pacific)—during theCoordinated Experiment (INDOEX)period, The earliestcampaigndataintheSHADOZarchive isfrom the1999 Indian Ocean forseveral tropical asadatarepository fieldcampaigns. ple, SHADOZhasserved As testimonytoitssuccess,several SHADOZspinoffsshouldbenoted. For exam- SHADOZ Spinoffs ing, where one“bigmistake” isarisk. Southern AfricaRegional ScienceInitiative (SAFARI)-2000. from Lusaka, Zambia (15.4°S,28.3°E)were during the collectedwithNASAsupport Ocean. Extra soundingsattheIrene, South Africa,SHADOZstation,andasmallset inthe Indian and53profiles fromtransatlantic cruise theKaashidooobservatory quality andclimate. Learn more at https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/intexna/intexna.htm. tion ofgasesand aerosols on transcontinentalandintercontinental scales andtheirimpactonair more, visithttps://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dataset_lister.pl?p=18. atmosphere processes conductedfrom 1999-2001inthesouthernAfricanregion. To learn tion from Southeast Asiaintothe Indian Ocean. To learnmore, visithttp://www-indoex.ucsd.edu. ASOPOS/ASOPOS_node.html. sounding stations.Learnmore athttps://www.fz-juelich.de/iek/iek-8/EN/Expertise/Infrastructure/ data ofhighqualitythatare comparableacross theapproximately 60active globalozone defining easytofollow operatingprocedures thatcanbeconsistentlyimplementedtoprovide Organization’s Global Atmosphere (WMO) Watch (GAW) Programme withtheintentof INTEX-NA was a major NASA science campaign to understand the transport andtransforma - wasamajorNASAscience campaigntounderstandthe transport INTEX-NA SAFARI 2000wasaninternational scienceinitiative to studythelinkagesbetween landand INDOEX wasamultinational scientificstudydesignedtomeasure ofairpollu- thetransport ASOPOSwasimplementedin2001,undertheauspicesof World Meteorological September -October2019 9 Arctic Research oftheComposition Troposphere from Aircraft 6 process shouldbemore reliable thanwithcentralprocess- 7 including25profiles from NOAA’s Aerosols99 8 Soundings retrieved over Volume 31,Issue5 time. Scientificcontributionsfallintofourbroad areas: availability ofSHADOZdatawasimmediateandthattheimpacthasgrown over of additionalrelevant publications.Theliterature shows thatpositive response tothe that theSHADOZwebsite containstenfull-textarchival papersandlistshundreds edging useofSHADOZdataorreferencing archival SHADOZpublications,such SHADOZ project personnelscantheliterature annuallyforpublicationsacknowl- Scientific Contributionsand Uses ofSHADOZ Data profiles—many forunique,previously unsampled Americanlocations. North (LaRC) and WOUDC. ThecompleteIONSdatasetnumbersmore than1000 the Atmospheric ScienceData Center(ASDC)atNASA’s LangleyResearch Center SHADOZ Archiver thedatawere duringthecampaigns.Afterward, transmittedto format anddistributedinnear-real scienceteamsby the timetotheparticipating mately 1:30PMlocaltime.IONSdatawere postedtoGSFCwebsites inSHADOZ were thenorminIONS,scheduledtocoincidewithAura overpasses atapproxi- Climate ChangeCanada)andincludeduptoseven Canadianstations.Daily launches networks were alsocoordinated withEnvironment Canada(now Environment and GSFC andGMDpartnered inorganizingalloftheIONS;first three IONS toc/10.1002/(ISSN)2169-8996.AURA1. validation. Tosatellite Aura Validation publishedin2007and2008 tolearnmore about how SHADOZ isusedfor Clouds, andClimateCouplingby Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS). The Earth Observer The Earth 12 larc.nasa.gov/missions/seac4rs. emissions impactatmosphericcomposition andclimate. To learnmore, visithttps://www-air. ral emissionsare redistributed viadeepconvection throughout thetroposphere andhow these 11 North Pole. To learnmore, visithttps://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/arctas/arctas.html. understand thechangingatmospheric compositionintheclimaticallysensitive regions nearthe 10 and Satellites (ARCTAS), papers listedattheSHADOZwebsite; refer to the SHADOZwebsite tolearnmore. The remainder ofthissectiongives a representative findings from samplingofimportant SEAC4RS wasafieldcampaignbasedoutof Houston,TX, tostudyhow pollutionandnatu- ARCTAS toconductintensive wasaninternational effort research intheArctic, tobetter Refer tothespecialissuesofJournal ofGeophysical Research-Atmospheres focusedon • Ozone trend studiesinwhichdatafrom multipleSHADOZstationsare often • Reference tropical ozone profiles formodelintercomparisons thatbeganaround the • Climatologicalanalyses recording • onboard. of Aura, withfourozone sensors SHADOZ wasthe2004launch for NASAtokeepextending milestone andmajormotivation profile climatologies.Animportant development, andthecreation of Satellite validation, algorithm combined intoonesetofstratospheric profiles. and uncertainties. use specifiedinputsandscenariostoevaluate modeloutputfor robust predictions year 2000.In theseexercises, andchemical-climatemodels chemical-transport tropics andsubtropics. cal ozone variability across the temporal,vertical, andgeographi- SHADOZ data. that are beingvalidated using over 20satelliteinstruments 12

Figure 2displays download theseissues,seehttps://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10 andStudies ofEmissions andAtmospheric Composition,

September -October2019 11

over time. the impacthasgrown immediate andthat SHADOZ datawas to theavailability of that positive response The literature shows Image credit: Debra Kollonige e.g., N19standsforNOAA 19. forNOAAonline. N#isshort #, text orcanbeeasilylookedup one are eitherdefinedinthe allbut missions/instruments; commonly usedacronyms for indicated. Note: They-axislists and lifetimesbeyond 2019are validation. Expected launches will useSHADOZdatafor thathave usedor instruments satellite ozone-observing bars), andfuture (red bars) (orange bars),current (green Figure 2. Timeline ofpast Volume 31,Issue5

feature articles 09 feature articles 10 The Earth Observer The Earth biomass burning season. biomass burning during the West African over theNorth Atlantic the SouthAtlantic than column amountover tropospheric ozone which refers toagreater Atlantic ozone paradox, discovered theso-called The Aerosols99 cruise middle: Ryan Stauffer top, bottom:Debra Kollonige; would expect.Image credit: are oppositefrom whatone paradox, becausetheresults 3 onmap).Thisthenisthe where there are nofires (Zone map) thansouthoftheEquator there are active fires (Zone 2on Northern Hemisphere where ozone values are lower inthe fire season. Notice that tropical biomass the northern Vessel Ronald H.Brown during onNOAA’scruise Research the trans-Atlantic Aerosols99 on pages10-11)captured in paradox (discussedintext shows tropical Atlantic ozone 1998–2017. Bottomimage from soundingsobtainedfrom 19° SandNlatitude), stations (alllocatedbetween for thetentropical SHADOZ average ozone mixingratios the zonal structure basedon pattern. Middle imageshows illustrates thezonal wave-one total ozone measurements, an average of1998EP/TOMS Figure 3. Top image,basedon Atlantic counterpart duringtheDecember–January–FebruaryAtlantic counterpart periodduetosubsidence. confirmedthat observations South Atlantic tropospheric ozone isgreater thanits North West Africanbiomassburningseason—seebottomofFigure. Follow-on 3 SHADOZ ozone column amountover theSouth Atlantic thanover theNorth Atlantic duringthe discovered theso-calledAtlantic ozone paradox, whichrefers toagreater tropospheric which makesitanexcellent dynamicaltracer. The (mentionedearlier) Aerosols99 cruise Ozone inthefree tropical troposphere hasalifetimeofbetween aweek andamonth, the Tropical Tropopause (TTL) Layer SHADOZ Discoveries: The Tropical Atlantic Ozone Paradox, El Niño Complexities,and Equatorial stratosphericozone iszonally invariant. one patternresulted from atropospheric ozone pattern(seemiddleofFigure 3),as tion andzonal coverage of theSHADOZsondedata,itbecameclearthatwave- located inthestratosphere, thetroposphere, orboth?With resolu- thesuperiorvertical intotalozone over5-20 DUobserved thetropical Atlantic relative tothe Western Pacific was amotivating goalforSHADOZ.Thequestionatthetimewas:Is theadditional like standingwave-one (e.g.,seetopofFigure 3),wasfirstpointedoutin1987,and total ozone seenby satellite.Thispattern,whichisso-namedbecausethegraphlooks SHADOZ datawere usedtohelpresolve thelocationofazonal wave-one patternin SHADOZ Provides Answers: Where intheAtmosphere is Tropical Atlantic Ozone “Maximum”? September -October2019 Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth Programme (UNEP)/WMO Nations Environmental for SHADOZin theUnited studies andanongoingrole rise todozens ofozone trend satellite records, hasgiven set, alongwithmergedmulti- The 20-year SHADOZdata- Ozone andRelated Assessments SHADOZ Data Contributeto physically based. that thevariations are more atmospheric conditions,so to correlate withdifferent these distinctshapestend were created by SOM.Ratherthan astandard average (solidgraylinesinFigure 4), (SOM). innovative oftheseappliesamachinelearningtechniquecalledself-organizingmaps with agoalofmore-meaningful statisticsformodelevaluation. Perhaps themost Researchers have trieddifferent approaches totropospheric ozone climatologies would bedifficulttoestimateerrors andlimitationsinthesatelliteinstruments. satellite studies. Without thesedatafrom acritical,dynamicregion oftheglobe,it SHADOZ data(describedabove) isusedtovalidate tropospheric ozone mapsfrom ozone sensitivityinthetroposphere. Thetropical wave onepatterndeducedfrom the SHADOZ hasledtoagreater understandingofspaceborneinstrument-derived Precursor satellite.Theincreased tropical longitudinalcoverage provided by Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) ontheEuropean CopernicusSentinel-5 the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS),onAqua, andthe TROPOspheric and Profiler Suite (OMPS)onthe Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, the ozone retrieval algorithmusedby TOMS, SBUV, OMI,theOzone Mapping can becreated. Several oftheseclimatologiesare currently beingusedinversions of tologies. When combined withdatafrom MLS,afullozone profile climatology SHADOZ hasbeenessentialinformulatingnew, more-accurate ozone profile clima- SHADOZ Data ContributetoNew Retrieval Algorithms andOzone Climatologies the isatthenexusofinteractionsbetween changingozoneTTL andclimate. of thedynamical,chemical,andradiative ofthisregion properties continuebecause between 2002and2009,largelyonthebasisofSHADOZozone data.Investigations sphere andthestratosphere. This region wascharacterized inseveral studiespublished tudes between ~14and18km(~9to11mi)clearlydistinctfrom boththetropo- ortropopauseThe tropical transition tropopause layer (TTL), layer , isazone atalti- impacts onlower-stratospheric andfree tropospheric ozone. Since then,numerous publicationshave usedSHADOZdatatodocumentENSO area amplifiedincreases intropospheric ozone caused by fires burningin Indonesia. complexity oftheprocesses atwork: theanomalousdynamical conditionsover that obtainedatthe observations Watukosek (locatedinIndonesia) stationrevealed the elevated ozone levels over southeastAsiaatthat time.Only SHADOZozonesonde launched in1996].Many studiesusedsatellitedatatodeterminethesource ofthe the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer (TOMS) onNASA’s Probe Earth satellite, [e.g.,fromin Indonesia from satelliteobservations atthattimecouldbeobserved region more vulnerabletofires thanusual. Indeed, there wasalargewildfire outbreak wide. The1997-98event ledtoextreme drought over Southeast Asia,makingthe warms temperatures inthetropical Pacific Ocean, andalters weather patternsworld- extremely strong 1997-98El-Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)event. El Niño The beginningofSHADOZozone measurements in1998coincidedwiththe Figure 4 displaysfourclustersofAscensiontropospheric ozone profiles that September -October2019

credit: biomass fires upwind. Image ing tothepeakperiodofAfrican amounts ofozone, correspond- Cluster 4,by contrast, haselevated with enhancedconvective activity. mixing ratios,andisassociated Cluster 1hasthelowest ozone flux) indicatesthatforAscension, velocity potential,convective mass of meteorological parameters(e.g., lines oneitherside.Examination tile rangeindicatedby thedashed the twentieth toeightiethpercen- with all mean(solidgraycurve), thatdeviatefrom anovercurve) - are associatedwithmeans(black Approximately halftheprofiles cluster inthefourpanelsabove. ratio profiles shown foreach for Ascension,withozone mixing technique identifiedfourclusters SHADOZ station.TheSOM shown fortheAscensionIsland discussed inthetext.Data are organizing map(SOM)technique were organized usingtheself- Figure 4.Theseozone profiles climatologies. accurate ozone profile new,formulating more- been essentialin SHADOZ has Volume 31,Issue5 Ryan Stauffer

feature articles 11 feature articles 12 The Earth Observer The Earth instruments. of manyoverlapping and intercomparison the ongoingevaluation systems isaccelerating data fast-turnaround SHADOZ datainto the ingestionof become operational, moreAs satellites a publicationon recommended solutions,andbestpractices insonde instruments, the Balloon Experiment onStandards forOzone Sondes (BESOS),were thebasis for The findingsofJOSIE-2000 alongwiththe results from a2004fieldexperiment, low (high)inJOSIE-2000were alsolower (higher) intheSHADOZdata. profiles were referenced that were toanall-SHADOZmean,theinstruments biased the SHADOZrecord. That is, whenthestratosphericsegmentoftropical SHADOZ Thesebiases in werewith asingletypeofinstrument. consistent withoffsetsobserved aswell aswhendifferentused inthetwotypesofinstruments solutiontypesare tested other words, there isalwaysadifference inmeasured ozone whenthesamesolutionis tion ofthesensingsolution.Thesetwosources ofbiasshow upinsimilarways. In differently. Anothersource ofbiasarisesfrom differences inthechemical composi- Environmental Science(EN-SCI),andeachcompanydesignsitsozonesonde slightly i.e., there are twoozonesonde manufacturers, SciencePump Corporation(SPC)and different techniques were used. One source ofthebiasesisdifferences insonde type— tant outcomewasthecharacterizationofsystematicoffsetsin ozone readings when tookplacein2000.Animpor- The firstJOSIEcampaignwithSHADOZparticipants SHADOZ andtheJOSIECampaigns at onceandsimulatestypicalozone, pressure, andtemperature profiles. is organized around anozonesonde testchamberthataccommodatesfourinstruments World CalibrationCenterforOzone Sondes (WCCOS), alsoinGermany. WCCOS Forschungszentrum (FZ)-Jülich (Germany), withHerman G.J.Smit asPI ofthe the Jülich Ozonesonde organized by Intercomparison the Experiments (JOSIE), team hasbecomealeaderintheinternationalozonesonde intercomparisons called (described earlier),beusedatSHADOZstations.More theSHADOZ important, theelectrochemicalonly onetypeofozonesonde concentration instrument, cellsonde the qualityofsondemeasurements inseveral ways.First, SHADOZ specifiedthat had amajorimpactonglobalozone measurements. SHADOZhashelpedtoraise community tostandardize procedures andtoimprove accuracyandprecision has bytheinternational ofSHADOZinefforts The activeozonesonde participation SHADOZ TechnologicalAccomplishments ing evaluation andintercomparison ofmanyoverlapping instruments. ingestion ofSHADOZdataintofast-turnaround datasystemsisacceleratingtheongo- to possiblebiasesamongSHADOZstations.Asmore satellitesbecomeoperational,the ground-based lidars.Conversely, arangeofsatellite–sondeoffsetsinthetropics points been especiallyusefulfordetectingdriftandbiasesamonglimb-soundingsatellites ical SHADOZsondedata—withafairlyinvariant stratosphericsetofprofiles—have With anincreasing numberofsatelliteslastingadecadeormore (seeFigure 2),thetrop- questions. and otherimportant for free tropospheric andlower stratosphericozone thatare helpfulinanswering these The reprocessed SHADOZdatadisplayseasonaland regional differences in trends Current questionsbeingresearched include: activities/TOAR) reports. lotus-report) and Tropospheric Ozone Assessment(TOAR; http://www.igacproject.org/ Uncertainties intheStratosphere (LOTUS; https://events.spacepole.be/event/56/page/94- Ozone Assessments,andintherecently publishedLong-termOzone Trends and Are themaindrivers forinterannualozone variability chemicalordynamical? • Has ozone inthelowermost stratosphere really decreased inthepasttwodecades? • Is tropical tropospheric ozone increasing and—ifso—inwhichgeographical • regions? September -October2019 Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth ASOPOS team isupdatingthe Climate Change Canada.The NASA, andEnvironment and have beenconductedby NOAA, andfieldtests Related laboratory the JOSIE–SHADOZdataset. There isongoingevaluation of conclude that: profiles from thetestchamberto dent referee teamexamined80 andanindepen- participants tions andspecialtraining.JOSIE inJOSIE-SHADOZopera- two eachfrom AfricaandsoutheastAsia)toparticipate Programme eightSHADOZoperators(fourfrom thetropical supported Americas, the Vienna Convention Trust Fund operatedby theUnited Nations Environment batches.Asabonus, in SHADOZandarangeofSPCEN-SCIinstrument combinationsused D-17-0311.1). Thetestincludedalltheinstrument–solution American Meteorological Society, https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS- at the WCCOS by theleadauthorinBulletin (describedina2019article ofthe To address theseissues,aJOSIE–SHADOZExperiment wasconductedin2017, JOSIE–SHADOZ Experiment lowgated toartifact ozone values nearthetropopause. among stationsintheprelaunch sondebackground ozone current sometimespropa- time-series. (Anexampleisshown inFigure 5 —described indetailbelow). Variations trendschanged thesolutiontypebetween 1998and2010,whichledtoartifact inthe facturers twicebetween 2012and2015.In addition,several SHADOZstations had Among thesewere apparent changesintheEN-SCIsonde—whichchangedmanu- records expanded,several round issuesemergedthatcalledforanew ofchambertests. Nonetheless, duringthepastdecade,astime-series forSHADOZandothersonde total columnozonesonde measurement to3-5%orbetter. “Reprocessing” onpage14),hasreduced stationbiasesandoverall forthe uncertainty ing procedures by stationsworldwide,alongwithreprocessing ofoldersondedata(see documents/GAW_201.pdf) by theASOPOS team.Theadoptionofstandard operat- preparation: WMO/GAW Report No. 201 (https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ there were noconsistent • air careful handlingwithdry • Thebiasesamongthe • mended going forward. mended goingforward. areinstruments recom- both EN-SCIandSPC periodic WCCOS testsfor 2017 were evaluated) but from 2011- (instruments problems withEN-SCI measurements; and is essentialforhigh-precision during pre-launch calibration tions at most SHADOZsites) (to counteracthumidcondi- in 2017; JOSIE-2000 were confirmed combinations reported for solution instrument-sensing

(Sonde-Satellite)/Sonde (%) Total Column O3 (DU) September -October2019 bottom: Ryan Stauffer Top stratosphere. amounts are typicalforthemid- at the15hPa level. Theseoffset passes (2005–2018)inpercent sondes andMLSonAura over- ozone measured from the graph shows offsetsbetween measurements. Thebottom Suomi NPP/OMPSoverpass EP/TOMS, Aura/OMI and different symbols representing satellite-measured TCO—with complete reprocessed datato son (%offset)of TCO from the middle graphshows compari- homogenizes therecord. The Reprocessing ofpre-2009 data TCO decreased by 11DU. tion, afterwhichthemean ment–solution combina- WMO-recommended- instru the result ofadoptionthe that isevidentafter2009 The discontinuityinthedata sondes over Nairobi, Kenya. ozone (TCO) from SHADOZ time-series oftotalcolumn Figure 5.Thetopgraphshows , Volume 31,Issue5 middle: Debra Kollonige; Image credits:

feature articles 13 feature articles 14 The Earth Observer The Earth released inMarch 2019. SHADOZ datathatwere produce theversion 6.0 and reprocessed to profile wasevaluated stations. Every single including 14SHADOZ in thepast5years— have beenreprocessed ozonesonde stations Records forroughly 30 esonde totalcolumnO section ofreprocessed ozon- Figure 6.Longitudinalcross O sentative stationtotalcolumn profiles usedforeach repre- The numbersofozonesonde [x symbolwith±1σ(bars)]. OMI–OMPS overpass columns ing)] andthecollective meanof TCO, circles with±1σ(shad- Image credit: Debra Kollonige 3 are inthe Table onpage7. 3, or for ozonesonde observations. metrics forthereprocessed dataexplainsmuchoftheusercommunity’s enthusiasm 7-8%, withhalfthestationsindisagreement by more than10%.Theimproved from TOMS), publishedin2003,showed thatthemeansonde–satelliteoffsetwas comparison ofSHADOZ TCO measurements andsatelliteoverpasses (atthattime stations. Theagreement forallbutonestationiswithin3%. In contrast,thefirst overpasses andthereprocessed sondemeasurements atall14long-termSHADOZ Summarized inFigure 6are themeanagreements in TCO between theOMI–OMPS are displayed inthebottomimageofFigure 5. measurements from theNairobi sondesandMLSretrievals inthemiddlestratosphere vations from OMIandOMPS.Comparisons between reprocessed stratosphericozone (TCO) datafrom reprocessed SHADOZprofiles at Nairobi, Kenya, relative toobser- The middleimageof Figure 5shows anupdatedcomparisonoftotalcolumnozone papers attheSHADOZwebsite. of totalcolumnandprofile ozone before andafter reprocessing appearinfourarchival posted attheSHADOZwebsite. Reprocessing andcomparisons details,uncertainties, data thatwere released inMarch 2019.Uncertainties ineachozone reading are also single profile wasevaluated and reprocessed toproduce the version 6.0SHADOZ have been reprocessed inthepast5years—including 14SHADOZstations.Every the JOSIEandfieldexperiment results. Records for roughly 30ozonesonde stations functions (labeled TF inFigure 5)amongdifferent andsolutionsbasedon instrument Homogenization-V2-19November2012.pdf). Theguidelinesincludeso-calledtransfer das.uwyo.edu/~deshler/NDACC_O3Sondes/O3s_DQA/O3S-DQA-Guidelines%20 ing, or“homogenizing,” sonderecords tocorrect fortheinconsistencies(http://www- image ofFigure 5.TheASOPOSteamhasdocumentedprocedures for reprocess- worldwide have records compromised by discontinuities—asillustratedinthetop andproceduresBecause instruments changeover time,dozens ofsondestations Reprocessing The uncertainties. results willapplytoallsoundings,notonlythose inthetropics. WMO/GAW No. 201Report andaddingadefinitive assessmentofozone profile September -October2019 Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth century ozone observations. century has transformeda50-year-old technologyintoanintegralelementoftwenty-first- ing aleadingrole inaglobalsonde network ofapproximately 100stations,SHADOZ cated communityoftechnicians,sonderesearchers, sponsors,anddatausers.By play- SHADOZ exemplifies thesuccessofastrategicallydesignednetwork builtonadedi- to address onozone measurements. theeffectofchangingradiosondeinstruments the highestpossiblestandards. Indeed, theozonesonde communityisonlybeginning tomaintain willbenecessary periodic labandfieldevaluations ofsondeperformance Ozonesonde isnotstatic,andongoingevaluations, reprocessing, instrumentation and meet therigorous requirements ofthesatelliteretrieval andtrends communities. in betteragreement sothedatabetter withindependent,ground-based instruments, ization oftechnique.In addition,reprocessing ofSHADOZdatayieldssonde NDACC, andothergroups, alongwithuserfeedback,hasledtogreater standard- The process through ofperiodicevaluation theASOPOS, ofsondeperformance underrepresented regions, e.g.,west Africa,southAsia. and climate.Theproject islookingforsponsorsandoperatorstoextendSHADOZ ments inaregion oftheatmosphere inozone thatishighlysensitive toperturbations have been richanddiverse, creating agrowing demandforhigh-resolution measure- impact extendingfarbeyond theoriginalSHADOZobjectives. Thescientificfindings with anopen,user-friendlywebsite hasproduced anarchive ofozone profiles with leading role intheglobalozone measurements community. Awell-coordinated team gic ozonesonde network operatinginthepreviously data-sparsetropics hasplayed a This retrospective hasdescribedhow on20 years ofSHADOZobservations astrate- Conclusion [GSFC/SSAI] hasrecently assumedtheArchiver responsibilities. SHADOZ from 1998through April co-authorDebra Kollonige 2019.Article mative SHADOZArchive and Website contributedgreatly tothesuccessof Science Systems andApplications, Inc. (SSAI)],whoseuser-friendlyandinfor- [2008–present]. Theauthorsalsowishto recognize Jacquelyn Witte [GSFC/ at NASAHeadquarters: Michael Kurylo, 1998–2007and Kenneth Jucks, program managersfortheUpper Atmosphere Research Program (UARP) NASA’s ScienceMission Directorate and,inparticular, ofthe thesupport are The authorsofthisarticle gratefulforthesteadysupport received from from NASA],andA.J.Miller [NOAA] inattendance. MD, withAnneThompson(PI), Jack Kaye, andPawan “P. K.”Bhartia [all SHADOZ grew outofa1997NASA–NOAA meeting held inSilver Spring, Acknowledgments September -October2019 ozone observations. twenty-first-century an integral elementof into old technology transformed a50-year- stations, SHADOZhas approximately 100 sonde network of role inaglobal By playingaleading Volume 31,Issue5

feature articles 15 feature articles 16 The Earth Observer The Earth included Lego(seePhotos 1-2),TheBoeingCompany, event. In andsponsors additiontoNASA,participants Office ofCommunicationsinplanningandstaffingthe Office (SSO)assistedtheNASA (HQ) Headquarters Mission Directorate (SMD)andScienceSupport of exhibitsandhands-onactivities.NASA’s Science pated andhadnumerous tentssetupwithavariety oftheApolloversary 11Moon landing.NASApartici- 2019 in Washington, DC,tohonorthefiftiethanni- hosted acelebrationontheNational Mall July 18–20, The Smithsonian’s National Airand Space Museum Introduction Moore,Alan Ward bottom : shown] thatdrew largecrowds.Image credits: Top 38,000-piece, life-sized LegoApollo Astronaut modelondisplay[not the photodoesn’t capture thewhole SLSstructure. There wasalsoa tive, theboy inthephoto(Brady Ward) is~6-ft(~1.8-m)tall—and 198,000 Legopieces—andweighing 1000 lbs(~454kg).For perspec- humansbacktotheMoon,[bottom] thatwillcarry madeupof (~6.1-m) tallLegomodeloftheSpace LaunchSystem (SLS)rocket creativeto entertain designersofallageswhovisited[top]anda20-ft Photos 1-2.TheLegoexhibitprovided binsofmulticolored Legos Doug Bennett, Global Scienceand Technology, Inc./NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, [email protected] Alan B. Ward, Global Scienceand Technology, Inc./NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, [email protected] Moon Landing ofApollo11 NASA CelebratesFiftiethAnniversary Remembering ApollofromPointofView: anEarthly : NASA/Connie September -October2019 Solar S ofthelarger ispart to holditinorbit,andEarth International Space Station (ISS)—seePhoto 3. lunar orbitasa“stepping stone” togetthere; andthe and sustainedhumanpresence ontheMoon andin NASA hopestoeventually explore, usingarenewed has ambitiousplanstoreturn by 2024;Mars, where NASA activitiesfocusedontheMoon, where NASA and Reenactment onpage20.Therefore, mostofthe of July 19and20—seeApollo 11LaunchRetrospective which includedalaunchreenactment ontheevenings The focusoftheevent wasthe Apollo 11anniversary, Event Overview to thepersistentandextreme heatandhumidity. however, lower wassomewhat actualparticipation due overwould participate thethree daysoftheevent; dards. It wasoriginallyprojected that50,000people out ontheNational Mall—even by “July inDC”stan- By allaccounts,itwasanextremely hotweekend tobe readyjetgo) program/app. System (PBS)KidsReady Jet Go (https://pbskids.org/ Raytheon Company, andthePublic Broadcasting described inthefollowing pages. emphasison the exhibitsinNASA’sprimary Earth Tent, are the focusoftheremainder withthe ofthisarticle, activities.Theseactivities number ofEarth-focused How creditAlan Ward: PhotoThe ISScurrently scienceinstruments. hostssixNASAEarth is intendedtogive perspective ontheapproximate size ofthestation. enclosed inaplasticcase.Thefootballfieldbelo Photo 3.One oftheISS-themedtentsincludedamodelISS ever, there wouldbeno “Moon”ever, withoutEarth ystem, soitwasfittingthatthere were alsoa Volume 31,Issue5 w [100yards (~91.4m)] The Earth Observer The Earth Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) activity Earth’s There surface. was alsoa Gravity Recovery and different objectsthesatellite passes over asitmoves along Legos of theobjectbelow thesatellite.For thisdemonstration, time iscounted,thereby enablingustocalculatetheheight returnsurface, tothesensor, andtheirround-trip travel bounceoffobjectsonEarth’ssignals from theinstrument with ultrasoundwaves thatalaserdoeswithvisiblelight: detector, whichemploys thesamemeasurement principle a laser, themodel—shown inPhoto 6—usedamotion (ICESat-2) collectselevation data.For safety, inlieuof on theIce, CloudandlandElevation Satellite-2 Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) The Ice exhibitincludedademonstrationofhow the Ice Exhibit Photo credit: NASA was asteadyflow ofvisitorstotheEarth Tent throughout theevent. celebration[topphoto],andfrom inside[bottomphoto].There sary Mall viewed from the outsideduringtheApollo 11fiftiethanniver- Photo 4-5:Thesephotosshow NASA’s Earth Tent onthe National visitors’ knowledge oftheMoon andEarth. exhibit focusedoncitizen science;andaquiztotest toBenefitand Observation the Environment (GLOBE) Ice, Land, Water, andAir/Carbon;aGlobal Learning exhibits highlightingNASA’s research intherealms of scienceresearching majorNASAEarth areas, including Inside thetentwasaseriesofhands-onactivitiescover- draw duringtheApollo celebration. 11fiftiethanniversary clearly adistinctive presence ontheMall, andwasabig The inflatableEarth Tent—shown inPhotos 4-5—was Science Research NASA’s Earth Tent Showcases NASA’s Earth ® andaplasticglaciermodelwere usedtorepresent September -October2019

four different Landsatimagetimeseries—seePhoto 7. ity, demonstratingland-usechangesover timeusing The Landexhibitincludedan“interactive cubes” activ- Land Exhibit broken free from Pine Island Glacier. Icebergobserved B-46—justover aweek afterithad 7, 2018,thesamedaythatanOperation IceBridge flight image wasalsoshown thatwasobtainedonNovember all imageswere obtainedinearlyJanuary. AnotherLandsat events between 2001(Landsat7)and20198); Glacier inAntarctica usedtoillustrateicebergcalving an activitywithaseriesofLandsatimagesPine Island measured icelossinGreenland, Antarctica, andAlaska. that usedthree largeicecubestorepresent theGRACE- the NASAIce exhibit.Photo credit: NASA (GSFC)] demonstratetheICESat-2 missionmeasurement, of aspart BaltimoreMaryland, County/NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Photo 6.Jack Lacey [NASAHQ]andChrisShuman [University of 2 1 Alan Ward images shown onthecubefacesinchronological order. Photo credit: task forvisitorswastoputoneormore ofthefoursetsLandsat Photo 7.The“interactive cubes” were oftheLandexhibit.The part each representing agigatonoficeloss. Each ofthelargecubeswasfilledwithsmallercubes, yet enoughGRACE–FO datatoupdatethecalculation. GRACE mission—notGRACE–FO—because there isnot x width depth)of2.5Empire statebuildings. sized swimmingpools,and wouldfillthe volume (i.e., height it isequivalent totheamountofwater in400,000Olympic- To helpconceptualize how muchwateragigaton represents, This measurement wasdoneusingdatafrom theoriginal Volume 31,Issue5 2 Finally, there was 1

feature articles 17 feature articles 18 The Earth Observer The Earth showcasing LandsatimagesofEarth—see Land exhibitalsofeatured interactiv recognized Photo from space,e.g.,airports—see 8.The tify theirhomesandotherfamiliarlocalesthatare easily Chesapeake Bay region thatvisitorscouldusetoiden- Ear Also related toLand,butoutsideandadjacentthe themed tents.)Photo creditAlan Ward: a circular Moon jigsaw puzzle[notshown] atoneoftheother Moon- who persevered backtogether. andsuccessfullyputEarth (There was Earth Tent. Thetwogroups shown here were amongthemanyvisitors of theNASALandexhibit.Thiswas a popularattractioninsidethe Photos 9-10. visitors. Photo credit: NASA the LandsatmapofChesapeakeBay tosomeNASALandexhibit Systems andApplications, Inc./GSFC] endures theheattoexplain Photo 8.Just outsidetheEarth Tent, AllisonNussbaum [Science th Tent,wasalarge(8x10-ft)Landsatmapofthe Two were circular jigsawpuzzlesdepictingEarth part e tabletoppuzzles Photos 9-10. September -October2019 Earth mission contributes toadvancing ourunderstandingof bodies changeovertime. ocean Earth international partnerstomakethefirstglobalsurveyof French ocean-ographersandhydrologists SWOT satellitemissionbringstogetherU.S.and tion informationtodirectlybenefitsociety. The extends currentcapabilitiesofusingsatelliteprecipita- ing ofextremeeventsthatcausenaturaldisasters,and information handout—see on aniPad,withaccompanyingSWOTmapand Water andOcean Measurement (GPM)missionactivityandaSurface The WaterexhibitfeaturedaGlobalPrecipitation Water Exhibit tions aboutthedistributionofcarbondioxide (CO Station, ques- andisdesignedtoinvestigate important OCO-3, whichismountedontheInternational Space 3(OCO-3)instrument. Orbiting CarbonObservatory The Air/Carbonexhibitfeatured amodelofthe Air/Carbon Exhibit mission. Photo credit: NASA GPM missionactivityandinformationontheupcomingSWOT Tent explorers through theNASA Water exhibit,whichincludeda Photo 11.LauraLorenzoni [NASAHQ]guidestwoyoung Earth The exhibithighlightedanexampleofthedetailedCO asitrelateson Earth togrowing urbanpopulations. to learnmore. predecessor missiontoOCO-3)thatvisitorscouldtake handouts related tocarbon, OCO-3,andOCO-2(the in Photo 12onpage19.There were alsoa variety of has increased since2002—seethecomputerscreen The exhibitalsoincludedavisualizationofhow CO changing patternsoffossilfuelcombustion,globally. measurements NASAmakesover cities,aswell asthe ’ ’ ’s surfacetopogra-phy, andmeasurehowwater s surfacewater,observethefinedetailsof s waterandenergycycles,improves theforecast- Topography (SWOT)missionquiz Photo 11 Volume 31,Issue5 . TheGPM 2 ) 2

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The Earth Observer The Earth 3 height (tohelpverify ICESat-2 data). tion dataforsatellite-basedlandcover maps),andtree outbreaks couldoccur),landcover (toprovide verifica- model forecasts ofwhere mosquito-related disease with satellitedata),mosquitohabitats(tosupport clouds(tomatch forms), whichhelpsthemobserve app(availableObserver forbothiOSandAndroid plat- of NASAscience. Visitors were shown theGLOBE insupport 13 cancollectenvironmental observations includinghowties andopportunities, anyone over age to explainandpromote NASA’s citizen scienceactivi- The GLOBE program hostedatableinsidethetent GLOBE/Citizen ScienceExhibit Carbon exhibit,where theylearnedaboutNASA’s CO Photo 12. Visitors totheEarth Tent experiencetheNASAAir/ ments. Photo credit: NASA lite. From vantage point itsuniqueEarth-observing the Deep Space (DSCOVR) ClimateObservatory satel- Polychromaticthe Earth Imaging Camera (EPIC) on graph oftheMoon “photobombing” takenby Earth, Another popularitemdistributedby SMDwasalitho- Other Earth Tent Highlights quiz couldbeopenedtoreveal thecorrect answers. questions were answered, aflap atthebottomof answer toeachquestionby rotating adial.Once all questions—see by SMD/SSOstaff,contained10multiple-choice edge oftheMoon Eachquizboard, andEarth. created described, there wasaQuiz area totestvisitors’ knowl- In additiontothefourmainexhibitareas thathave been Earth andMoon Quizzes color_508.pdf#page=15]. eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/Nov_Dec_2017_ [VolumeThe Observer Earth 29,Issue 6,pp. 15–21—https:// System Science” intheNovember–December 2017issueof see “GLOBE Citizen Observer: ScienceinSupport ofEarth To learnmore aboutGLOBE andcitizen Observer science, Photos 13-14. Visitors couldselectan 3

September -October2019 2 measure- 4 in spaceattheL1Lagrange Point approximately one-millionmiles(~1,609,000 km)out greeted visitorsastheyentered theEarth Tent. Photo credit: NASA [top] and“How Well Do You Know andMoon?” Earth [bottom] Photo Can 13-14.QuizzesWe on“What Learnfrom theMoon?” superstorms, andwildfires. lite imagesofrecent events, includingalgalblooms, andexplorecoldest placesonEarth, geolocatedsatel- andforestnic eruptions fires, locatethehottestand the movement ofwateraround theglobe,spotvolca- concentration, andAntarctic ozone. Users couldtrace including sealevel height,atmosphericcarbondioxide which enablesuserstomonitorEarth’s vitalsigns, NASA’s The Earth Tent alsofeatured ademonstrationof returning humanstotheMoon by 2024. NASA’s sciencemission and itsgoalof ongoingEarth visitors totheEarth Tent drawaconnectionbetween togetherinanimage.Thislithographhelped and Earth year, EPIC captures therarely seenfarsideoftheMoon the Sun, aboutonemillion milesfrom Earth. system. DSCOVR and isattheL1-point,between theEarth orbiting bodies.There are five suchpointsintheEarth–Sun smaller objectwillmaintainitsposition relative tothelarge points, are thepointsneartwolargebodiesin orbit where a In celestial mechanics,the Lagrangepoints,or libration Eyes ontheEarth interactive application, 4 — roughly twicea Volume 31,Issue5

feature articles 19 feature articles 20 The Earth Observer The Earth other activities stayed ingoodspiritsthroughout the lots ofwater, staffandvisitorstotheEarth Tent and ity, there wasstill agoodturnout.Armedwithfans and a success.Despite theexcessive July heatandhumid- took considerablelogisticalplanning toorchestrate, was celebrationontheNationalanniversary Mall, which Overall, NASA’s involvement in theApollo 11fiftieth Conclusion the qualityofdailylifeforpublic. how different areas ofNASAcontributetoimproving containing spinoffmaterialsandbannersignstoexplain the NASAin Your Lifetentfeatured fourdisplaycases ments andavideopresentation displayed onamonitor, spinoffs. science-basedexperi- In additiontotwoEarth lifethroughute toeveryday technologytransferand ing how NASA’s research endeavors ultimatelycontrib- Life aimedatdemonstrat- tentwasacollaborative effort the Capitol)from theEarth Tent,in Your theNASA tentsdownLocated afew the Mall (i.e.,walkingtoward in YourNASA Life Tent crowds at night to be part of history—and thatthesoundofsimulatedlaunchwasquiteimpressive!crowds ofhistory—and atnighttobepart main event went enduringtheheatofdayand offwithoutahitch.Icanattestthatitwas well worth cell narrowly avoided us.My family—andseveral “friends”— thousandofournew andthe remained dry storm thatpassedperilouslyclosetotheMall. We worriedthatwe mightgetrainedout,butintheend While we were waiting,we were treated toalightshow from Mother Nature, ofarogue thunder- courtesy headed down theMall tofindaspotinfront ofthe Monument towatchtheshow. Museum, whichhadApollo events goingonallthrough 11anniversary theevening. Then,ataboutdusk, we tacular from friendswhoattendedthenightbefore. We spentsometimein theSmithsonian’s AirandSpace an oppressive Saturday evening in Washington, DC,waitingforthe“bigshow,” whichwe’d heard wasspec- andhisfamily wereThe leadauthorofthisarticle amongthoseinthecrowd infront ofthe Monument on Moon landing. archival footagetorecreate thelaunchofApollo ofthefirstcrewed 11—seephotobelow—and tellthestory combined full-motion,projection-mapping ontheeastfaceof artwork Washington Monument and the National AirandSpace Museum presented a17-minuteshow called,Apollo 50:Go fortheMoon, which ofthe ofthefiftiethanniversary Apollo 11missionon As part Friday and (JulySaturday evenings 19-20) Apollo 11LaunchRetrospective andReenactment Photo credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls com/watch?v=R7ayx7CuKFs. viewed athttps://www.youtube. Museum. Thefootagecanbe by theNational AirandSpace watch. Theevent wasputon National Mall bothnightsto drew largecrowds tothe of July 19and20.Theshow Monument ontheevenings the eastsideof Washington of Apollo 11wasprojected on A reenactment ofthelaunch September -October2019 5 step for(a)man,onegiantleapMankind.” human walkontheMoon’s andtake“one surface small a historicmomentwhentheworldwatchedfirst tolookbackon wasanopportunity The anniversary inthisevent. its participation ciative ofNASA’s exhibitsandexpressed gratitudefor endeavors. On thewhole,theyseemedgenuinely appre- of wonderwhenitcomestolearningaboutNASA’s event. It isclearthatthepublicstillexperiencesasense the Moon orbits—andtheonewe call home. at learningmore theplanetaround which aboutEarth, NASA’s scienceresearch diverse Earth endeavors, aimed , itwasalsoachancetodisplay of The Observer Earth notleastinthe context implemented. Lastbutcertainly far outintotheUniverse beyond ascanbepracticably to theMoon tocontinueonMars, and ultimately, as toNASA’salso achancetolookforward planstoreturn . at https://time.com/5621999/neil-armstrong-quote possibility thathe hasbeenslightlymisquotedallthese years oftheMoon—andquote uponstepping onthesurface the Learnmore aboutthepossibleoriginsofArmstrong’s famous Volume 31,Issue5  5 It was The Earth Observer The Earth Tachikawa [JSS] ASTER Science Team Leader]wife,Mrs. Yamaguchi, ASTMheld in in1992,ontheoccasionof fourth Tsukuba, Japan. Photo credit: Tetsui Participants ofthefiftiethASTERScience Team Meeting. TheASTERquiltdisplayed in front wasmade by Yasushi Yamaguchi’s [NU—Japanese The goalsofthemeeting were to: Japan (RESTEC),andUniversity of Tsukuba (UTs). Japan (GSJ),Remote Sensing Technology Centerof Environmental Studies (NIES),Geological Survey of Science and Technology National (AIST), Institute for Tokyo National (UT), Institute ofAdvanced Industrial University (IU),Nagoya University (NU),University of From Japan, were participants from JSS,Ibaraki of Hawaii (UH),andUniversity ofPittsburgh (UP). (GSFC), U.S.Geological Survey (USGS),University NASA’s (JPL), Laboratory Goddard Space Flight Center wereU.S. participants from NASA/Jet Propulsion Japan inthemeeting. andtheU.S.thatparticipated tion. Altogether, there were 41people,from both 1999), sothemeetinghadtwicecauseforcelebra- launch ofASTERonthe Terra platform(December year 2019 alsomarks ofthe thetwentieth anniversary Japan Space officesin Systems (JSS) Tokyo, Japan.The Meeting [ASTM]washeldJune 10-12,2019,atthe and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)Science Team The fiftieth Advanced SpaceborneThermal Emission Introduction discusstheneedforfuture updatestotheradio- • review thestatusofdataacquisitionprograms; • review thependingrelease oftheGlobal Digital • Yasushi Yamaguchi, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, [email protected] Michael Abrams, NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Institute California of Technology, [email protected] Team Meeting oftheFiftiethASTERScience Summary campaigns andonboard calibrationsources. metric calibrationcoefficients,basedonfield and Elevation Model (GDEM) Version 3; September -October2019 the Thermal Infrared Ground Emission Radiometer the U.S.andJapan inthe1980s.TheU.S.proposed proposed separatelybybegan astwoinstruments System’sObserving The Earth (EOS)ASTERprogram data, andalong-trackstereo data. of infraredVNIR data,fourbands ofshortwave (SWIR) Optical Sensor acquired (OPS)instrument three bands (MITI) Japan Resources Earth Satellite–1 (JERS-1) Japanese ofInternational Ministry Trade andIndustry’s Terre (SPOT) instruments. provided by theFrench Satellite Pour l’Observation dela ing multispectraldata. withanalyz- and devoted usercommunitycomfortable Scanner andThematic Mapper) haddeveloped alarge (Multispectraling sensors.TheLandsatinstruments ASTER hasitsroots inseveral moderate-resolution imag- Brief ofASTER History and fullversions ofthepresentations summarized here. ers cancontacttheauthortogainaccessagenda summarizes thefiftiethASTMmeeting. Interested read- of ASTERandtheactivitiesASTM,thisarticle ofthedevelopment After beginningwithabriefhistory 2 1 wavelength capabilities. data,andcross-track stereo observing pdf#page=4]. sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/Jul_Aug_2019_final_color_508_0. [Volume 31,Issue 4 , pp. 4-15—https://eospso.nasa.gov/ Orbit” intheJuly–August 2019issueofThe Observer Earth Legacy ofLandsat7:Still Going Strong After20 Years in To learnmore aboutLandsat’s see“TheLiving instruments, SPOT has 10–20 m (~33–66 ft) visible-and-near-infrared (VNIR) SPOT has10–20m(~33–66ft)visible-and-near-infrared (VNIR) 1 Thesecondmostuseddata were

2 Between 1992and1998the Volume 31,Issue5

meeting summaries 21 meeting summaries 22 Team U.S. Leader]andMichael Abrams [JPL— Yasushi Yamaguchi SessionOpening Plenary ing ontheprevious year's statusandaccomplishments. maintained thisstructure, withworking groups report- to thegeneralsciencecommunity. ThefiftiethASTM fication oftheproduction algorithms, andoutreach and applications,datacalibrationvalidation, veri- workingnew groups were formed,centeringonscience however,available. Afterthelaunchofinstrument, promoting potentialusesofthedata,oncetheybecame between Japansystem withinterfaces andthe U.S.,and sition scheduler, helpingdesignthedataprocessing ing algorithmsandsoftware, creating thedataacqui- design,creatingwith theinstrument thedata-process- launch of Terra, theAST wasprimarilyconcerned at therequest oftheJapanese team.Until the1999 in 2013thenexteightmeetingswere heldin Tokyo year, alternatingbetween Japan andtheU.S.Starting For years, twoASTMswere thenextfourteen heldeach November 1990,inPasadena, CA. and thefirstASTERScience Team Meeting washeldin Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER), wasnamedtheAdvancedinstrument Spaceborne Team Meetings designed inthelate1980s,newly were determined.Following sixITIR/TIGERScience the along-trackstereo; andbandpassesofallthechannels resolution wasdecided; VNIR band3wasselectedfor the numberofSWIRbandswasincreased tosix;spatial launch). Thenumberof TIRbandswasincreased tofive; on NASA’s EOSAM-1 mise designfora togo VNIR-SWIR-TIR instrument ITIR/TIGER Science Team worked todevelop acompro - on toJERS-1.Starting in1988ajointU.S.andJapanese bandsasafollow-bands andfourthermalinfrared (TIR) Radiometer (ITIR)withfive infrared shortwave (SWIR) ing andproposed theIntermediate Thermal Infrared gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/Sep_Oct08.pdf#page=4]. [VolumeObserver 20,Issue 5,pp. 4-7—https://eospso.nasa. Earth” intheSeptember–October 2008 issueofThe Earth ‘System Z’LaystheGroundwork foraMission toPlanet The Earth Observer The Earth instrument designwasrefinedinstrument andbecameknown as TIGER. System (EOS)conceptevolved inthelate1980s,however, the lar totheHubble Space Telescope. Observing AstheEarth platforms maintainedby theSpace Shuttle inamannersimi- Science which envisionedseveral largepolar-orbitingEarth spectrometer. imagerplusaprofiling afourteen-channel (TIGER), 4 * 3 the “strawman” ofSystem proposed tobepart instruments Z Multispectral In Scanner(TIMS). 1981, TIMS wasoneof constellation flyingtechniques rendered thisapproach obsolete. platforms, launchingfiveof Thelaterdevelopment years apart. complementonthree was tolaunchthe exactsameinstrument achieve thelong-termcontinuity neededforclimatestudies which laterbecame known asAqua. Theoriginal conceptto Equator crossing time,asopposedtotheafternoon(PM) series, the firstinseriesofplatforms with amorning(AM)local To learnaboutSystem Z,read “TheEarly Beginnings ofEOS: In thelate1970sJPLoperatedanairborneThermal Infrared The originalnomenclature, AM-1, indicatedthatthiswas 3 At thesame time,Japan’s MITIwasdesign- [NU—Japanese ASTERScience 4 platform(renamed Terra after September -October2019 * , In ScienceSenior theU.S.,nextEarth Review Diplomatic Note willbeexecuted before October 2019. operate theASTERproject. It isexpectedthatthenew of Economy, Trade (METI)tojointly andIndustry the roles andresponsibilities ofNASAandtheMinistry of the1999Memorandum ofUnderstanding, detailing Japan ofForeign Ministry Affairs,confirmstheterms ous note,signedby theU.S.State andthe Department, the previous agreement wasduetoexpire. Theprevi- for anadditionalseven years afterOctober 2019,when Note, whichformallyextendedtheASTERmission wasthestatusofDiplomatic est toallparticipants inter- contributions usingASTERdata.Of particular Washington, noteworthy, DC,wasparticularly with35 American Geophysical Union (AGU) meetingheldin over thepastyear. ASTER’s presence atthe2018Fall tations andpostersfrom various professional meetings years ago. Abrams highlightedASTERsciencepresen- who passedawaysincethebeginningofproject, 30 a momentofsilencetoremember several teammembers from many previous meetings.The Team thenobserved ing, Yamaguchi presented ahistorical archive of pictures welcomed participants. To highlightthefiftiethmeet- ASTER Science Team Leader]openedthemeetingand Michael Abrams Sticker designedby Tassia Owen [GSFC];photoofstickertakenby Sticker commemorating100,000orbitsof Terra. Photo credit: 6 5 proposals requesting fundingforextendedmission lifetimes. operating beyond theiroriginalfunded mission,submit years Scienceinstruments, process, since2017whenallEarth commemorative stickers—shown above. cle ontheNASAHomepage. Theteamalsoproduced To mark the milestone, Terra wasfeatured inanarti- 2018, Terra achieved amilestoneoforbitnumber100,000. Equatorial crossing timeuntillate2022.On October 6, spacecraft hassufficientfueltomaintainitscurrent orbital past 12months—aboutanaverage annualnumber. The had toexecute fourcollision-avoidance maneuvers over the Terra platform. Allsystemsare functioningnominally. Terra Jason Hendrickson [GSFC]reviewed thestatusof Review proposal submission. September 2019todiscussandcoordinate Terra’s Senior The Terra project hasscheduled a sciencemeetingin an additionalthree years ofextendedmissionfunding. proposal willbesubmittedtoNASAinMarch 2020for goddard/2018/nasa-s-terra-satellite-celebrates-100000-orbits. To read thefeature visithttps://www.nasa.gov/feature/ article, The Earth Science The Earth Senior isNASA’sReview three onceevery Volume 31,Issue5 6 5

The Earth Observer The Earth 7 average 8%dutycycle), day(duetoASTER’stions have tobescheduledevery by theASTERscheduler. Because ASTERdataacquisi- oversees andreviews theacquisitionprograms executed The Operations and Mission Planning working group Operations andMission Planning Working Group shown inTable 1onpage24. presentations ofscienceresearch is projects. Asummary The Applications working group sessionfeatured Applications WorkingGroup ating satelliteinNASA’s System. Observing Earth ofthe proud tobepart Terra project—the longestoper- in Baltimore, MDonOctober 6,2019.TheASTis Team Award, tobepresented atthePecora conference project was therecipient ofthe2019 William Pecora that hehadjustreceived notificationthatthe Terra over of Terra theMoon. toobserve He alsoannounced Space Calibrationmaneuver, thatinvolved a360°pitch- were beingrecognized forthe2017 Terra Lunar Deep Award to several Science Team Members. The recipients from theirNASA certificates Group Achievement Kurt Thome[GSFC—Terra Project Scientist ] presented are expectedtolastthelifetimeofmission. continuewithoutanomaliesand ity andperformance planned lifeinorbit;however, theiroperationalreliabil- the lifeitems(like VNIR pointing)have exceeded their trendstrical performance are currently stable.Most of Alltelemetriesforaliveness checkandelec- instrument. discussedthestatusof ASTER Hitomi Inada [JSS] tion success.Global Mapping dataacquisitionsare the are programmed permonth,withover 95%acquisi- scheduled closetoacquisitiontime.About 70scenes have thehighestpriority,observations andcanbe discussed thestatusofacquisitionscheduling.Urgent ble 3000+intherequest archive. Masaru Fujita [JSS] developed toselect~600dailyscenesfrom thepossi- acquisition per99-minuteorbit. ThisrateisduetoASTER’s allocationof8minutesdata 7 anautomaticprogram was September -October2019 by use of low-quality USGSGMTED2010datatofill of use by including remnant andthosecaused cloudartifacts ware. have beenremoved, Almostalloftheartifacts of theover 22,000DEMtilesusinghiscustomsoft- ments resulting from Robert Crippen’s editing [JPL] (ASTWBD). 3 (GDEM3)andtheASTER Water BodyDataset release oftheGlobal Digital Elevation Model Version Most oftheDEMdiscussionfocusedoncoming for the TIR data. will implementamore accuratewatervapor correction water vapor profile). Thenext versionofthesoftware simultaneously acquired MODISdataproducts (e.g., and thatatmosphericcorrection beimplementedusing input databetheterrain-corrected product (Level-1T) reflectance)ucts (e.g.,surface ausercan request thatthe processing algorithmsinplace.For higher-level prod- There isnow animproved version oftheLevel-2 Working Group Data Products andDigital Elevation Model (DEM) cloud-free orless-cloudyimages. ues toresult inan~10%increase inefficiencyacquiring nated acquisitions.Application oftheprogram contin- prediction values toeliminatepossiblycloud-contami- avoidance algorithm.Theschedulerincorporatescloud Tachikawa reviewed thestatusofcloud [JSS] next year to determinewhenrestart them.Tetsui These programs are ongoing,andwillbe reviewed again focus onislands,volcanoes, glaciers,andcloudyareas. the thermalbands.Several smalleracquisitionprograms requirements toacquire globalnighttimecoverage with next teammeeting.Thethermalgroup submitsareal will continue,andbereviewed againduringthe hasachieved about45%success,sotheprogrameffort restart isplannedforsummer2019.Currently the years, atwhich timetheprogram isrestarted. Thenext tent cloudcover, successistypically~85%afterseveral Due placeonEarth. topersis- each seasonforevery ASTER’s goalistoacquire atleastonecloud-free image lowest priority, andfillin thescenesfordailyquota. Michael Abrams showed theimprove- Figure 1.Sulfur dioxide (SO wavelengths, theSO comparison; noticethatat VNIR VNIR image[left]isshown for inHawaii [center].The eruption over theKilauea EastRiftZone data obtainedonMay 6,2018 retrieval [right]from ASTER TIR credit: Vincent Realmuto [JPL] tinguishable from clouds.Image clearly inthe TIR image, isindis- Volume 31,Issue5 continued onpage25 2 plume,seen 2 )

meeting summaries 23 meeting summaries 24 The Earth Observer The Earth Table 1.Speakers, presentation topics,andsummariesfrom theApplications working group. ** * final_color_508_0.pdf#page=15]. [Volume2019 issueofThe Observer Earth 31,Issue 4,pp. 15-18—https://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/Jul_Aug_2019_ place March 19-20,2019,inPasadena, CA;arelated ECOSTRESS Workshop, held March 21,issummarized intheJuly–August Satellite-2, orDAIACHI-2, which launchedin2014. TheESALiving Planet meetingwasheld May 13-17,2019,in Milan, Italy. TheECOSTRESSScience Team Meetingtook Vincent Realmuto [JPL] Name [Affiliation] Dave Pieri [JPL] Michael [UP] Ramsey Michael Abrams [JPL] Yasushi Yamaguchi [NU] Toru Kouyama [AIST] Hiroki Misuochi [AIST] Yoshiee Ishii [IU] Tomoaki Miura [UH] Hiroyuki Miyazaki [UTs] Michael [UP] Ramsey Truong VanThinh [UT] PALSAR 2stands forPhased ArraytypeL-band Synthetic Aperture Radar;itflieson Japan’s Advanced Land Observing (SO Sulfur dioxide Archive (AVA) ASTER Volcano (URP) Request Program ASTER Urgent tions Meeting presenta- urban sprawl Characterizing Topic panels Finding solar mapping Deforestation cation Land cover classifi- dynamics Land surface Building mapping ash library ASTER volcanic Forest mapping and mapping 2 ) detection September -October2019 manage Vietnam’sresources. cover mapshave beenproduced tohelpthegovernment dioxide (SO with amore New sophisticatedgraphicaluserinterface. sulfur Stated thattheAVA toAmazon isbeingported Web Services, ASTER dataacquisitionsover volcanic hotspots. Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS),totrigger is more sensitive thanthatwhichisusedby theModerate of Observation Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) algorithm,which Explained how theURPnow usestheMiddle InfraRed (ECOSTRESS) Science Team meeting. Spaceborne ThermalRadiometer Experiment on Space Station Space Agency’s LivingPlanet meeting,and attheECOsystem Presented highlightsfrom posterspresented attheEuropean data andpopulationdata,tocharacterize urbansprawl. Described asprawl elasticityindex,derived from remote sensing Summary and monitoringthermalanomalieswithASTERdata. solar panelsonrooftops andinfieldsusingLandsat8images, Explained how deeplearningalgorithmshave beenusedtofind mapping systemusingASTER,Landsat,andPalsar-2 data. Described thedevelopment ofanautomateddeforestation compared withtraditionalmethods. applied tolandcover classification.Animprovement wasfound Showed how grade-addedrough setclassification methodwas dynamics. (e.g., MODIS)datatostudylandsurface temporal-resolution datawere combinedwithmore traditional Described how usingHimawari data,high- geostationary from Google Earth. ofKenya, andLaosusing~0.5-mdata Lanka, Rwanda,parts Explained how detailedbuildingmapswere produced forSri plumes couldbeextractedfrom theASTER TIR data. applied toASTERimagedata.Particle size distributionwithin Showed how laboratory TIR spectraofvolcanic ashwere despite largeresolution differences—see Figure 1. compared Results forthe2018Hawaii eruption. were similar, Visible Infrared Imaging RadiometerSuite datawere (VIIRS) Explained thatusingPALSAR-2 Showed how SO 2 ) andthermalanomalydetectionswillbeavailable. 2 retrievals from ASTER,MODIS,and ** data, accuracyannualforest * Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth Table 2.Speakers, presentation topics,andsummariesfrom the Temperature-Emissivity Working Group. scenes continuestofallwithinmissionrequirements, control points.ThegeometricaccuracyoftheASTER ofground been examinedandcompared withalibrary assessment system,thousandsofASTERsceneshave ofASTER.Usinggeometric performance theLandsat Chris Torbert isplannedforlateJuly.ASTWBD tion systems.Asimultaneousrelease ofGDEM3and JSS are ingestingthedatasetsintotheirdistribu- Distributed Active Archive Center(LPDAAC) and by thehydrology community. BoththeLand Products This isaunique,globaldatasetthatwillbe welcomed ing elevation values forthethree different waterbodies. identifying ocean,lakes,andrivers, andalsoprovid- voids—see Figure isarasterdataset, . TheASTWBD 2 Hideyuki Tonooka [IU] Jigjidsuren Batbaatar [UW] Yuta Oguri [IU] Evaluation of TES code James Thompson[UP] Yuji Yoike [IU] Michael [UP] Ramsey ClassificationofLakes Yudai Mizoguchi [IU] Speaker [Affiliation] [USGS] reviewed thestatusof and nighttime TIR map Status ofcloudassessment duration Mapping thezero curtain trial zone Emitted power ofindus- Ice thicknessestimation camera TIR (MMT) Multispectral Thermal Status oftheMiniature Topic September -October2019 group isshown inTable 2. ofpresentations deliveredA summary attheworking currently hasachieved 85%success. running group recommended restarting theprogram, astheone assessmentofthemap’s[JSS] progress, theworking TIR globalmapprogram. Based onMasaru Fujita’s products, andreviewed thestatusofnighttime sivity products. Theydiscussed applicationsofthese concerned withASTER’s kinetictemperature andemis- The Temperature-Emissivity working group is Temperature-Emissivity Working Group performance. ing system,spacecraft,orinstrument indicating there are noproblems eitherwiththeprocess - 89% of scenes have been observed at leastonce. 89% ofsceneshave been observed cover ofthe entire archive ofnighttime TIR scenes, Explained thatbasedondetailedanalysis ofcloud guish between seasonalground iceandpermafrost. temperaturesurface data,itwaspossibletodistin- Showed how usingatimeseriesofMODIS land from 30ASTERnight TIR scenes. energy forKashimaCoastalIndustrial Zone, Japan, Showed measurements oftheintensityradiant emissivity from ASTERdata. mize effectonlow contrastspectrawhendetermining Discussed development ofascalingfactortomini- measured withicecores. ice thicknessofLakeSaroma, Japan; validation was Explained how MODISdatawere usedtoestimate temperature sources. spectral TIR camera.It iscalibratedforlow andhigh Showed how multi- UPhasdeveloped aportable water bodieswere classified—seeFigure. 3 temperaturereservoir databaseinJapan, 228of1003 Showed thatby usingthesatellite-basedlakeand Summary Robert Crippen [JPL] remove Image artifacts. credit: [left] andafterrighteditingto Figure 2.ASTERGDEM3before Volume 31,Issue5

meeting summaries 25 meeting summaries 26 The Earth Observer The Earth ]. The back curve is average of individual lake curves, shown isaverage ofindividuallakecurves, in in[right]. Thebackcurve various colors.Image winter credit: Yudai Mizoguchi [IU] weak snowmelt, almostuniformtemperature difference all year [center];anddeepdepth,highelevation, largesnow waterwarmerthanair runoff, show dataforlakeswith:shallow depth,low elevation, abundantinflow, highsummerwatertemperature [left];shallow depth,middleelevation, Figure 3.Classificationof120 Japanese lakesbasedondifferences inseasonalchangeofwatertemperature minusairtemperature. The three graphs 2018. Weather conditionswere marginal,sotheresults his teamwent toRailroad Valley, NV, fourtimesin Calibration experiment.Satoshi Tsuchida and one VNIR calibration report usingtheLunar campaigns: twoforthe VNIR andthree forthe TIR; There were six oncalibration/validation field reports within 1%fortemperatures greater than340K. ground temperatures between 300K and320K, racy iswithinthemissionspecificationsof0.5%for change forallmeasured datatrends. Calibrationaccu- brations were There performed. wasnosignificant tures response. toevaluate instrument Seven TIR cali- onboard blackbodyprovides several measured tempera- diodes, andsignal-to-noisevalues. For the TIR, an bration data,outputandtemperature ofthephoto- data trends, includingdark current response, lampcali- There have beennosignificantchangesinanyofthe that seven VNIR onboard calibrationswere performed. Since thelastASTM,Satoru Yamamoto pseudo-invariant ground targetsduring field campaigns. sis ofonboard calibrationlampsandmeasurements of calibration andvalidation are by analy- performed ASTER’s VNIR and ForTIR instruments. the VNIR, of sible formonitoringtheradiometricperformance The Calibration/Validation working group is respon- Calibration/Validation WorkingGroup April 14,2003 Radiance (W/m [JSS] reported [JSS] September -October2019 [AIST] and [AIST] 2

• sr • µm) April 5,2017 Band 14.Other fieldcampaignsfoundthat Band 14 ASTER standard product values waswithin1°Cfor ence between vicarioustop-of-atmosphere values and sites inNevada. Thebrightnesstemperature differ- team ledby Soushi[RESTEC]visitedthree Kato There were three onreports TIRfieldcampaigns.A report theresults ofexercising thisoption. field campaigns.Afterthree monthsthecommitteewill Lunar CalibrationManeuver andvicariousresults from The favored methodistocombinethe results from the next updateoftheradiometriccalibrationcoefficients. ledadiscussionofpossiblemethodsforthe [AIST] updating thecalibrationcoefficients.Satoshi Tsuchida ASTER andestablishing and VNIR degradation curves The results provide forconstraining strong support with asimilarmaneuver from 2003—seeFigure 4. Lunar CalibrationManeuver, andcompared them metric results from theAugust 2017 Terra Deep Space nadir. Toru Kouyama summarized theradio- [AIST] pointed8.5°off- acquisitions whentheinstrument Namibia. Largererrors were foundfortheASTER (RadCalNet) sitesintheU.S.,France, China,and Space (CEOS)RadiometricCalibrationNetwork data over from Observation theCommitteeonEarth H more measurement campaignsare plannedfor2019. of thecampaignwere ofquestionablevalue. Seven irokazu Yamamoto [AIST] matchedupASTER [AIST] Kouyama [AIST] ASTER data.Image credit: Toru for more accuratecalibration of the twomaneuvers hasallowed Comparison ofdatabetween [left] andAugust 5,2017[right]. Maneuvers onAugust 14,2003 Deep Space Lunar Calibration obtained duringthetwo Terra Band 1imagesoftheMoon Figure 4.ComparisonofASTER Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth no changesincethe2018meeting.Updates ofthe nominally,was thatASTERcontinuestoperform with of theirsessions.The overall consensusofparticipants presented summariesofpresentations anddiscussions The chairpersonsofeachtheworking groups Session:Closing Plenary Meeting Summary thepasttwelve performance months. TIR instrument cated thatthere hasbeennonoticeablechangeinthe buoy measurements andASTERdataproducts indi- Tahoe andSalton Sea, CA.Comparisonbetween the tion measurements buoys attheinstrumented onLake Abrams reported onthepastyear’s vicariouscalibra- bration iskeepingthedesignaccuracyof1K.Michael day andatnight.Results indicatethattheonboard cali- campaigns. He mademeasurements bothduringthe ments were successful,cloudscontaminatedtheother his validation activities. While fouroftheexperi- three sitesinNevada andtwositesinJapan toconduct met specifications.Hideyuki Tonooka A NASAsciencepresentation usingthe dynamicHyperwall display duringthe2018AGU Fall Meeting. Photo credit: NASA We hopetoseeyou inSan Francisco! nasa.gov—in earlyDecember. System Observing ProjectA dailyagendawillbepostedontheEarth ScienceOffice website—http://eospso. willalsobe available. tions, printedmaterial,andtutorialsonvarious datatoolsandservices Hyperwall, where scientistswillshare sciencestoriesthroughout theweek. Awiderangeofsciencedemonstra- science,andastrophysics. Thefocalpointoftheexhibitexperiencewillbenine-screen ics, planetary “lights theway” andexpandsthefrontiers ofsciencethrough science,heliophys- investigations ofEarth The themeforthis year’s NASA exhibitisNASALights the Way. At theexhibit,visitorscanlearnhow NASA continuing through Friday, December 13. Please makeplanstovisittheNASAbooth(#535)inexhibithall,openingonMonday, December 9,and San Francisco, CA,December 9-13,2019,afteratwo-year hiatusduetorenovations attheMoscone Center. As theAmericanGeophysical Union (AGU) marks itsCentennialin2019,theAGU Fall Meeting returns to NASA LightstheWay atAGUFallMeeting [IU] occupied September -October2019 June 1-3,2020,atthesamevenue in Tokyo. October,starting 2019.Thenextmeetingwillbeheld tion oftheASTERproject foranadditionalseven years will signtheDiplomatic Note extendingjointopera- July 2019.TheASTanticipatesthatNASAandMETI Version willbereleased ASTWBD in 3andthenew and field-based validation measurements. TheGDEM 2017 Terra Deep Space Lunar CalibrationManeuver, porating results from onboard calibrationsources, the calibration coefficientswilltakeplacein2020,incor-

contract withNASA. California Institute of Technology, undera carried outattheJet Propulsion Laboratory, Work by theleadauthor(Michael Abrams) was Acknowledgment 

Volume 31,Issue5

announcement meeting summaries 27 28 The Earth Observer September - October 2019 Volume 31, Issue 5

Summary of the Spring 2019 NASA Land-Cover and Land-Use Change Science Team Meeting Meghavi Prashnani, University of Maryland, College Park, [email protected] Krishna Vadrevu, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, [email protected] Christopher Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, [email protected] Garik Gutman, NASA Headquarters, [email protected]

Introduction Gutman showcased the new Mapper product on the LCLUC website (https://lcluc.umd.edu). The Mapper The Spring 2019 NASA Land-Cover and Land- provides the geographical distribution of all principal Use Change (LCLUC) Science Team Meeting was investigators as well as the project team members for the held April 9-11, 2019, at the Hilton Washington in current and the past LCLUC projects. It also shows the Rockville, MD. The meeting consisted of presentations geographic distribution of study areas of the LCLUC on LCLUC activities in Southeast Asia, the Caucasus projects, which helps to see the work done by different region, and the synthesis projects—discussed on page LCLUC projects in the selected area of interest. 31 of this article. There was a poster session on day one, which consisted of presentations from recent LCLUC- Chris Justice [University of Maryland, College Park funded projects. It also included the presentations from (UMD)—LCLUC Program Scientist] outlined the meet- LCLUC-themed projects funded primarily through ing agenda. Justice stated that land-use/land-change the NASA Interdisciplinary Science, Carbon Cycle, science is central to a number of international policy Graduate Student, and New Investigator Programs. issues, and that there is an opportunity for LCLUC The three-day event was organized into eleven sessions, researchers to address the policy questions. Justice which are summarized here. A total of 134 partici- mentioned that the success of the recent LCLUC pants attended the meeting. The meeting presentations regional initiatives, e.g., the Northern Eurasian Earth and posters can be accessed at http://lcluc.umd.edu/ Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI) and the South/ meeting summaries meetings/2019-nasa-lcluc-spring-science-team-meeting. Southeast Asia Research Initiative (SARI), have contrib- uted to the growing reputation of the program globally. Opening Plenary He noted that a number of long-standing missions have reached or are reaching milestone anniversaries, such The meeting began with welcome remarks from Garik as 40 years for AVHRR1 and 20 years for MODIS,2 Gutman [NASA Headquarters (HQ)—LCLUC Program and that addressing long-term data continuity is essen- Manager], who shared new program developments tial. He stated that the LCLUC community is a major and achievements. Gutman mentioned that over science user of moderate-resolution sensor data (includ- 300 projects have been funded since the program’s ing Landsat and the European Union's Copernicus inception in 1995. He said that all LCLUC proposals Sentinel-2 3 data), and that there is a need to strengthen are required to have a socioeconomic component, relationships between NASA’s LCLUC program and the except for special thematic calls, such as Multi-Source USGS’s Landsat Science Team. Justice also highlighted Land Imaging (MuSLI), which is purely remote-sensing current and near-term Earth observation missions focused. He showcased the program’s linkages within relevant to LCLUC, e.g., NASA’s Global Ecosystem NASA’s Earth Science Division (ESD) and emphasized Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) and ECOsystem that although the LCLUC program is part of the Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems research focus areas, the LCLUC theme runs across other ESD programs, such as Terrestrial Ecology, Biodiversity, and Applied 1 AVHRR stands for Advanced Very High-Resolution Sciences. Additionally, the LCLUC program interacts Radiometer, which flew on a series of NASA, NOAA, and with other research focus areas, mainly with Water international platforms over the past 40 years. The first and Energy Cycle and Atmospheric Composition. AVHRR instrument was launched on the Television Infrared Gutman also highlighted the program’s external Observation Satellite-N (TIROS-N) in October 1978; the linkages nationally, such as with the U.S. Geological last AVHRR instrument was launched just over 40 years later on the European Metop C satellite in November 2018. Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Agency for International 2 MODIS stands for Moderate Resolution Imaging Development (USAID), and internationally, with Spectroradiometer, which flies on NASA’s Terra and Aqua Global Observations for Forest Cover and Land platforms. Terra will celebrate the twentieth anniversary of its launch in December 2019; Aqua was launched in May 2002. Cover Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD), the Committee 3 on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), the Japanese Sentinel-2 is an Earth observation mission from the EU Copernicus Programme that systematically acquires optical National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), imagery at high spatial resolution (10 m to 60 m) over land the European Space Agency (ESA), and the European and coastal waters. The mission is a constellation with two Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL). twin satellites (Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B). The Earth Observer The Earth 5 4 Station (ECOSTRESS)missions, data canadvance LCLUC science. through October 31,2019,tounderstandhow VHR in apilotstudyforoneyear from November 1,2018 researchers were chosenby NASAHQtoparticipate dataforLCLUCresolution (VHR) Science.Thirty-four This sessionfocusedonevaluating theuseof very-high- Applications Evaluation ofHigh-Resolution Data forLCLUC applications-related solicitations. also encouragedLCLUC researchers in toparticipate fellowship andeducationprograms. Kaye opportunities and future ESDinterests andactivitiestalkedabout analysis inLCLUC proposals. He presented thecurrent such difficultiesisthebasisfor requiringsocioeconomic without thehumancomponent.Theneedtoaddress it isquitedifficulttounderstandandinterpret LCLUC Kaye stressed ofthesestudies,notingthat theimportance cially withitsglobalagendainvolving regional scientists. scienceresearchprogram to theEarth community, espe- He acknowledged thecontributionofLCLUC for theESD]provided NASA’s Scienceupdates. Earth Jack Kaye Director [NASAHQ—Associate forResearch uct needsfrom thecurrent NASAmissions. andnew the LCLUC communitytoidentifythederived-prod - constellations. He statedthat itwouldbebeneficialfor that are currently working ondeveloping satellite DigitalGlobe, Planet (previously Planet Labs), SPIRE) about anumberofprivate-sector companies(e.g., Aperture Radarmission[NISAR]. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Synthetic International Space Station. Japanese Experiment Module’s Exposed Facility onboard the BothGEDIandECOSTRESSare deployed onthe NISARiscurrently planned forlaunchin2021. 4 andthejointNASA- 5 He alsomentioned September -October2019 being rotated throughout theyear). and triplecropping systems(i.e., twoorthree crops farmers now prefer crop diversification, withdouble increased toover 50over thepasttwodecades.Also, decreased considerably, andtheaverage ageoffarmers has more thandoubledwhiletheaverage size offarms 2018. He mentionedthatriceproduction perhectare Asia, showing changesinricefarmingfrom 1995to results ontheagrariantransitioninmainlandSoutheast Jefferson Fox [East-West Centre, Hawaii] presented tations from sixPrincipal Investigators (PIs). This sessionfocusedontheSARIprojects, withpresen- LCLUC inSoutheast Asia are dueby October 31,2019. agricultural landscapes.Thefinal results from the PI’s estimation, islandstudies,andburnt-area mappingin productivity estimation,canopychlorophyll content monitoring, carbon-footprintanalysis,crop-area and data isbeingevaluated by different PI’s suchasonforest stages (initial,mid-term,andfinal).Theuseof VHR forms forconsistentevaluation ofthedataacross three different VHRpilotstudies by creating web-based Center (MSFC)]helpedcoordinate thesethirty-four VadrevuKrishna [NASA’s Marshall Space Flight engagement incommercial databuys. assist instrategicdecisionmakingforfuture NASA plished withexistingNASAassetsandhow theycan data advance thescienceinwaysthatcannotbeaccom- The goalofthepilotstudiesistounderstandhow VHR commercial datavendors—Planet andDigital Globe. NASA isassessingthevalue of VHR datafrom two Garik Gutman chaired thesession.He explained that Jack O’Bannon [UMD] Team Meeting. Photo credit: LCLUC Spring 2019Science Participants attheNASA Volume 31,Issue5

meeting summaries 29 meeting summaries 30 The Earth Observer The Earth future ecosystem conditionsand services. ments, dataanalysis, andmodelingofcurrent and fromObservations remote sensingandfield measure- nationally recognized Protected Areas, blending Earth ect thatfocusesitsactivitieson atargetedsetofinter- ECOPOTENTIAL isalargeEuropean-funded proj- forecosystemindicators. monitoring dataservices ments inLCLUC products generationandonline Greece] whohighlightedECOPOTENTIAL achieve- Manakos [TheCentre for Research and Technology, presented, includinganinvitedpresentation by Ioannis and ecosystemmonitoring.Atotalof30posterswere including agriculture, urbanhealth,forest studies, posters, whichspannedawiderangeofLCLUC topics ing. It waspreceded by lightningintroductions tothe A postersessionclosedoutthefirstdayofmeet- Poster Presentations storage capacityandforest biodiversity. which isleadingtodeforestation andadrop incarbon oil products isthesignificant driver foritsexpansion, is Indonesia’s dominantestatecrop andthatdemandfor expansion ondeforestation. Sun explainedthatoilpalm governance inIndonesia andtheimpactofoil-palm their research inland-system onquantifyingcorruption Laixiang Sun andJulie Silva [bothatUMD] presented need tomonitordamsthrough remote sensing. and socioeconomicconsequences;hence,there ishigh significant implicationsonthewater-energy-foodnexus that thenumberofdamsisincreasing globally, whichhas of damsintheLower Mekong River Basin. He noted Jiaquo Qi[Michigan State University] showed theimpact Asian countriesof Vietnam, Cambodia,andLaos. population anddemographictransitionsfortheSoutheast use andhow trajectoriesofthesechangesare linkedto current statusandrateofchangelandcover andland lution. Thisstudyaimstoquantitatively documentthe built-up volume andextentata1-km(~0.6-mi)reso- Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) missiontocharacterize urban microwave scatterometer datafrom NASA’s Quick provided detailsonthedense-samplingapproach using Son Nghiem [NASA/Jet Propulsion (JPL)] Laboratory impacts long-termagriculture productivity. gas emissionsaswell asonsoilquality, whichinturn crop residues hasasignificantimpactongreenhouse ity, livelihoods. He andrural explainedthatburning Northeast Thailandonbiomassemissions,soilqual- effects ofagriculturalland-usechangeinCentraland Prasad [UMD]presented Bandaru hisresults onthe urban changefrom 1985tothepresent. Planet, are beingusedtomapforest, agriculture, and MODIS data,combinedwith VHR datasetsfrom through the lensesofconflict, religion, andpolitics. ofLCLUCfuture trajectory inSouthern Vietnam her work onquantifyingLCLUC andmodelingits Jessica McCarty [Miami University, Ohio] presented September -October2019 DEVELOP programs. Remote Sensing Training SERVIR, (ARSET), and Program beingimplementedthrough theApplied education componentsofNASA’s Applied Sciences Nancy Searby [NASAHQ]discussedthetrainingand ity buildingactivitiesinthecomingyears. team willcontinuestrengthening itsresearch andcapac- publication during2018. Vadrevu statedthattheSARI of thetopdownloaded bookswithinfourmonthsofits ) publishedby Springergp/book/9783319674735 is one (https://www.springer.com/in SouthandSoutheastAsia The booktitledLand-Atmospheric Research applications have been publishedin9different journalspecialissues. on SARIoutputs,abookandover 150research papers been more than100institutionalcollaborations.Based ects have been fundedunderSARIandthatthere have lights from thelastfouryears, explainingthat18proj- about theoriginofSARIprogram andgave high- VadrevuKrishna beganthesessionwithadiscussion Southeast Asia International LinkagesandCapacity Building in 6 SERVIR means“to serve” inSpanish. Note thatSERVIR andDEVELOP are notacronyms. are foundathttps://appliedsciences.nasa.gov/Program-Elements. NASA’s Applied SciencesProgram. Linkstoeach component causing undueharmtoecosystems. increasing across theislandsataconsiderable rateand indicatethatpopulation andtourismare observations analyses, andderived-products forglobalislands.His patterns ofchangeover theyears usingsatelliteimagery, geographic, andbiophysicaldrivers ofLCLUC and demographic, tourism,communityinfrastructure, in islandecosystems,lookingatsocioeconomic, Stephen Walsh building andtesting,issuesfacedtodate. respective projects’ progress, datacollections,model are currently intheirsecondyear. The PIs discussedtheir ical underpinningsofLCLUC science.Synthesis projects ing ofrelevant phenomenaandtostrengthen thetheoret- nize findingstodevelop abroader regional understand- The goalofthe LCLUC synthesisprojects istoharmo- Synthesis Projects over theGlobe activities intheregion. on thefuture directions ofSARIandcapacity-building Justice Vadrevu andKrishna ledanopendiscussion space agency. Following theformalpresentations, Chris Technology Development Agency(GISTDA),theThai including thoseoftheGeo-Informatics andSpace described capacity-buildingactivitiesinThailand, Varnakovida [KingMongkutt’s University, Thailand] gies tomanageclimaterisksandlanduse.Pariwate satellitesandgeospatialtechnolo- by Earth-observing helping developing countriesuse informationprovided ARSET, SERVIR, andDEVELOP are componentsof presented hiswork onLCLUC 6 Searby stressed thatSERVIR is Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth presentation on herwork to investigate trends inland deBeurs[UniversityKirsten of Oklahoma] gave a zone. ary rangeland dynamicsintheAltai Mountains transbound- effects ofsociopoliticalandenvironmental factorson Syracuse] presented information ontheinteracting Giorgos Mountrakis [State University ofNew York, tural landabandonmentandrecultivation. 2015 withnomajorLCLUC, except forsomeagricul- land degradationacross theCaucasusfrom 1985to region, withdataobtainedby mappingforest andgrass- described long-termdegradationintheCaucasus Volker [University Radeloff of Wisconsin, Madison] carbon dynamicsintheregion over lastthree decades. explaining thedrivers andpatternsofchange presentation onanalysisoflandchange inGeorgia, Pontus Olofsson [BostonUniversity] delivered a 1500 papersand40bookspublishedtodate. NEESPI, with170projects in30countriesandover and over 200institutionshave beeninvolved inNEFI- was launchedin2004.Around 750scientists,80PhDs, designed asanessential continuation ofNEESPI, which LCLUC’s Caucasusprojects. TheNEFIhasbeen Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI)andtherole of Administration] discussedprogress by theNorthern Pavel Groisman [National Oceanic andAtmospheric LCLUC inNorthern Eurasia of themajordrivers ofdeforestation inCambodia. in 2001to27.0%2012.Hence landconcessionisone and contributionofELC toforest lossrose from 12.1% 2.3-M hectares oflandare withintheboundariesofELC timber production, andotheruses.He mentionedthat redistribution oflandtothelandlessandland-poor, tors forvarious functions,includingagribusinessand Cambodian government todomesticandforeign inves- in Cambodia.Concessionlandsare leasedby the change causedby economiclandconcessions(ELC) archetypical pathwaysofdirect andindirect land-use Nicholas Magliocca [University ofAlabama]explained resulting indisplacementoflocalsandtheirlivelihoods. and domesticinvestors are increasingly acquiringland ments topursueeconomicdevelopment, transitional in biofuelproduction, andtheeagernessofgovern- volatility in agriculture commodityprices,interest to aslandgrabbing hasoccurred globally. Driven by global boominlandtransactions,commonlyreferred He statedthatover thepastdecadeanunprecedented as drivers ofland-cover change inSub-Saharan Africa. information onthesynthesisoflarge-scaletransactions Dan Brown [University of Washington] presented influence onland-usetransitionsinthe Southeast U.S. project that addresses land-managementprocesses andtheir Valerie Thomas[Virginia Tech] reported onasynthesis September -October2019 Figure—which isderived by combining thehigh spatial ability indexaround LosAngeles—bottom imagein Figure. Hulley thenshowed amapofthe heat-vulner- the area around Los Angeles,CA—seetopimagein ing model.He showed anexample ofdataobtainedover infrared8 visibleshortwave datainathermalsharpen- by combiningECOSTRESSthermaldata andLandsat resolution temperature landsurface product generated Glynn presented Hulley thehighspatio-temporal [JPL] mapping usingmultisource satellitedata. fields, andgrasslands;crop-yield assessmentand ments, monitoringabandonedagriculturalland,fallow land-surface-temperature products forurbanenviron- content toassessvegetation functionandproductivity; dealt withvarious topicsincludingcanopychlorophyll there were five(Type regional-scale II)projects, which the circumpolar albedoofNorthern lands.In addition, phenology,on operationalland-surface burnt areas, and were three continental-scale (Type I)projects, focusing ress updatesontheirresearch. Included amongthese during whichtheeightMuSLI investigators gave prog- After Crawford’s presentation, Masek ledadiscussion launch plannedforDecember 2020. that Landsat9activitiesare progressing quickly, witha requirements forfuture Landsatmissions.He stated 2023) andtheirpriorityistocharacterize thescience is inthesecondyear oftheirfive-year term(2018– the group thattheUSGS–NASALandsatScienceteam updates onUSGSLandsat-related science.He informed andScience(EROS)Observation Center]provided Christopher Crawford Resources [USGSEarth AIST Managed CloudEnvironment [AMCE]. Sciences Earth Technology Office(ESTO), andthe migrated toAmazon Web (AWS) Services viaNASA’s ing cluster, butbeginningwith Version 1.4,HLShas Center’s Exchange NASAEarth (NEX)comput- Initially HLSwasprocessed viaNASA’s AmesResearch data output,whichisexpectedtobe~85 TB perday. 120 TB—considerably lessthanupcomingNISAR Masek statedthatannualtotaloutputofHLSisaround the Harmonized Landsat–Sentinel-2 (HLS)project. Scientist] ledthesessionwithupdatesonMuSLI and ucts (Type II).Jeff Masek [GSFC—MuSLI Project scale products (Type I)andregional prototype prod- Sentinel-1 and-2togeneratecontinental-to-global- of theLCLUC Program aimstointegrateLandsatand The Multi-Source Land Imaging (MuSLI) component Multi-Source LandImaging (MuSLI) to reemergence ofvector-borne diseasessuchasmalaria. tions ofthesechangesforthepopulation’s vulnerability waterbodies,inordersurface toexaminetheimplica- tion, andchangesincharacteristicsextentofopen from rain-fed toirrigation-supplied,forest fragmenta- ing specificallyonthechangeinagriculture technique use intheCaucasusbetween 1984and2019,focus- Volume 31,Issue5

meeting summaries 31 meeting summaries 32 The Earth Observer The Earth System (EOSDIS).It isresident attheUSGSEROS NASA’s System Observing Data andInformation Earth DAAC) isoneofseveral discipline-specific datacentersof The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center(LP DAAC andLCLUC Program Strengthening Linkagesbetween theNASA LP Landsat programs. remarks outliningfuture directions fortheMuSLI and Masek concludedthesessionby givingclosing using aheatvulnerabilityindex(HVI)model. variables (e.g., poverty, income,populationdensity, age) resolution temperatures surface withsocio-demographic downtown LosAngeles.Image credit: Glenn Hulley [JPL] structure tocurbfuture warming, asshown intheclose-upimageof city plannerstoimplement coolingtechnologiesandgreen infra- Heat-related vulnerabilitycanbemapped atfinescaleandused by demographic variables inaheatvulnerability index(HVI)model. by combininghighspatialresolution temperatures surface withsocio- image shows amapoftheheatvulnerabilityindex,which iscreated to maphotspotsandinferheatvulnerability incities.Thebottom whichisshownairport, intheInset image)tobedelineatedinorder allows finescaletemperaturerunway of Long Beach details(e.g.,the Project. Thehighspatial resolution (30m,or~98ft)ofthedata combining ECOSTRESSandLandsat8through theLCLUC MuSLI temperaturesurface product forLosAngeles,CA,generatedby Figure. Thetopimageshows highspatio-temporal resolution land September -October2019

scientist initiative, actions withcommercial vendors, theplannedyoung topics includingtheevaluation of VHR dataandinter- involved onvarious feedbackfrom theparticipants ing land-changescienceinfuture initiatives. Discussion science,telecouplingframeworks, andstrengthen- ary LCLUC program. Justice emphasized interdisciplin- ing andgave talkingpointsonfuture directions forthe Chris Justice summarized majorpointsfrom themeet- Discussion ofFuture Directions fortheLCLUC ST LCLUC programs. strengthen theconnectionsbetween theUSGSand Doescherof LPDAAC stressed services, theneedto making. Since theLCLUC communityisamajoruser research,tate interdisciplinary education,anddecision- ongoing monitoringofEarth’s landcover andtofacili- universally accessible.Such dataare usedtosupport described theLPDAAC andthelandproducts thatare Chris Doescher [USGS—LPDAAC Project Manager] sciencecommunity.thousands ofusersintheEarth archives, anddistributeslanddataproducts tohundreds of Center inSioux Falls, SD.TheLPDAAC processes, 7 (@LCLUCProgram) andFacebook. program updates,andtofollow theprogram on Twitter aged tovisitthewebsite (lcluc.umd.edu)regularly for 2020. NASALCLUC communitymembersare encour- next LCLUC Science Team Meeting willbeinApril Meeting inJuly 2019,inJohor Bahru, Malaysia; the There wasa LCLUC–SARI regional Science Team concerns. matic developments, andaddress LCLUC community ships andcollaborations,highlightongoingprogram- U.S. toreport onresearch progress, strengthen partner- bringing togetherLCLUC researchers from across the The LCLUC Science Team Meeting metitsobjective of Conclusion ing LCLUC-related internationalmeetings. broader community. He alsomentionedseveral upcom- PIs tomaketheirdataandproducts available tothe datasets ontheLCLUC website. Gutman encouraged media, andby and sharingtheirpublications, news, to contributetheprogram through webinars, social wrap-up statements,strongly encouragingparticipants Garik Gutman adjournedthemeetingby delivering the program website, andpeer-reviewed publications. program through synthesisstudies,regional workshops, targeted at recently completedPhD researchers (<5years). enced researchers, theLCLUC young scientist initiative is be hard foryoung scientists tocompetewithmore experi- understand theprocesses ofchange. Recognizing thatitcan sensing, land-usechange,andthe social scienceneededto involved inintegratedresearch combiningsatelliteremote The LCLUC Program encourages young scientiststoget 7 increasing thevisibilityof Volume 31,Issue5  The Earth Observer The Earth 2015, the portion ofthe USFSannualbudgetdevoted 2015, theportion lenges exacerbated by climatechange.From 1995to The USFSisfacing natural resource management chal- Motivation forthe Workshop aspx?EventID=2536184. website, https://www.regonline.com/builder/site/default. agenda andpresentations can befoundattheworkshop shop followed ofthecontent.Thefull by asummary wordswith afew onthemotivation forthe work- thatfollows begins a postersession.Thesummary by breakout sessions,hands-ondatatutorials, and included amixofinformative sessionspunctuated To address theseobjectives, themeetingagenda ofthesegoals,themeetingobjectives weresupport to: Inships between theUSFS,NASA, andotherpartners. as well astofosterconnectionsandstrengthen partner- demonstrate thecapabilitiesofNASA’s dataproducts, toshareThe three-day asaforum and workshop served natural resource managementgoals. oflandand (EO)datainsupport observation of Earth toincreasean opportunity awareness oftheapplication vant entities(detailedlater).Theworkshop provided and projects, several NASAdatacenters, andotherrele- representatives from USFS,multipleNASAmissions UT. Thisuniquecollaborative venture boughttogether and Applications Center(GTAC) inSalt LakeCity, USFS hostedthemeetingatitsGeospatial Technology Workshop tookplaceApril 29–May 2,2019.The A jointU.S.Forest (USFS)–NASAApplications Service Introduction expandUSFSawareness ofNASA’s EOdata • forcollaboration;and identifyopportunities • share andprioritize USFSoperationalneedswith • provide ofNASA’s anoverview missionsand proj- • [email protected] Sabrina Delgado Arias, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, ScienceSystems andApplications, Inc., Erik Johnson, U.S.Forest Officeof Service SustainabilityandClimate,[email protected] [email protected] Chalita Forgotson, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, ScienceSystems andApplications, Inc., [email protected] Brendan McAndrew, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, ScienceSystems andApplications, Inc., Resource Management Workshop onSatelliteData forNatural oftheUSFS–NASAJointApplications Summary information delivery. sources andtoolsexplore waystoadvance NASA; management; naturalresourceects, data,andtoolssupporting September -October2019 from 16% toover 50%. to fire preparedness andsuppression programs increased 1 files/2015-Fire-Budget-Report.pdf. (NSIDC), Oak RidgeNational (ORNL), Laboratory National Snow (JPL), Laboratory andIce Data Center from USFS,NASA’s GSFC,NASA/Jet Propulsion from aplanningcommitteecomposedof participants withsupport shop planningandorganization efforts Office of Sustainability andClimate]co-ledwork- Lead] andErik Johnson [USFS—Program Analyst, (GSFC)—SMAP Research ScientistandApplications Inc. (SSAI)/NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Chalita Forgotson [ScienceSystems andApplications (ICESat-2) from USFS. mission,within-kindsupport by theIce, Cloud,andLandElevation Satellite-2 Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)missionand,inpart, shop, provided withlogisticalsupport by NASA’s Soil NASA andUSFSworked togethertoplanthework- Workshop Structure ment decisions,anddelivering benefitstothepublic. forest lands,helpingtoinformkeysustainablemanage- approach tomonitoringnatural resources onnational USFS naturalresource managersamore cost-effective information system(GIS)technologiescanprovide management decisions.Remote sensing andgeographic ering thekeyinformationneededtoinformland- sensing isanincreasingly appealingoptionforgath- With fewer“bootsontheground,” theuseofremote naturaldisasterareas from persistentdrought.primary lands in25countiesNew Mexico andArizona as ofAgricultureDepartment (USDA)designatedrange- edented droughts andinsectoutbreaks. Recently, U.S. intheU.S.from unprec-in thetwenty-first century fire impacts,hundreds ofmillionstrees have died otheragencywork. Inable tosupport additiontowild- wildfires, fewerand fundsand resources are avail- lives, property, andnaturalresources from catastrophic toprotect fighters, aircraft, andotherassets necessary cy’s resources are spenteachyear toprovide thefire- itation inwestern states.Asmore andmore oftheagen- the 1990s,driven largelyby declinesinsummerprecip- wildfires each year intheU.S.hasnearlydoubledsince To learn more, visithttps://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/

1 Theaverage area burned by Volume 31,Issue5

meeting summaries 33 meeting summaries 34 The Earth Observer The Earth tize restoration projects withpositive carbonbenefits), toolse.g.,toaddresssion-support theneedtopriori- edge synthesis)focusedondeveloping integrated deci- ofdataandtools(calledknowl- An additionalcategory and tools.Theareas were: feasibly beaddressed withasuiteofEOdataproducts are relevant forUSFSmanagementneedswhichcan The workshop focusedonfourkey research areas that Carbon Monitoring System (CMS)wasalsorepresented. Ecosystem DynamicsInvestigation (GEDI).NASA’s Aperture Radar[NISAR];ICESat-2; andtheGlobal Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Synthetic represented attheworkshop: SMAP;thejointNASA- Four ofNASA’s Sciencesatellitemissionswere Earth (USGS), andBoiseState University. Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF),U.S.Geological Survey Detecting, assessing,andmonitoringecosystem • Emissions andflux.Foci inthisarea included • • Soil moisture andhydrology . Topics includedsoil • and otherabioticstressors. environmental conditions,suchasclimatechange vulnerabilities. Thesetopicsariseduetochanging gases (GHGs),andcarbonflux. fluxes andemissionsofaerosols andgreenhouse habitat, forest health,andcarbonmonitoring. ture, rangelandmanagement,fire andfuels,wildlife included vegetation structure andfunction,silvicul- Vegetation condition.Functional areas covered hydrological changeandvulnerability. aquatic habitatsuitability, andlandcover and areas, andgroundwater-dependent ecosystems, andconditionofwetlands, riparian inventory moisture dynamics,soilproductivity anderosion, September -October2019 role, asreferenced throughout theworkshop. translator Development technology playinganimportant to operationattheUSFS,withUSFSResearch and in bringingmore ofNASA’s research-level capabilities potential pathforNASAandUSFStowork together the USFS—seeFigure 1.Thegraphicdemonstratesa gap between research andoperationalapplicationsat At theendofherpresentation, West illustratedthe range productivity, toguideherd andrangeallotment. to guidewatermanagement;andmeasure changesin ment andadaptationpractices;monitorstreamflow, changes insnowpack, toguideannualwater manage- for drought stress, toprioritize treatments; detect restoration decisions;develop anearlywarningsystem tices; detectchangesinforest soilmoisture, toguide detect changeinforest cover, toguidepoliciesandprac- highlighted thatforest managersneedtobeableto: prolonged droughts andmore expansive wildfires. She resulting managementchallengesarisingfrom innew of climatechangeonwatersupplyandforest health, Sustainability andClimate]emphasized theimpacts Cynthia West [USFS—Director ofOffice ways toclosethosegaps. capabilities andUSFSdatainformationneeds the goalswere toidentifygapsbetween existingNASA oftheworkshop,a briefoverview emphasizingthat Program Manager] welcomed attendeesandprovided Everett Hinkley [USFS—National Remote Sensing Information Needs Overview ofUSFSManagement Goals and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). this workshop, USGS,ortheNational Oceanic and transfer tooperationalorganizations(e.g.,USFS—for handling), integration(mission,tools),andtechnology dataformats,cloudcomputing(e.g.,big supported credit:Cynthia West edu/read/10658/chapter/4. Image Death”—e.g., https://www.nap. times referred toas“the Valley of this area ofthetimelineissome- the Application Phase. Hence, in this“gap” andfailtoreach Many technologies,however, stall during theApplication Phase. Phase, thentendtoriseagain decline duringtheDevelopment during theResearch Phase, but tunities are more widelyavailable during eachstage.Funding oppor- and thefundingtypicallyavailable fer, from research tooperations, the timelineoftechnologytrans- Figure 1.Thisfigure illustrates Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth *All presenters were from USFS. Table 1.Listofpresenters from USFSandtopicscovered. 2 resolutions; datalatency, systems, including spatial and temporal decision-support challenges around integratingEOdataintoexisting be toocostlyordifficulttocollect. However, there are tion atspatialandtemporalscalesthatwouldotherwise EO dataare increasingly capableofproviding informa- ily oninsitumeasurements toinformdecisionmaking, national level. While USFShashistoricallyrelied heav- hectare scale)andwatershedlevel totheregional and across arange ofspatialscales,from theproject (single- toring activitiesandmanagementdecisionstakeplace The informationpresented madeitclearthatmoni- rized inTable 1,below. a variety of topics.Thepresentations topicsare summa- adoption ofoperationalEOdataapplicationsrelated to and technicalsystemicchallengesaffectingbroader information needs;current applicationsofEOdata; researchers outlinedagencylandmanagementgoalsand Following West’s presentation, USFSmanagersand dryness andignitionhazard, treedryness mortality, andcarbon land monitoring,hazards assessments,forest fuelload, USFS managementneeds,includingforest andrange- and future applicationareas where SMAPcansupport are alsogenerated.Entekhabi identifiedseveral current temperature, andvegetation opticaldepthproducts carbon netecosystemexchange, calibrated brightness root-zone soilmoisture, whilesoilfreeze/thaw state, products oftheSMAPmissionare and mapsofsurface- water, energy, data andcarboncycles. Theprimary understanding oftheprocesses thatlinktheterrestrial duced SMAPasamissiondesignedtoincrease our TechnologySMAP Science (MIT)— Team Leader]intro- Dara Entekhabi [Massachusetts Institute of and Applications Reports onNASAMissions, Projects, and users’ technicalcapabilities toprocess EOdata. times; users’ awareness andunderstandingofEOdata; the timeittakestoadoptEOdatawithmissionlife- a usableformat. acquisition by asatelliteuntilthosedatareach anend-userin Latencyisdefinedastheapproximate timeittakesfrom data Monitoring Program Lead] Kevin Megown [Resource, Mapping, Inventory, and Threat Center] Danny Lee[Director ofEastern Forest Environmental Grant Domke [Research Forester] Michele Slaton [Ecologist] HakimdavarRaha [Hydrologist] Presenter [Title]* 2 including the need to balance includingtheneedtobalance September -October2019 including county-scalebiomassestimatesfrom Forest valuable dataforavariety ofUSFSapplications, Armston [UMD]explainedhow GEDIcouldprovide and itsrelationship tobiodiversity. Dubayah andJohn forestsequestration potential,andvertical structure tify forest biomass,disturbanceandrecovery, carbon as ascienceinvestigation mission thatseekstoquan- (UMD)—GEDI Principal Investigator] describedGEDI DubayahRalph [University CollegePark ofMaryland, fire prevention). logging), andmanagementintensity(e.g.,thinningfor assessment offorest growth, removals (e.g.,clearcut andlidardatatomonitoring satellite imagery Wynne [Virginia Tech] describedtheapplicationof land fuelsassessmentandmapping,whileRandolph strated theuseofICESat-2 dataforoperational wild- toring, amongothers.Birgit Peterson [USGS]demon- monitoring, fuelloadestimating,andsnowpack moni- including biomassmapping,habitatandbiodiversity has arangeofpotentiallandmanagementapplications, shore bathymetry. She explainedthatthisinformation height,inlandwaterandnear- ocean surface flooded andnonflooded vegetation(e.g.,mangroves)— estimates ofvegetation height—differentiated between terrain, vegetation, andwater, globally. Theseinclude ICESat-2 willalsocollectrangemeasurements of Product (ATL08). In additiontoitsfocusonthepoles, reviewed theAlong-trackLand/Vegetation Data and dataproducts relevant tolandmanagers,and Lead] provided oftheICESat-2 anoverview mission Austin—ICESat-2 Landand Vegetation Data Product Amy Neuenschwander [University of Texas at land monitoringsystem. SMAP soilmoisture arange- couldbeusedtosupport areas. Matt Reeves[USFS] presented materialonhow SMAP fieldcampaignfocusedontrees andforested different vegetation typesanddiscussedanupcoming presented informationonSMAPsoilmoisture across SMAP Project (JPL)— Laboratory Team Member ] addition, Andreas Colliander[NASA/Jet Propulsion moisture fordrought monitoringandearlywarning.In stocks. He alsodemonstrated applicationsofSMAPsoil Information Needs forEarly Warning Systems Resource Mapping Inventory andMonitoring Vegetation Structure andFunction Soil Moisture andHydrology Emissions andFlux Topic Volume 31,Issue5

meeting summaries 35 meeting summaries 36 The Earth Observer The Earth Inventory andAnalysis(FIA) 4 3 tation structure andfunction.During eachofthese moisture andhydrology, emissions andflux, vege- The workshop featured three breakout sessionsonsoil Challenges, andOpportunities Breakout Sessions Focus onData Gaps, Technology aerial-photography/imagery-programs/naip-imagery/index. Learn more athttps://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/ mental agenciesand thepublicwithinayear ofacquisition. make digitalorthorectified photographyavailable togovern- goaloftheNAIPprogram isto continental U.S.Aprimary duringtheagriculturalgrowingaerial imagery seasons in the the National Program. AgriculturalImagery example, heshowed from high-resolution aerialimagery as intersurvey, image-basedchangeestimation.Asan preplanning—thereby savingtimeandmoney—aswell employ forfieldcampaign high-resolution aerialimagery Co-Investigator] describedhow theUSFSFIAunits [USFS Pacific Northwest Research Station—CMS Northern Research Station] andHans-Erik Andersen that couldbeusefulforUSFS.Andrew Lister[USFS products related tocarbonstocks,emissions,andflux Both presentations highlightedexamplesofCMSdata Lead] describedCMSdataproducts andapplications. Carlo [SSAI/GSFC—CMS Carbon Monitoring System (CMS).Edil Sepulveda Science TeamLeader] provided ofNASA’s anoverview George Hurtt [University (UMD)—CMS ofMaryland ture changes,anddrought stress. changes ofcanopywatercontent,monitoringsoilmois- health andproductivity, by providing habitatstructure, recovery afterdisturbanceortimberlogging;andforest disturbance (e.g.,fire, hurricane,insects,anddroughts); ing changesofforest carbonstocks;forest cover from tobeusedformonitor- dedicated globalobservations Saatchi emphasized thatNISARwillprovide thefirst changes inbiomass,disturbance,andinundation. demonstrated how NISARcouldhelptheUSFSdetect NISAR Deputy Program Applications (DPA) Co-Lead] and NatashaSassan Saatchi Stavros [JPL] [JPL— uled tooccurinfall2019. Distributed Active Archive Center(DAACs) issched- proposals. First ofGEDIdatatoNASA delivery of GEDIdatatoprovide forfollow-on support mission developing applicationsthatdemonstratetheusefulness data, USFSattendeeswere encouragedtobecreative in of twoyears maylimitoperationalapplicationsofits though GEDI’s relatively nominalmissionlength short sity studies,andparameterizationoffire models. Even andbiodiver- and carbonfluxmodels,conservation validation, initializationdataforprognostic ecosystem https://www.fia.fs.fed.us/library/fact-sheets/index.php. assess America’s forests Learnmore through at annual surveys. uous forest censusthatprovides theinformationneededto The USFS Forest andAnalysisprogram isacontin- Inventory The National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)acquires Deputy Program Applications 3 forbothcalibrationand September -October2019 4

cased tools ral resource managementneeds.Thesessionsshow- natu- to integrateNASAdataproducts tosupport existing USFSrelevant toolsandbuildcapacities on datatutorialsaimedatincreasing awareness of The workshop alsoincluded presentations andhands- Tools andHands-On Data Tutorials integrate toolsanddata. requirements andstudyfeasibility;collaboratingto mission Early-Adopter programs; developing needs working groupssupporting andengaginginNASA tegic framework for collaboration andcoordination; and NASAcollaborationmayincludedeveloping astra- Based areas onthesesessions,keyopportunity forUSFS systems. in theirdecision-support preventing managersfrom holisticallyusingsatellitedata challenges intranslationofagencylanguageandneeds, and applicationsofsatellitedataproducts, alongwith All three panelsagreed thatthere are gapsinscience ible withacountry’s institutionalneedsandreadiness. ing mapsavailable worldwide,notallmapsare compat- emphasized thatdespitethenumberofcarbonmonitor- and phenology. Theemissionsandfluxpaneldiscussion canopy cover, characterization andshrub andunderstory post-disturbance recovery, speciesspecificdensityand tion paneldiscussionhighlightedinformationneedson sions. Meanwhile, thevegetation structure andfunc- monitor anddetectchangestoguidemanagementdeci- ture network limitstheabilityofUSFSmanagersto hydrology paneldiscussion,thesparseforest soilmois- management agencies.Based onthesoilmoisture and challenges around NASAtechnologyutilizationby land and breakouts, discussedkeyopportunities participants 6 5 is foundonpp. 8-9 ofthisarticle. color%20508.pdf#page=4]. Note: A Table listingtheDAACs gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/March%20April%202017%20 [VolumeObserver 29,Issue 2,pp. 4-18—https://eospso.nasa. of Society” intheMarch–April 2017 issue ofThe Earth Distributing, andDelivering NASAData fortheBenefit Science Data Operations:bution topics,see“Earth Acquiring, Creare, LLC] conductedatutorialonsoil moisture Wei based, hands-ondatatutorials.Paul Moth, Yaxing In addition,theworkshop facilitatedtwoscenario- Heidi [AlaskaSatellite Kristenson Facility (ASF)]. Yaxing Wei Moth [National Snow andIce Data Center(NSIDC)], GIS Administrator inApplied ScienceProgram ], Paul Member], Jeremy Kirkendall [NASAHQ—Senior Principal Investigator andGEDIScienceDefinition Team Presenters includedSean Healey [USFS—CMS agenda referenced earlier. several ofNASAsDistributed Active Archive Centers. data, includingpresentations from theUSFSand To learnmore aboutNASA’s DAACs andrelated datadistri- The toolsdemonstratedare describedintheworkshop , Heidi, andMarc Kristenson Shapiro [allfrom 5 tovisualize, access,anddownload NASA [ORNL], AmyFitzGerrell [NSIDC],and Volume 31,Issue5 6

The Earth Observer The Earth 7 Adopters, [Texas A&MUniversity] andfrom twoICESat-2 Early lighted prelaunch research findingsfrom LanaNarine released exclusively forthe workshop. It alsohigh- ICESat-2 vegetation datagranule, whichhadbeen tolearnhowparticipants toaccessandanalyze an The vegetation structure assessmentstutorialallowed (approaches andlimitations).” vations for regional vegetation structure assessments assessments, called“How toleverage samplingobser- Cate [USFS]ledatutorialonvegetation structure Peterson [USGS],Jim Ellenwood [USFS],andNolan how doesthiscompare toregional trends?” Birgit isthetrendtrends insoilmoisture called“What and August%202015_col_508.pdf#page=31]. 31-35—https://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/July%20 [Volume2015 issueofThe Observer Earth 27,Issue 4 , pp. Prepare the Way toUse ICESat-2 Data” intheJuly–August ular systemormodel. To learnmore, see“EarlyAdopters to demonstratetheutilityofICESat-2 datafortheirpartic- ing theirown resources (funding,personnel,facilities,etc.) a proposed ICESat-2 product, andwhoare capableofapply- have anexisting application,whohave aninterest inutilizing have adirect orclearlydefinedneedforICESat-2 data,who and projects, NASADAACs, USFS,andotherrelevant together multiplerepresentatives from NASAmissions The workshop tobring wasthefirstcollaborative effort Conclusion andFollow-On Activities of NASA’s EarlyAdopter Program. Program Applications Coordinator] provided anoverview and Sabrina Delgado Arias[GSFC/SSAI—ICESat-2 and State University]. In addition,Birgit Peterson WynneRandolph ICESat-2 EarlyAdopters are groups andindividualswho 7 Nancy Glenn [BoiseState University] and [Virginia Polytechnic[Virginia Institute September -October2019 resource management. sustainablenaturalNASA dataproducts tosupport nation offollow-on activitiestoenhancetheuseof aimed atcontinuingthecollaborationandcoordi- the workshop planningcommitteeare ongoingand built duringthemeeting.Post-workshop meetingsof their commitmenttomaintainingthemomentum Attendees deemedtheworkshop successfulandvoiced ing formalagreements forfuture collaboration. commonalities.Thisalsoincludesdevelop- tify further ued engagement,more efficientlyshare data,andiden- USFS andNASAare working onwaystofostercontin- ing coauthoringtheworkshop proceedings. Further, and solidifyplanforfollow-on activities—includ- prioritize identifiedgapsandplanstoclosethegaps, share anddiscussinitialfindingsfrom theworkshop, sessionto The workshop concludedwithaplenary management goals. oflandandnaturalresourceuse ofEOdatainsupport strengthened across agenciestoincrease partnerships entities. Thisuser-driven workshop promoted and this summary. Andrew Hudak [USFS]fortheircontributionsto Nancy Glenn [BoiseState University], and Hakimdavar [USFS],Peggy O’Neill [GSFC], The authorswouldliketosincerely thankRaha Acknowledgements 

Volume 31,Issue5

meeting summaries 37 meeting summaries 38 The Earth Observer The Earth conference. ence, followed by areview ofthehighlights andonthemotivation forthisconfer- Consortium, andtheNASAHarvest mation onNASAHarvest beginswithbriefbackground infor- This summary . https://nasaharvest.org ners. For more informationontheorganization,visit andcomposedofoverMaryland, 40internationalpart- Applied SciencesProgram, ledby theUniversity of program commissionedby NASA’sa multidisciplinary conference Consortium, hostwastheNASAHarvest (EO)data.Asitsnamesuggests,the observation Earth to discussinnovative ways ofusingsatelliteandother culture andfoodsecurityprofessionals mettogether the firstmeetingsofitskind,approximately 200agri- 2019 atNASAHeadquarters in Washington, DC.In ConferenceThe NASA tookplaceon Harvest June 25, Introduction 1 . Earth Observer material inthatreport provided ofThe thebasisforthisarticle voices-across-spectrum-food-systems-and-satellites. Some ofthe nasaharvest.org/news/nasa-harvest-conference-brings-together- There postedonlineathttps:// isamore-condensed summary Aries Keck, NASAHeadquarters, [email protected] Mitkish,Mary University CollegePark, ofMaryland, [email protected] Alona Bunning, University CollegePark, ofMaryland, [email protected] oftheFirstNASAHarvestConference Summary 1 Thefullpresentations are available on September -October2019 2 HarvestTube). @NASAHarvest; allvideocontent:http://tiny.cc/ and videosfrom theConference (Twitter Handle: wke.lt/w/s/HNjDJn) foraconsolidatedarchive oftweets Conference the NASAHarvest view Wakelet (https:// Google drive athttp://bit.ly/HarvestConf. Readers can 67&aid=B9vM9WJvJAk. com/NASA-Harvest-Conference-Recap.html?soid=11301914796 athttps://myemail.constantcontact.subscribe tothe newsletter are formallylistedintheTable onpage39). leadership roles intheconference (andwhosepositions and ship teamincludesInbal Becker–Reshef, back acrossleader- multipleNASAcenters.The Harvest (HQ) forprogrammatic, technical,andscientific reach- andinteractswithNASAHeadquarters Consortium at theCGAMR,directs andcoordinates theHarvest The Harvest Consortium. NASA Harvest Hub, located The Figure below illustratestheorganizationof use EO toadvance agriculture andfoodsecurity. organizationsfrom around40 partner theworldthat Research madeupofover (UMDCGAMR).Harvest is CenterforGlobalof Maryland AgriculturalMonitoring ledbyNASA Harvest is andcoordinated attheUniversity Consortium Background onNASAHarvest andNASAHarvest ners’ projects, visithttp://NASAHarvest.org/projects. To from stayuptodateonthelatestnews NASAHarvest, Alyssa Whitcraft[allfrom UMD],allofwhom had 2 To read more part- aboutNASAHarvest credit: NASAHarvest synthesis, andsynergy. Image cross-program collaboration, is theHub, situatedtofacilitate around theworld.At thecenter key actorsintheprogram from of whichhasco-leadershipfrom and program foundations,each ities, thematicconcentrations, identifies itscross-cutting activ- which matic organizationchart, Consortium’sHarvest program- Figure. ThisistheNASA Volume 31,Issue5 Chris Justice, The Earth Observer The Earth ** Participated viaWebEx. that standsforIGAD ClimatePrediction andApplication Centre; IGADstandsforIntergovernmental Authority onDevelopment. * Abbreviations andacronyms notexpandedordefinedhere are ICPAC expandedinthetextofarticle. isacompoundacronym Table. Summary Conference ofHarvest sessions.* markets, economic progress, andsustainability. to empower foodsecurity, decisionsthatsupport stable ness, use,andadoptionofsatellite-basedEOinorder facilitate theoverarching goal ofadvancing theaware- The distributedorganizationalstructure isdesignedto providers,tion andservice andapplicationsresearchers. the private sector, representing endusers,informa- NGOs, international multi-lateralorganizations,and ment agenciesandgovernment research organizations, drawnfrom universities, partners govern-disciplinary The Harvest Hub anchorsabroad network ofcross- Volatility and Food Price Agricultural Markets, Observations, Earth to-Decisions Cycle Actors AlongtheData- Security: Connecting Policy andGlobal Food EO intoAgricultural Priorities forIntegrating Warning Food Security andEarly Agriculture Partnerships in EOfor Public-Private Session Title [Harvest Director][Harvest Inbal Becker-Reshef Chief Scientist] Chris Justice [Harvest Lead] EasternAfrica [Harvest Catherine Nakalembe Manager] Director &Program Associate [Harvest Alyssa Whitcraft [Harvest Role[Harvest ] Moderator September -October2019

[AMIS] Abdolreza Abbassian Lawrence Friedl [NASA] Joe Mascaro [Planet], and Space Agency], Benjamin Koetz [European Commission], Jean-Luc Bald [European Kiersten Johnson [USAID], Foundation], Stan Wood[Gates Warren Preston [USDA], [USAID] Eilerts and Gary Kenneth Mwangi[ICPAC], & Agriculture Org], Mario Zappacosta [UMFood Food Programme], Rogerio Bonifacio[World Wisconsin] Molly Jahn [University of and ICRISAT], and Pierre Sibiry Traore [Manobi Rhiannan Price [Maxar], African Grain Council], Gerald Masila [Eastern Molly Brown [6thGrain], Intelligence], Sara Menker [Gro Ian Jarvis [GEOGLAM] Grains Council],and Arnaud Petit [International Seth Meyer [USDA], Panelists andAffiliations are clearavenues forcross-sectoral collaborationto capitalizing onas-yet uncaptured There opportunities. operations agenciesandprivate sectoractors,aswell as between publicresearchsuccessful partnerships and standing thatsustainablyfeedingtheplanetwillrequire EO dataandanalytics.Centraltothisistheunder- markets domains, regardless oftheircurrent usageof actors from across thefoodsecurityandagricultural At itscore, theconference aimedtobringtogether Motivation forMeeting ** , No Keynotes inthissession Jim Verdin[USAID] and World Relief], Tim McCully [Lutheran University], David Lobell[Stanford Uganda], [Office of Prime Minister behalf ofMartin Owor Catherine Nakalembe on of Illinois] and KaiyuGuan [University Salas [Applied Geosolutions], Sylvain Coutu[Swiss Re], Bill Esteban Copati[BAGE] Matt Hansen [UMD],and Joe Glauber [IFPRI], Keynote Speakers and Volume 31,Issue5 Affiliations

meeting summaries 39 meeting summaries 40 The Earth Observer The Earth of this conference, NASA Harvest and its partners of thisconference, anditspartners NASA Harvest lutionizing what we cando.” With theorganization erainterms ofourcapabilities,revo-completely new ing timeforsatellite-based agriculturalmonitoring—a Program[NASA Harvest— Director], “It’s areally excit- Insion support. the words ofInbal Becker-Reshef remote sensinganditsoperationaltransitionfordeci- as itseekstoadvance boththescienceofagricultural thatlieaheadforHarvest lenges andopportunities early program achievements. Theyalsoaddressed chal- provided theiruniqueperspectives astheyhighlighted making. Bothremote sensingscientistsandend-users satellite dataforagriculturalmonitoringanddecision- continuum around developing—and thenusing— feature thefullresearch-to-operations transition Presentations andpanelsessionswere designedto in thepaneldiscussions. topics thatcomplementedthesubjectmatterdiscussed four sessionsalsofeatured keynotepresentations with markets, andprevent foodpricevolatility. Three ofthe monitor andpredict crop health, informagricultural forEOtoolsanddatato challenges, andopportunities try. Eachbrought auniqueperspective onthevalue, nongovernmental organizations(NGOs), and indus- tives, humanitarianorganizations,research institutions, guished panelistsfrom national organizationrepresenta- session includedapaneldiscussionthatfeatured distin- four sessions,aslistedintheTable onpage39.Each rized below; theremainder ofthedaywasdividedinto The meetingbeganwithsomeopening remarks summa- Workshop Highlights management decisionsare made. into industry, where manykeyagriculturallanduseand companiestoswiftlymoveservices EOdataanalytics organizations, supplychaincompanies,andagricultural exploring collaborationswithmajorconsumergoods globallyanddomestically,private partnerships andis ronmental sustainability. willfacilitatepublic- Harvest impactagriculturalresiliencemeaningfully andenvi- September -October2019 volatility in2011ledtotheG20 Harvest’s Markets and Trade Activity Group. Market Agriculture (USDA)ChiefEconomist andco-leadof volatility. Glauber of isaformerU.S.Department bring transparency tomarkets thatare subjecttoprice and accuracyofcrop production forecasts, whichcan technologieswillimprove observation Earth timeliness Institute (IFPRI)—Senior Research Fellow ] Joe Glauber [International Food Policy Research PriceFood Volatility Session Agricultural 1:Earth Observations, Markets, and observations.”ways toadvance theusageofEarth different sectorswill“…help[NASA]learneffective andlong-termprojects acrossorate onshort- many sized Consortium’s thattheHarvest flexibilitytocollab- [HQ—Director oftheApplied SciencesProgram] empha- Administrator’s openingremarks, Lawrence Friedl happenedwillnothappen.”otherwise Following the lives willbetransformed,disastersthatwouldhave people inthisroom, lives are going to beimproved, above]. He saidthat,“Because oftheactivities Administrator Jim Bridenstine [shown inphoto The meetingbeganwith remarks from NASA and theGroup Global Observations on Earth Agricultural Market andInformation System(AMIS) 3 Opening Remarks geographic regions. ships around thesethemesacross multiplesectorsand connections,andstrengthennew existingrelation- toincreaseseized theopportunity awareness, form with the most advanced andemerging economiesin theworld. formed in1999. The G20ismadeupofagroup ofnations ing international financial stability. wasoriginally Theforum The G20 is a forum thatisusedtodiscuss policiessurround- The G20isaforum “This is one of the most important thingsNASAdoes— “This isoneofthemostimportant —NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine measuring andimproving foodsecurity.” credit: NASAHarvest Conference.Harvest Photo attendees atthefirstNASA Jim Bridenstine addresses NASA Administrator 3 establishing the establishingthe Volume 31,Issue5

explained how The Earth Observer The Earth 4 Agricultural Monitoring Initiative. (GEOGLAM) Founder] isthecoleadofHarvest’s Domestic Activity models. Bill Salas [Applied GeoSolutions (AGS)— sustainablecost-sharing andstructuring opportunities emphasized thatsuccessliesinidentifyingwin-win Coutu and scalingsuccessfulmodelsforpartnerships. cultural value chainsby developing, documenting, tion ofEOdataandanalyticsby actorsacross agri- respect toPPP:broadly, acceleratingtheadop- the sessionby outliningHarvest’s objectives with Partnerships (PPP)Activity Group. He opened Innovation] leadsHarvest’s Public-Private Sylvain Coutu[Swiss Re Group—Head of Agriculture Session 2:Public-Private Partnerships inEOfor asacontributiontoGEOGLAM. Consortium will befulfilled by Hansen andthe Harvest estimates formaize forChina,arequest which utilize satellitedatatoderiveGEOGLAM area fact, recently theG20AMISrequested thatG20 could provide someclarityandtransparency. In crop dataandthattheseare placeswhere EOdata countries thatprovide littleinformationor very Economist] addedthatRussia andChinaare two (INTA). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria well asArgentina’s and ofAgroindustry Ministry Instituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais (INPE), as de Abastecimento (Conab)anditsspaceagency, ships, e.g.,thosewithBrazil’s CompanhiaNacional for multiplecountriesthrough- collaborative partner maize, cotton, andwheat;mapshave beenprototyped cost. Hansen testedthismethodforin-seasonsoybean, unbiased, within-seasoncrop-area estimatesatlow- mapping algorithmscombinedwithfielddatatoderive ity-based method.Thetechniqueutilizes automated monitoring ofkeycommoditycrops viaaprobabil- Area Estimation Activity Group ] discussedoperational Group (UMD)—Director, Global LandAnalysis andDiscovery Matt Hansen [University CollegePark ofMaryland, theirabilitytomakeaccuratepredictions.support international relationships withorganizationsthatfurther the accuracyoftheirestimationsandfacilitatedintra- view, increased withHarvest addingthatthepartnership Head ofAgricultural this Estimations supported ] further for within-season crop monitoring. the individualnational ministriestoimprove their useofEO AMIS,whileworkingoutlooks from with EOdatatosupport to provide international consensusonglobalcrop supply works prices ofkeyagriculturalcommodities. GEOGLAM bringing transparency tosupply, demand,tradeflows, and ministries ofagriculture around theworldthatfocuseson cropmonitor.org. AMISisagroup ofchiefeconomistsfrom Cropgeoglam.org, andGEOGLAM Monitor website, www. For more onthisactivity, checkGEOGLAM’s website, www. Esteban Copati[Buenos Aires Grain Exchange (BAGE)— Harvest isNASA’s Harvest contributiontoGEOGLAM. primary and Co-leadofHarvest’s Crop Type Mapping and Warren Preston [USDA—Deputy Chief September -October2019 4

NASA Harvest and Gerald Masila. Affiliations are listedinthe Tableonpage39.Photo credit: Kaiyu Guan, Alyssa Whitcraft, Sara Menker, Molly Jahn, Pierre C.Sibiry Traoré, Conference. Photograph ofsomethepanelistsandkeynotespeakersfrom theHarvest users across agricultural value chains forms andtoolsthatbringEOdataanalyticsto development intheU.S.His companydevelops plat- Group PPPactivity theHarvest andissupporting 8 7 6 5 (FFAR), the Foundation forFood andAgriculture Research Conservation Conservation Technology Information Center(CTIC), includes the U.S.CornBelt. Thatpartnership AGS, the practicesin measuring thebenefitsofsoilconservation with thecommongoalofimproving soilhealthand includingone successful public-private partnerships, with oftendifferingagendas. He provided examplesof and clearroles andresponsibilities forthevarious actors are andtransparency, basedontrust ashared vision, many different stakeholderneedsifthe relationships cangofarinaddressingsized that these partnerships ture techniques.Salas andothersonthepanelempha- managementandregenerativeconservation agricul- withrespectfor farmers,particularly toimplementing cancreatepartnerships additionalmarket opportunities and private sectors.He explainedhow public-private For more information, visithttps://www.nature.org/en-us . working tocreate aworldwhere people andnature canthrive. For more information,visit https://foundationfar.org. tive scienceaddressing today’s foodandagriculture challenges. innova- to support builds uniquepublic-private partnerships more information,visithttps://www.ctic.org. Resources andotherpublic entities.For Service, Conservation the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, USDANatural by cial agriculturalsystems.Theorganizationissupported widespread useofeconomicallyandenvironmentally benefi- thatenvisionsthe is anationalpublic-private partnership retail outlets,amongmanyothers. This includesfarmers,processors, packagers,distributors,and product tomove from seedtofinalcustomerorconsumer. foranagricultural necessary processes, goods,andservices The isaglobal environmentalNature nonprofit Conservancy The Foundation for Food andAgriculture Research (FFAR) TheConservation Technology Information Center(CTIC) Anagriculturalvalue chainrefers toalloftheactors, Left toright:Molly Brown, Bill Salas, RhiannanPrice, Sylvain Coutu, 7 The Nature Conservancy, Volume 31,Issue5 8 USDA,andothers. 5 inbothpublic

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meeting summaries 41 meeting summaries 42 The Earth Observer The Earth described below: panelists thenhighlightedthree recurrent themes,as in Uganda below. Several subsequentspeakersand NASA Data Saves Lives andPromotes National Resilience describing Uganda’s withHarvest—see partnership of Relief, DisasterPreparedness, andManagement], Prime Ministry, Uganda—Commissioner, Department a presentation onbehalfofMartin [Officeofthe Owor NakalembeEastern AfricaLead]gave [NASAHarvest— In additiontomoderatingthissession,Catherine Session 3:Food Security andEarly Warning 2. Need toreduce overlapping and increase efforts coor- 1. vegetation conditionover timeusingNASAMODISand VIIRS Monitoring EastAfricaSystem, (GLAM) whichshows crop and (May through September) usingtheUMD-developed Global Agricultural Crop conditionsinUganda are monitored throughout thegrowing season act proactively andmitigatelossdamage. governments observations—gives application ofNASAEarth timeto on foodsecurity. Earlywarning—whichisuniquelyprovided through Crop failure canhave devastating impactsonfarmers’ livelihoods and NASA Data Saves Lives andPromotes National Resilience inUganda Warning (CM4EW) in Uganda. By August Crop 2017,theGEOGLAM Monitor forEarly showed drought conditionsthatwouldleadtowidespread crop failure Risk Financing (DRF)fund.For example, inMay 2017,satellite data triggerforthecountry’sand itsNASAdataastheprimary Disaster Disaster Preparedness, andManagement (OPMDPM)utilizes GLAM In Uganda, theOfficeof Prime of Minister Department Relief, data. Bothoftheseprojects are now under NASAHarvest. supported monitor crop conditions—confirmed outlooksforfinal production between researchers andend-usersneedstodevelop Security &Early Warning] pointedoutthattrust Co-lead ofHarvestNET)— Activity Group onFood Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS Agency forInternational Development (USAID) [U.S. Eilerts Gary dination inhumanitarianefforts: dataforusebyground-truth multiplecommunities. of communitystandards around thecollectionof ress, aimstocoordinate Harvest thedevelopment beginning five decadesago. To makeconcrete prog- investments NASAandothershave madeinEO, isessentialtodeliveringground-truthing onthe built through anaccuracyassessmentafforded by substantiate whatthesatellitedatashow. Thetrust datatocalibrate,validate,ity ground-truth and agricultural assessmentsisthelackofhigh-qual- the largestbarrierstobroader adoptionofEOfor dataremainstruth anissueforEOadoption:One of Lack ofaccesstoconsistent,highqualityground- ** —an international report using satellite data to —an internationalreport usingsatellite datato September -October2019 continued onnext page ized Hub ofcoordination. enablesthissort Harvest’s approach withacentral- uniqueConsortium resource usageandminimize “burden” onend-users. aswell astobothoptimizetackle theseuncertainties, across actorsworking inthesameregions andtopics,to emphasized theneedtoimprovefurther coordination markets andhumanlivelihoods atmultiple scales.It ing countriesmostatriskoffoodinsecurity—threaten ture—in countriesaswell asdevelop- bothlargeexport around thestateofagricul- that criticaluncertainties illuminate thethemesofday. Thepanelhighlighted voices intheEO,agriculture, andfoodsecurityfieldsto The finalsessionpulledtogetherseveral prominent the Data-to-Decisions Cycle Policy andGlobal Food Security: ConnectingActors along Session 4:Priorities forIntegrating EOintoAgricultural 3. Value infoodsecurity- ofpublic-private partnerships together. towards thesamegoalsindividually, ratherthan silo effectofhavingmanydifferent peoplework decreasingeration ofcollaborative efforts, the asaplatformthatallows Harvest views for prolif- in order toincrease impactofcollaboration.He theme oftheearlierPPPpanel. the resources oftheprivate sector, echoingthe other capabilitieswithpublic-sectorresearch and potential incombiningacademicresearch and and Condition]arguedthatthere isuntapped Co-lead oftheHarvest Activity Group onCrop Yield early: David Lobell[Stanford warning University, *

GEOGLAM CropGEOGLAM Monitor and NASAApplied Sciences. Image credit: fromnated by USAID UMDwithsupport Crop Monitor wasdeveloped andcoordi- data are acore input,andtheGEOGLAM tions across allin-seasoncroplands. NASA August 2017)shows watchandpoorcondi- CropGEOGLAM Monitor forUganda (July- Photo credit: CatherineNakalembe Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth space; takingdirect stepstoimplementthevisionof tives ofactorsinthefoodsecurityandagriculture interest incapitalizingupontheoverlapping objec- The gatheringdemonstratedthatthere issignificant reaching thesegoals. sive istakingproactive group ofpartners, stepstoward vative alongwithitsexpan- structure, NASAHarvest, its uniqueprogrammatic flexibility, agility, andinno- security.” By facilitatingcollaborationandleveraging agriculture, feedingtheplanet,andpromoting food “Everyone hasarole toplayinpromoting sustainable andthespiritofconference: Consortium Harvest Manager] summeduptheunderlyingnature ofthe DirectorAssociate [NASA Harvest— andProgram At thecloseofConference, AlyssaWhitcraft Conclusion (NPP) andNOAA-20 satellites.(NOAA standsforNational Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration.) VIIRS standsfor Visible–Infrared Imaging RadiometerSuite, whichfliesonthe Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership ** * earlyintheseason.”had clearevidencefrom satellitedatavery billions ofshillingstoprovide foodaidintheregion. 2017wasthefirsttime we actedproactively because we Martin Owor’s words [OPMDPM—Commissioner],“In thepastwe alwaysreacted tocrop failure, spending Ugandan households(roughly 150,000individuals).The Ugandan government saved 2.6millionUSD. In In 2017,theOPMpaidout4.11millionUSDto31,386 ing theirnationalautonomy. improved allocationoftheir own resources, allwhilesupport- acrisis, This averted reduced theneedforforeign aid,and publicworks toimproveundertake localinfrastructure. abandon theircrops, seedstosow, buynew andintheinterim The OPMDPMpaidoutDRFfundsdirectly tofarmers Based ontheseforecasts, theOPMDPMtriggered theDRF. were poor—seeexampleCM4EW outputforUganda [right]. 4-14—https://eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/May_Jun_2019_color.pdf#page=4]. Crop Monitor forEarly Warning (CM4EW)” intheMay–June [Volume 2019issueofThe Observer Earth 31,Issue 3 , pp. isapartner,Harvest see“Increasing Information Access forFood Security Monitoring: oftheGEOGLAM Overview MODISstandsforModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, whichfliesonNASA’s Terra and Aqua platforms; To learnmore aboutCM4EW andanotherfoodsecurityearlywarningactivityinSouthern AfricainwhichNASA September -October2019 sustainable resource useandfoodsecurity. trillions ofdollarseconomicgrowth whilepromoting transformation currently underway, whichcouldleadto tools willplayacriticalrole inthe“digital agriculture” discussions andproject designsfrom theirinception.EO becoming ever more evidentaswe includeend-usersin dinary, real-world impactsofusingsatellite dataare agriculture hasnever beenmore The extraor- important. Making thecaseforvalue ofNASAinvestments in cross-program activities. forcross-sector and nity inidentifyingopportunities this collective thecommu- visionaswell astosupport theimplementationof larly well-positioned tosupport the stateofpracticefoodsecurityactionisparticu- of thescienceagriculturalassessmentusingEOand whorepresentunfunded collaboratorpartners thestate offundedand event asaconsortium isnext.Harvest, Photo credit: CatherineNakalembe Volume 31,Issue5 

meeting summaries 43 meeting summaries 44 The Earth Observer The Earth each year, Office (ESTO; https://esto.nasa.gov) hoststheevent from June Science 11-13,2019.TheEarth Technology ScienceThe Earth Technology (ESTF)ran Forum understand Earth. planned cuttingedgetechnologiestohelpusbetter Center (ARC) todelve intothedetailsofcurrent and and engineersgathered atNASA’s AmesResearch For three daysinmid-June, over 200scientists Introduction Table presentations Science duringthe2019 Earth 1.Plenary Technology Forum. 2 1 welcomes researchers from across theworld. tion alternatesbetween theeastandwest coastseachyear, and answer questions under these Earth scienceumbrellas:answer questionsundertheseEarth technical sessionstolearnabouttechnologiesthathelp Over three innine days,attendeescouldparticipate color.pdf#page=22]. eospso.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/eo_pdfs/May_June_2013_508_ [VolumeThe Observer Earth 25,Issue 3,pp. 22-29—https:// Science through Technology” intheMay–June 2013issueof sciencedatasets. analyze largeEarth lites tomachine-learningalgorithmsthatdigestand aboardgies, from tinyinstruments shoebox-sized satel- sciencetechnolo- ing thedevelopment ofnascent Earth Agency’s sciencetechnologyprogram andfund- Earth Division (ESD)andisresponsible formanagingthe technologies. ESTO ofNASA’s ispart Science Earth and commercial researchers science toadvance Earth fostering collaborationamongacademic,government, To learnmore aboutESTO, see“ESTO: Benefitting Earth ESTO hosteditsfirstESTFin2003.Theconference loca- NASA’s SciencesProgram Airborne (ASP)] Matthew Fladeland [ARC—Manager of at Planet] Ignacio Zuleta andJames Mason [both for Research] Center (ARC)— CenterAssociate Director David Korsmeyer [NASA’s Ames Research Speaker [Affiliation] Snow, Ice, andSnow Water• Equivalent; Surface Topography,• Geology, Biology, and Elizabeth Goldbaum, NASAEarth Science Technology Office,[email protected] Technology Forum Science ofthe2019Earth Summary Vegetation; 1 withtheintentofsharinginformationand 2

September -October2019 and scientists. and canbeatrainingground forthenext generationofengineers how theASPenablesinteresting scienceresearch Earth Summarized airborne missionsfrom across theworldand explained day.whole worldevery Planet wasfoundedin2010outofARC andstrives toimagethe Discussed remote sensingwithdisaggregated CubeSat constellations. radiation studies. tunnels sprawledacross campus,andresearch areas, e.g.,aerosol and Described research facilitiesatARC, includingtheextensive wind Topic briefly summarized inTable 1. is describedinthenarrative here; theotherfive are survey—and relevantsurvey—and to readers of more popularpresentations, according toapost-forum remarks abouttheirorganizationsandgoals.One ofthe speakerssharedThroughout theconference, sixplenary HighlightsPlenary and linkstoindividualpresentations. estf2019/sessions.html#S1 forthefullagenda,abstracts, Readers are directed tohttps://esto.nasa.gov/forum/ presentsThis article thehighlightsfrom theforum. Planning Program Lead]chaired themeeting. on thesecondday. Philip Larkin [ESTO—Advanced tomingleduringapostersession had anopportunity Labs, LockheedMartin, andGoogle. Attendees also sessions,featuringleadersfrom NASA,Planet plenary Interspersed between thetechnicalsessionswere six 3 mission operationsandengineering. area Scienceresearch, ofEarth thissessionfocusedmore on Unlike theothersessions,whicheachfocusedonaparticular Aerosols, Ozone, and Trace Gasses. • RadiationBalance; and • Clouds,Convection, andPrecipitation; • Atmospheric Winds andOcean Surface; • Soil Moisture, Mass Change,andSurface • Sustainable LandImaging; • Distributed Missions andConstellations; • Deformation;

Volume 31,Issue5 The continued onnext page — Earth Observer

3 can makedecisionswithouthumanintervention. The Earth Observer The Earth machine-learning algorithmformappingcoral reefs (NeMo-Net). He and histeamare developing a Multi-Modal and Observation Training Network Ved Chirayath[ARC] describedaproject calledNeural tion science. - observa available fortheenhancementofNASA Earth technology,new thesecurrently datawillbe underused validate coarserresolution dataproducts. With this spatially disparateandprimarilyusedtoevaluate and IKONOS-2 satellites.Prior to2008thesedatasets were WorldView-1, -2,-3,-4;Quickbird-2; GeoEye-1; and from aroundft) resolution theglobeusing the imagery acquiring petabytes ofsub-metertofour-meter(~13- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, GSFCis missions.Through agreements withtheobserving global coverage existingNASAEarth thatcansupport ers. Commercial high-resolution satellitedata provide available andaccessibletoNASA-fundedresearch- data(API) observation tomakecommercial Earth to provide toolsasanApplication Program Interface NASA’s scienceinvestigators. Theirwork Earth aims on aproject toprovide high-resolution products for led by ChristopherNeigh [GSFC]—are working Margaret Wooten [NASA’s GSFC]andherteam— those presentations are summarized below. sciencedatasets.Aselectionof disseminating bigEarth speakers shared projects centered ondecipheringand Over thecourseofthree-day meeting,various Presentations onInformation Technology said totheESTFattendees. work thatyou dotobringNASAintothe future,” Kaye that allow ustoexplore areas new ofinquiry. “Ivalue the well asnon-government entities, advance technologies ESTO andEarth when otherprograms within NASA, as sized model,andanalyze that we canbetterobserve, oftechnologynonetheless.Kaye empha- avid supporter a “technoturtle,” hisremarks madeitclearthathewasan science. for Earth While hejokinglyreferred tohimselfas discussed theinterplaybetween technologyandresearch presentation inwhichhe for theESD]gave aplenary Jack Kaye Director [NASAHQ—Associate ofResearch * Table presentations Science duringthe2019Earth 1.Plenary Technology Forum. (Continued) Machine learningisamethodofdataanalysiswhere “the system” learnsfrom thedata,e.g.,toidentifypatterns,and Research] Peter Norvig [Google LLC— Director of Center (ATC)] Vice President ofAdvanced Technology Nelson Pedreiro [LockheedMartin— Speaker [Affiliation] September -October2019 , ofmachinelearning focused ontheimportance The formerleaderofARC’s ComputationalSciences Division satellites tomonitorweather andtheenvironment. TIROS-1, thenation'sfirst weather satellite,hasdelivered over 100 Gave oftheATC, anoverview which,from the1960launchof Topic look tothefuture. he encouragedscientiststoputontheir“programming hats” asthey tists solve bigquestionsmuchfasterthantheycouldontheirown; and whatkindofcoralslive intheocean. coral intheoceanbelow tohelpunderstand how many players, or citizen scientists,dive offaboattostudythe framework setuplikeaninteractive videogame,where 4 on thesesystems,” Chirayathsaid.NeMo-N with remote sensingatdifferent scales.“Lifedepends easily understandhow climatechangecompromises water managersatthelocal, state, andfederal level more while limitingitsavailability. aimstohelp Thiseffort projections. Climatechangecanincrease waterdemand is working withhisteamtolocalize globalclimate Research’s (NCAR)Research Applications Laboratory] Andy Wood [National CenterforAtmospheric tor tohydroelectric power generationandagriculture. drinking water, andwaterfrom snow isamajorcontribu- sive data.In thewestern U.S.,snow isthemainsource of satellite-based sensorstoproduce themostcomprehen- ing tohelpdeterminethemosteffective combinationof shared acomputer-basedtoolthatuses machinelearn- FormanBart [University CollegePark] ofMaryland, rectangles. mismatched paragraphsintoperfect to the“justify” toolinMicrosoft Word , whichformats in thesameformat.Thesoftware’s namepayshomage change thatby puttingallthedatafrom allthestations weather andclimateacross theregion. JAWS aimsto cult toshare informationbetween stationsandlookat weather datainitsown format,whichmakesitdiffi- cally sensitive Greenland. However, eachstationcollects stations throughout theArctic—including 40inclimati- is notsomuchlackofdata.There are multiple weather better modelandpredict climatechange.Theproblem globally. scientistsrely Earth onArctic weather datato stand weather locallyandassessclimatechangeimpacts an easy-to-useformatsothatscientistscanbetterunder- (JAWS), whichreformats Arctic weather stationdatato duced asoftware calledJustified Arctic Weather Station Charlie Zender [University ofCalifornia,Irvine]intro- should beavailable by December 2019. stated thataglobalmapofcoralreef distribution coral-reef-video-game-will-help-create-global-database. describes thegame inmore detail—seehttps://eos.org/articles/ An online article inEOS:Earth &Space Anonlinearticle ScienceNews * whichhelpsscien- Volume 31,Issue5 4 Chirayath et isa

meeting summaries 45 meeting summaries 46 The Earth Observer The Earth combines MODIS risks, Kosovic andhisteamputtogetheraproject that fighters anddecisionmakersbetterunderstandfire determining thelikelihoodofwildfires. To helpfire- or vegetation), terrain,andweather are keyfactorsin (i.e., theamountofmoisture intheavailable “fuel” Branko Kosovic [NCAR]discussedhow fuelmoisture and maintaintheirinfrastructure. will helpwatermanagerscreate strategiestomodernize water securityintheircommunities.Theproject’s tools * Table 2.Summaries ofselectedpresentations sensors,imagers,and otherinstruments. onnew 5 ground stations toestimatefuelmoisture content. Aqua platforms. Spectroradiometer, whichfliesonNASA’s Terra and The speakerslisted here were specifiedinthedescription. the project leaders/principal investigators unless otherwise MODISstandsforModerate Resolution Imaging Laboratory (JPL)] Laboratory Shivani Joshi [NASA/Jet Propulsion Lauren Wye [SRIInternational] David Osterman [Ball Aerospace] Speaker [Affiliation] Atmospheric andSpace Physics] David for Harber [Laboratory Atmospheric andSpace Physics] Erik Richard for [Laboratory Dong Wu Corporation/JPL] Caitlyn Cooke[Northrop Grumman Joel Johnson [The Ohio State University] [GSFC] 5 satellitedatawithwaterfrom * September -October2019 Radar inaCubeSat (RainCube) isthefirstK space soresearchers canimprove naturalhazard short-term forecasting. aperture radar(InSAR). InSAR measures ground deformationfrom moderate-resolution synthetic (5-25m)high-fidelityinterferometric SRI CubeSata Imaging Science(SRI-CIRES)willfly RadarforEarth scienceobservations. and calibrationforEarth ment todemonstrateon-orbitlongwave infrared radiometricimaging Compact Infrared RadiometerinSpace (CIRiS)isaCubeSat instru- Topic uncertainty inclimatemodels. uncertainty Clouds—and icecloudsinparticular—remain amajorsource of clouds. makingupcirrus obtain informationabouttheicecrystals (SWIRP) willcombine—forthefirsttime—multiplewavelengths to Submillimeter-Wave andLWIR Polarimeters Ice forCirrus Properties Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS)mission—at lower cost. CTIM andCSIMcouldmeasure thesamequantities asthe Total and for monitoringtotalsolarirradiance from a6UCubeSat. Together, irradiance. CTIMwilldemonstrate next-generationtechnology Compact Total Irradiance Monitor (CTIM) willmeasure totalsolar constellation, offeringanalternative tocurrent satellitemissions. measurement capabilitiesmakeitan idealcandidateforafuture Sun’s influence over theatmosphere. CSIM’s tinystature andprecise tral irradiancefrom a6UCubeSat tohelp scientistsunderstandthe Compact Spectral Irradiance Monitor (CSIM)measures solarspec- Corporation] isteamleaderforthisproject.) iceclouds.(Billogy tobetterobserve Deal [Northrop Grumman measurement accuracyofcurrent submillimeterradiometrictechnol- Integrated Receiver andSwitch Technology improves (IRaST) the temperatures andtheirthicknesses. (UWBRAD) isaremote thatassessesicesheets’ sensinginstrument Ultra-Wideband Software Defined Microwave Radiometer investigator ofthisproject.) understand how weather systemsevolve. (Eva Peral isprincipal [JPL] way forprecipitation measurements over smallertimescalestobetter radar missiononaCubeSat. RainCube’s successfulmissionpaves the funded projects thatwere showcased atthismeeting. oped—and thesciencebeingstudied—through ESTO- ety ofairborneandspaceflighthardware beingdevel- intended togive arepresentative samplingofthevari- ofthesepresentations.a few Theentrieschosenare new, cutting-edge,andcost-effective ways. Table lists 2 in Earth abletoobserve todesigninstruments efforts manyofthespeakersdescribed Throughout theforum, Presentations onInstruments help firefighters determine fire risk. Understanding vegetation how isinaregion can dry a -band precipitation Volume 31,Issue5 continued onpage49 The Earth Observer The Earth Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), andNASA NationalAerospace Exploration Oceanic Agency(JAXA), and in theAtmosphere (CIRA)at ColoradoState University, Japan Philippine Sea. Image credit: Cooperative Institute forResearch off the west coastofBorneoandduelingtropical cyclones inthe JAXA Himawari-8 satellite,from August 21,2018,shows smoke Figure. Thisimagefrom the Advanced Himawari Imager aboard the CAMP Philippine ofScienceand Department Technology, and AstronomicalAdministration Services andthe tion withthePhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysical inconjunc- (NRL) andtheManila Observatory Led by NASA,theU.S.Naval Research Laboratory microphysics, andtheSun’s radiation. interact withsurrounding monsoonmeteorology, cloud study therelationship between asthey aerosol particles Maritime Southeast Asiato field campaigntodatein is themostcomprehensive Experiment (CAMP Processes Philippines Aerosol, andMonsoon forecasts. TheCloud, ing weather andclimate a keyfactorinimprov- pollution have onclouds, that smokefrom fires and investigation ontheimpact a nearlytwo-month-long August 25,2019,tobegin skies over thePhilippines on sensing developers. tional teamoffield researchers, modelers,and remote [ aircraft—see photo NASA’s P-3Bscience right]—soared intothe used inTheEarth O EDITOR’S NOTE: istakenfrom nasa.govThis article . While ithasbeenmodifiedslightlytomatchthestyle Samson Reiny, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, [email protected] Climate Science CampaignTargetsPhilippine Airborne Weather, 2 Ex comprisesaninterdisciplinary, interna - 2 Ex) Ex) bser

ver, theintentistoreprint itwithitsoriginalformlargelyintact. composition. Photo credit: NASA within and near clouds, including those related to precipitation and cloud droplets as well as aerosol size and NASA’s P-3Bscienceaircraft isfittedwith tomeasureremote-sensing instruments anumberof variables September -October2019 CAMP the mixofatmosphericphenomenathatoccurin Japanese Himawari-8 satellite;thisimagegives afeelfor from theAdvanced Himawari Imager thatfliesonthe Figure [ left] shows asatelliteimagefrom thisregion can even influence weather inthecontinentalU.S.(The ture thatprovides rainfallover thePacific Ocean and the Asianarchipelago, theregion alsoproduces mois- weather processes. Besides thetorrential monsoons over a ready thatinfluencemajor supplyofaerosol particles the region alongwithairpollutionfrom citiesprovide tific inquiry. Agriculturalanddeforestation fires from ing seas—hasbeenlongsoughtoutasanarea ofscien- Philippines, andnumerous otherislands andsurround- ing Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo,Sulawesi, the tor, andforecast. TheMaritime Continent—compris- weather andclimatephenomenatounderstand,moni- The studyseekstotacklesomeofthemostdifficult tation to changes in cloud and storm properties, but we tation tochanges incloudandstormproperties, and smokefrom agriculturalfires andfires from defores - “Numerous studieshave linkedthepresence ofpollution weather andclimate.” and numericalmodelstohelp scientists betterpredict Manager]. “Our goalistoimprove satelliteproducts [NASA Headquarters— SciencesProgramRadiation understanding ofthoseprocesses,” saidHal Maring precipitation, butwe don’t yet have aquantitative “We know can affect cloudsand aerosol particles 2 EX studyarea.) Volume 31,Issue5

in the news 47 in the news 48 The Earth Observer The Earth place,” saidJeffrey Reid [NRL].“CAMP oftheactualmechanismstaking lack theobservations along withtheassociatedweather systems,CAMP To cloudandaerosol interactions, beabletoobserve these processes isalwaysatallorder.” oftheskies.Getting aquantitativeent parts lookat longones,andthey’revery alllocatedinradicallydiffer- “some lifetimes whileothershave short cloudshave very inthefield,addingthat, notoriously difficulttoobserve Maring explainedthataerosol-cloud interactionsare forecast models. forimprovingmechanisms iscrucial global climate reflect backintotheatmosphere. Quantifying these black carbonalsoaffectshow muchsunlightclouds orsuppresscarbon mayeithersupport cloudformation; Depending onthetypeandaltitudeofcloud,black fires, absorbsunlightandcontributetoglobalwarming. that are darker incolor, suchasblackcarbonfrom wild- sunlight isreflected backintotheatmosphere. Particles Smoke andpollutionalsoaffecthow muchincoming current research andweather forecasting models.” will allow ustobetterrepresent thesefeedbacksin will provide that uswithunprecedented observations ground platformstorecord wide-scalemeteorology, onmultipleairborneand leveraged instruments severity storms.CAMP andtheformationofnew These feedbacksare todeterminestorm important lenging toaccuratelyrepresent innumericalmodels. upward anddownward motionswithinstormsare chal- cloud droplets andrainfall thosethatdrive the linear feedbacksbetween those processes thatform University—P-3B Flight Scientist],“Complex,non- According toSusan van denHeever [ColoradoState Reid said.“It’s anintricatescience.” strengthen andincrease thelongevityofsevere storms,” “Yet recent research shows thatthesesmallerdrops may rain insmallerclouds. of smallerdrops, whichare lesslikelytocoalesceinto the cloudsmaybepopulatedwithalargernumber if there isahighconcentrationofaerosol particles, form waterdroplets thatmaylaterbecomerain.But watervapor cancoalescearoundsol particles, themto Depending onthesize andcompositionoftheseaero - cloud condensationnuclei(alsoknown ascloudseeds). nearlyallcanactasbiomass-burning smokeparticles; includeseasalt,dust,airpollutants,andparticles ties inhow thosedynamicsaffectclimate. Aerosol weather and climate,yet there are- largeuncertain Aerosol–cloud dynamicshave aprofound impacton atmospheric compositionandweather interact.” and modelpredictions tomonitorandunderstandhow systems forsatelliteobserving a much-neededcrucible 2 Ex provides September -October2019 2 2 Ex Ex Ex Ex our models,and ithasanenormousimpacton people “Rainfall isthemostdifficult variabletounderstandin questions intheSoutheast Asiaregion. help toinformsomeofthebiggest weather andclimate pressure from radiosondes.CAMP andprofiles oftemperature,ocean surface moisture and tions aswell asmeasurements ofenergyfluxes from the provided- nearlycontinuousradarandlidarobserva Oceanography, University ofCalifornia,San Diego, project and operatedby theScrippsInstitution of of InterSeasonal Tropical OscillatioNs (PISTON) funded by theOfficeof Naval Research Propagation out inthePacific Ocean, the research vessel Sally Ride, the atmosphericconditionsabove theclouds.Meanwhile, the sametimeasP-3Baircraft. TheLearjetsurveyed inandaroundmentation, flew thesamecloudsatnearly Company (SPEC) Inc.- Learjet,fittedwithinsituinstru To verify thosedata,aStratton Park Engineering aerosol size andcomposition. related toprecipitation andclouddroplets aswell as of variables withinandnearclouds,includingthose with remote-sensing tomeasure instruments anumber wave radiation. NASA’s P-3Bscienceaircraft isfitted composition, cloudmicrophysics, andsolarlong- Philippine collaborators,thedatafrom CAMP it tobehighlyvulnerableclimate change.For climate researchers becausemanystudieshave shown The interestregion isofparticular to weather and maximum windspeedbefore makinglandfall. record oneminuteofsustained195mph(315km/hr) Super Typhoon Haiyan in2013,whichreached aworld while notingthatthePhilippines isstillrecovering from in thelion’s denoftropical meteorology,” Reid said, weather andclimate.“CAMP the Philippines andare oftheregional anintegralpart world’s mostintensesupertyphoonsformjusteastof place oftropical cyclones inthewestern Pacific. The convection stormsystems,anditisalsothebirth- the formationofsevere thunderstormsandorganized planet. Themonsoonenvironment isconducive to of themostcomplexatmosphericphenomenaon the Southeast Asianmonsoonenvironment hostssome In additiontotheintricateaerosol andcloudprocesses, measurements ofthecloudinteriorandenvironment.” evolving intime,whiletheaircraft willgive usdetailed “Theship’sLaboratory]. radarswilltellushow cloudsare tions iskey,” saidDerek Posselt [NASA/Jet Propulsion - “The synergybetween airandshipborneobserva intercontinental scales. the wayinwhichweather develops oncontinentaland ing whereas PISTON focusesonair–seainteractionand fundamental aerosol andcloudphysicsremote sens- are complementary intheirgoals.CAMP are complementary 2 Ex isbeingconducted Volume 31,Issue5 2 Ex andPISTON 2 Ex focuses on Ex focuseson 2 Ex will The Earth Observer The Earth 1 here,” saidGemma Narisma [Manila Observatory dryness andheavyrainfall,are expectedinthefuture,”dryness ing thatmore oftheseweather extremes, alternating duetodrought. “Ourwater shortage research isshow- classes; before that,theregion hadbeensufferingfrom monsoonal activityinMetro Manila ledtocancelled Ateneo de Manila University, notedthatrecent Narisma, whoisalsoanassociateprofessor atthe rainfallclimatology.”observed climate modelsdonotagoodjobsimulating (CORDEX-SEA), forexample,show thatregional Regional Downscaling Experiment over Southeast Asia Executive Director] “Results from ourCoordinated Asia. To learnmore, visithttp://www.observatory.ph. scienceinSoutheasttution focusedonatmosphericandEarth ESTO] chaired apostersession highlightingnew Michael LittleandParminder Ghuman [bothfrom Johnson [The Ohio State University]. Christopher Ruf [University ofMichigan], and Joel panelists were Gordon Farquharson [CapellaSpace], could improve measurements. The observing Earth discussion onhow software andhardware integration Hardware forNew Strategies Observing , whichprompted ESTO] ledapanelsessiontitled,Integrating Software and andJacquelineAmber Emory LeMoigne [bothfrom ESTF includedbothapanelandpostersession. collaborate, anddiscussfuture areas ofresearch, To provide tonetwork, attendeeswithopportunities Conversation Starters The Manila Observatory isanonprofitThe Manila Observatory Jesuit research insti- continued from page46 Technology Forum Science ofthe2019Earth Summary September -October2019 1 — of datafrom CAMP enhancedintheregionfurther inthefuture. The wealth sol interactionswe’re studyingnow willbemostlikely the atmosphere, whichmeansthatalotoftheaero- said. “We’re emittingmore andmore into particulates region isexperiencingsignificantindustrialgrowth,” he [Ateneo de Manila University]. “The Southeast Asia hoped foroffshootofthecampaign,saidJames Simpas and ing thoseclimacticchangesisanotherimportant Increased understandingofthemechanismsinfluenc- water availability andflooding.” would allow ustobetterprepare fortheseswingsin she said.“Improving ourmodelsforclimateprojections affect notonlyusbutalsothe rest oftheplanet.” come andwillshinemore lightonhow ourwaysoflife project proposals onlineathttp://esto.nasa.gov. up todatewithnextyear’s ESTFaswell asdeadlinesfor ing discussionamongresearchers atESTF2020.Keep attendees canexpectacontinuingemphasisonfoster- much theyenjoyed interactingwithpresenters. Future hit,withattendeesnotinghowsession wasaparticular ships withpotentialfuture collaborators.Theposter many cutting-edgetechnologiesandbuildrelation- tolearnaboutso while. They valued theopportunity Attendees felttheconference wasengagingandworth- Conclusion technological accomplishments. omy tophenology, thepostersoffered adiverse arrayof From Earth. technology forobserving spacecraftauton-

2 Ex willbe analyzed foryears to Volume 31,Issue5  

in the news 49 in the news 50 The Earth Observer The Earth 1 tion—see Figure forexample. and consumehundreds of thousands ofacres ofvegeta- or humansettlements.Asaresult, theyoftengrow large to burnunlesstheythreaten infrastructures important mostly ignitedby lightningstrikesandare usuallyleft erty. In theboreal forest andtundra,wildfires are fast aspossible,sincetheyare arisktolifeandprop- lower 48are oftensetby humansandare putoutas those inCaliforniaandIdaho. For one,fires inthe Arctic wildfires differ from mid-latitude fires, suchas change. and boreal ecosystemsandsocietiesto environmental sive fieldcampaignthatprobes the resilience ofArctic Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE),acomprehen- Center (GSFC)].She works withNASA’s Arctic-Boreal areas,” saidLizHoy [NASA’s Goddard Space Flight more frequent andsevere fires andlargerburned we’re seeingisanacceleratedfire cycle: we are getting “Fires are oftheecosystem,butwhat anaturalpart moisture. Photo credit: NASA/Peter Griffith the depth-to-permafrost, andtomakeelectronic measurements ofsoil this area tomeasure theorganiccarboncontentofsoil,tomeasure Experiment (ABoVE)researchers have dugsamplepitsthroughout Delta Junction, AK.He andhisfellow Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability an area trees ofstandingdeadblackspruce inaburnedarea near Richard Chen[University ofSouthern California]walksthrough more aboutABoVE,visithttps://above.nasa.gov. including ABoVE, visithttps://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13281. Tolearn tems, andhumanhealth—seephotobelow. and whatthatmeansforclimateforecasting, ecosys- tundra fires have becomemore frequent andpowerful and satellites,NASAisstudyingwhyboreal forests and From work toairbornecampaigns fieldandlaboratory lated areas, buttheirimpactsare feltaround theglobe. Wildfires intheArctic oftenburnfarawayfrom popu- To ofNASA’s anoverview view research in theArctic, , theintentistoreprintused inTheEarth Observer itwithitsoriginalformlargelyintact. EDITOR’S NOTE: istakenfrom nasa.govThis article . While ithasbeenmodifiedslightlytomatchthestyle Maria-José Viñas, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, [email protected] NASA StudiesHowArctic Wildfires Changethe World 1 September -October2019 typically absorbinanentire year. Image credit: NASA/Peter Griffith carbon backintotheatmosphere asalltheplants andtrees inCanada scorched more than7millionacres offorest, releasing halfasmuch Figure. In 2014,megafires inCanada’s Northwest Territories surface organicmat. surface perpetually frozen layer ofground underneaththe , the and tundraactsasinsulationfor thepermafrost The thick,carbon-rich,topsoil layer ofboreal forests burns them.Photo creditSander Veraverbeke: release largequantitiesofcarbon totheatmosphere whenawildfire in theArctic andboreal regions thickorganicmatsthat have very Canada, duringafieldexpeditionforNASA’s ABoVEcampaign. Soils Researchers digoutandmeasure ablockofsoilinSaskatchewan, decompose much,” Hoy said. ature-limited aswell asnutrient-poor, itscontentsdon’t below—because temper- thesoilisfrozen orotherwise a lotoforganicmaterial—seeexampleinthephoto “Arctic andboreal regions thicksoilswith have very soil ratherthanburnedtrees andshrubs. emissions from Arctic fires comefrom burned organic Also, unlikelower-latitude wildfires, mostof the carbon Volume 31,Issue5 The Earth Observer The Earth ple, forhunting.” live there andhow peoplecanusetheland, forexam- going tochangethemammalspecies thatare able to all vegetation compositionoftheland,” Hoy said.“It’s “After anintensefire, we canseechangesinthe over- alter localecosystems. fire modifies thedistributionofplantspecies,ultimately Changes tohydrological processes, togetherwithhow contained inthepermafrost willbelost.” the thawingofpermafrost, andsothepaleoinformation boreal andtundrafires inthefuture—this willenhance fire specialistsare predicting anincreased numberof happened inthepast,” Iwahana said.“Modelers and the icestructure ofpermafrost to understand what look atchangesinwaterisotopes,gascontent,and “As withicecores inAntarctica andGreenland, we also meanstheirreparable lossofahistoricrecord. for thousandsofyears, thedisappearance ofpermafrost Beyond alteringlandscapesthathadbeenunperturbed the weather theburnedarea experiencesafterthefire.” severely thefire organiclayer and woundsthesurface works withABoVE.“Other factorsatplay are how Iwahana [University ofAlaska,Fairbanks (UAF)], who ground iceisunderlayingintheground,” saidGo towardforward subsidencedependsonhow much thefire-disturbed area“Whether will recover orgo karst, driesupthelandscape. the resulting hollowed topography, known asthermo- landscape. In lakesform.In someplaces,new others, subsidence andsoilcollapse,creating ahoneycombed The fire-driven thawingofpermafrost causesland Changing Landscapes connections tothechangestakingplacethere.” the Arctic doesn’t stayintheArctic—there are global why doesitmatter?’”Hoy said.“But whathappensin there intheArctic, sowhycan’t we justletitburn, “I sometimeshear‘there aren’t thatmanypeopleup climate change. conditions—they are alsointurncontributingtomore warmer anddriersummersthatcreate dry, tinder-box Arctic impacted by globalwarming,whichisleadingto Canada’s vast forests. So not onlyare wildfires inthe atmosphere through annualtree growth across allof that itoffsethalfofallthecarbon removed from the Canada emittedsomuchcarbonintotheatmosphere A recent ABoVEstudyfoundthatasinglefire seasonin atmosphere,” Hoy said. and decay, soyou’re releasing even more carbonintothe neath thawsandyou’re allowing thesoiltodecompose cooler andyou openedthelid:permafrost under- you burnthesoilontopit’s“When asifyou hada September -October2019 given year.” hood someone is goingtobeaffectedsomewhere in any said. “Themore peopleare spread out,themore likeli- the sametimethatpopulation isgrowing,” Loboda seasons onrecord forAlaska and that’s happeningat “In thelast20years we’ve had thethree largestfire mines how are muchparticulates created. burns combinedwiththeintensityoffire deter- that inventories offueltypes—thekindgreenery record ofburningatthedailyscale,aswell asthorough computer models,willallow hertocreate adetailed also analyze NASAsatellitedatathat,combinedwith how manypeoplegetillduringthefire season. She’ll from Alaska’s ofPublic Department Health toanalyze For herstudy, Lobodawillusehospitalizationrecords on andclosingtheirwindows.” would getby beingindoorswiththe[airconditioner] outcomes. “Theylackanykindofprotection they exposure ofnative communitiestowildfires withhealth hunting,” saidLoboda,whoplansoncomparingthe people doingsubsistenceactivitieslikefishingand spend alotoftimeoutdoors—especiallyindigenous “Fires happenduringthewarmmonths,whenpeople the planet. limited toAlaska,wildfires impactpublichealtharound this year’s fire seasonalone.ThoughLoboda’s studyis that hasissuedover 30airqualityadvisoriesduring is impactingthehealthofpeopleinAlaska,astate to studyhow exposure from forest toparticulates fires Loboda recently launchedaproject through ABoVE for asubstantialperiodoftimeyear afteryear.” smoke. Even peoplewhodon’t live nearby are exposed large,andtheyproducefires alotof common, arevery very CollegePark].of Maryland, “In theboreal forest region, firegenerally short event,” saidTatiana Loboda[University those studiescomefrom research coming from a single, “We hearalotabouttheimpactsoffires onhealth,butall systems andcantravel farandwideby winds. which are andcardiovascular harmfultotherespiratory Wildfires matter,release largeamountsofparticulate Impacts onHealth Alaska Fire]. ScienceConsortium caribou,” saidAlisonYork, [UAF—Coordinator ofthe management isthatfires might restrict therangeof “One ofthe majorconcernsintermsofwildlife longtimetorecover,take avery are harmedby fires. dependentonslow-growingvery lichensthat surface tation thatgrows back.But caribou,whosedietsare herds move intothearea inpursuitoftheyoung vege- scapes. During thefirstdecadesafteralargefire, moose differentlyAlaska. Eachreacts toburnedland- very Caribou andmooseare thetwomaingamespeciesin  Volume 31,Issue5

in the news 51 in the news 52 The Earth Observer The Earth bands infourlayers ofthestormasHurricane Dorian Systems Demonstration (TEMPEST-D) reveals rain box. The Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical from aNASAweather satellitethat’s thesize ofacereal One ofthemore interesting imagesobtainedcame September 6,before headingbackoutintotheAtlantic. 1stormon landfall atCapeHatteras, NC,asaCategory Southeast U.S.coast.Thestormmadeaneventual U.S. westward, fluctuating instrength asitmoved alongthe devastating impactsontheBahamas, before tracking foraboutadayunleashing became nearlystationary laterthatsamedayatGrandand Bahama. It then landfall atElbow CayintheBahamas onSeptember 1, ing ashigh185mph(~298km/h)—whenitmade 5intensity—with windsreach-storm reached Category Hurricane Season, asittracked across theAtlantic. The Dorian, thefirstmajorhurricaneof2019 Atlantic NASA satellitesprovided ofHurricane manyviews Research Marine Meteorology Laboratory Division, Monterey (NRL-MRY) rainfall are shown ingreen, whilethemostintenseare yellow, red andpink.Image credits: NASA/Jet Propulsion andU.S.Naval Laboratory jpl.nasa.gov/archive/PIA23431.gif. Thecolorsintheanimationshow theheavyrainfallandmoisture insidethestorm.Theleast-intense areas of of view The Dorian highlightswherevertical thestormisstrongest intheatmosphere. For ananimationofthisimagevisithttps://photojournal. toward theSoutheast U.S.coast.Thelayers intheanimation reveal slicesofthehurricanefrom fourdepths,takenatdifferent radiowavelengths. Figure. TEMPEST-D acquired thisimageofHurricane Dorian offthe Florida coastat2AMEDTon September 3,2019,asitbeganto move , theintentistoreprintused inTheEarth Observer itwithitsoriginalformlargelyintact. EDITOR’S NOTE: istakenfrom nasa.govThis article . While ithasbeenmodifiedslightlytomatchthestyle Arielle Samuelson, NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, [email protected] Mini Satellite An InsideLookatHurricaneDorianfrom a September -October2019 our globalstormcoverage andforecasting data. traditional satellites;inmultiples theycouldimprove CubeSats are muchlessexpensive toproduce than that work togethertotrackstormsaround theworld. tion couldsomedayleadtoatrainofsmallsatellites track stormslikeDorian, thetechnologydemonstra- within theclouds.If TEMPEST-D cansuccessfully usedtomeasurewave instrument rain andmoisture turized version ofamicrowave radiometer—a radio Known asaCubeSat, TEMPEST-D usesaminia- corresponding totheareas ofheaviest rainfall. high intotheatmosphere, withpink,red andyellow convective “storms” withinthehurricaneare pushing layersThe multiple showvertical where thestrongest approaches Florida onSeptember 3,2019—seeFigure.

Volume 31,Issue5  The Earth Observer The Earth C 1 makes ittick. TEMPEST-D data reveal ontheinsideofHurricane Dorian andwhat tinel.com. AtinyNASAsatellitegave scientistsabig “What’s Under theHood,” September 6,orlandosen- *Hurricane Dorian: NASAMini-Satellite Reveals climate-in-crisis-with-al-roker-69358149853. visit sheets. To watchtheNBCNews ClimateinCrisis series, fast thewarmingoceanismeltingregion’s massive ice Melting Greenland (OMG)missiontostudyjusthow withNASAscientistsontheirfirst-ever flew Oceans U.S., inAugust thelongtimetelevisionweather anchor ofthe part effects ofclimatechangeonthenorthernmost a result. Months aftertraveling toAlaskastudythe rapidly meltingglaciersandhow sealevels are risingas Greenland tostudy theeffectsofclimatechangeon the Arctic yet again—thistimeforaNASAmissionin September 12,people.com.AlRoker hastrekked to Study Melting Glaciers forClimateinCrisis Series, Al Roker Is inGreenland onaNASAMission to “They’ll bedefinitelyharder tosuppress.” (GSFC)—Chief oftheBiospheric SciencesLaboratory]. Doug Morton [NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center to seeconditionsthatmakefires more likely,” said world, andwithclimatechangewe’re goingtocontinue company Zillow. “We’re livinginawarminganddrier threatened, according totheonlinereal-estate database anestimated$268billionarehalf-million homesworth expanded fivefold over thelastfourdecades.Almosta fire risk,where landdamagedordestroyed by fire has ing scenariofortheU.S.statewithhighestwild- such blazes more likelyandharder tostop. It’s asober- grass asNASAscientistssayclimatechangeismaking already burnedmore than50,000acres oftimberand berg.com. California’s biggestwildfire ofthe year has NASA Warns onClimate,September 14,bloom- designed tostudyprecipitation events onaglobal scale. ofaCubeSatvalidate theperformance microwave radiometer Office (ESTO). Thegoalofthe TEMPEST-D missionis to program Science andmanagedby theEarth Technology sponsored by NASA’s System Earth SciencePathfinder (ESSP) and Tropical Systems –Demonstration. TEMPEST-D is TEMPEST-D standsfor Temporal Experiment forStorms . style usedinThe Observer Earth not necessarilyreflect thepositionsofNASA.There maybesomeslighteditinginplacesprimarilytomatchthe online ne EDITOR’S NOTE:This columnisintendedtoprovide Sciencetopics asamplingofNASAEarth by reported alifor https://www.nbcnews.com/now/video/nbc-news-now- nia Hit withBiggest Wildfire of2019as ws sour ces during the past few months.Pleaseces duringthepastfew note thateditorialstatements,opinions,orconclusionsdo 1 is a weather-observing isaweather-observing [email protected] Samson Reiny, NASA'sGoddard Space Flight Center, Earth ScienceNews Team, ScienceintheNews NASA Earth September -October2019

ing effects. To planforhigherwaters,coastal engineers combined with other factorstheycanhave damag- inches higherthannormal,butwhen can bejustafew isatitsstrongest. Kingtides gravitational pullonEarth occurs whentheMoon andSun are alignedandtheir describe anexceptionally hightide,whichmostoften tides. Kingtideistheinformalterm generallyusedto ing by lookingatthehighestoftides—called king complete picture oftheincreasing riskofcoastalflood- emergency plannersinSouthern Californiagetamore eration withtheU.S.Geological Survey, ishelping Flooding, August 27,spacedaily.com. NASA,incoop- NASA Helps California Get AheadofCoastal statement by NASA. Chief oftheBiospheric SciencesLaboratory] saidina ing thanregional drought, Douglas Morton [GSFC— in therainforest are more consistent withlandclear- of MODIS’fire detectionsduringthis year’s season dry all over theworldsince2003.)Thetimingandlocation (MODIS hasbeenusedtomeasure thermalanomalies Bolivia—seeFigurein northern 1onthenextpage. several statesintheBrazilian Amazon anddepartments tions that2019mayhitarecord numberoffires for have beenthehighestsince2010todate,withindica- Spectroradiometer (MODIS)ontheAqua satellite detections by NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging is themostactive fire year in Brazil since2010. Fire flames from above. confirmed thatthis Theirview rainforest inBrazil, NASAsatellitesare trackingthe raging fires continuetosweep through theAmazon Burning ataRecord, August Rate 28,space.com.As NASA Satellites Confirm AmazonRainforest Is regarding thelifecycle ofhurricanes. from above thestormwillprovide valuable information tion andtrackingstorms.Scientistshopethatviews cost-effective technologytounderstand cloudforma- TEMPEST-D isanexperimentthatusessmaller, more the Dorian—see Figure inNews Story onpage52. areas ofheavyrainfallandmoisture beingpulledinto ena atdifferent depthsofthehurricaneandshowing unveiled the hurricane’s “engine” revealing phenom- class ofplatformknown asaCubeSat. TEMPEST-D satellite nobiggerthanabox ofcereal—a relatively new Volume 31,Issue5

NASA earth science in the news 53 54 The Earth Observer September - October 2019 Volume 31, Issue 5

Figure 1. This map shows active fire detec- tions in Brazil as observed by MODIS (on NASA’s Terra and Aqua platforms), August 15-22, 2019. The locations of the fires, shown in orange, have been overlaid on nighttime imagery acquired by VIIRS. In this view, cities and towns appear white; forested areas appear black; and the vast tropical savan- nas and woodland regions (known in Brazil as the Cerrado) appear gray. Reminder for Print readers: The color version of the news- letter is available online. Visit https://eospso. nasa.gov/earth-observer-archive/, then click on “September–October 2019”. Credit: NASA’s Earth Observatory

in California use results from a USGS-based flood- simulation model for Southern California called the Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS). This online tool simulates flooding potential from sea-level rise and coastal storms along the central and southern California coastline. Until recently, CoSMoS got much of its sea-level data from tidal gauges scattered along the California coastline. To fill the gaps between the gauges, CoSMoS’ developers at the USGS and NASA are adding data from NASA’s satellite and airborne missions.

Images from a NASA Satellite Show the Quickly th science in the news Increasing Levels of Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere from the Amazon Fires, August 23, businessinsider.com. Data from a NASA satellite have provided visualizations of increased carbon monox- ide (CO) levels in the atmosphere due to the wild- fires that continue to rage in the Amazon rainfor- Figure 2. This image shows carbon monoxide associated with fires from the Amazon region in Brazil from August 8-22, 2019. Made est—see Figure 2. NASA collected new data from the with data collected from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on on NASA’s Aqua satellite, the image is made by averaging three days its Aqua platform, measuring levels of CO at an alti- of measurements. Image credit: NASA/JPL tude of 18,000 ft (5500 m) August 8-22, 2019, accord- ing to a press release. As an air pollutant that can travel *For more information, see News story in this issue. long distances and stay in the atmosphere for about a month, CO plays a significant role in climate change. Interested in getting your research out to the general public, NASA ear While the AIRS evaluated CO at a relatively high alti- educators, and the scientific community? Please contact tude and has little effect on the air we breathe as of Samson Reiny on NASA’s Earth Science News Team at right now, “strong winds can carry it downward to [email protected] and let him know of upcoming where it can significantly impact air quality,” accord- journal articles, new satellite images, or conference presen- ing to the press release. Concern for the world’s largest tations that you think would be of interest to the readership rainforest arose as a record number of wildfires blazed of The Earth Observer.  through the Amazon this year (see previous entry)— a total of 72,843 incidents, according to Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Nearly all fires in the Amazon are started by humans. ABoVE Science Team Meeting, Fairbanks, AK 2020 Sun-Climate Symposium, Tucson, AZ The Earth Observer The Earth January 27–31,2020 meetings/2020-scs MODIS–VIIRS Science Team Meeting, CollegePark, MD CERES Science Team Meeting, Berkeley, CA October 29–31, 2019 https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/science-team-meetings2.php https://above.nasa.gov/index.html http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sorce/news-events/ https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci_team/meetings NASA Community November 18–22,2019 May 11–14,2020 Earth ScienceMeetingandWorkshopEarth Calendar *This wastheoriginal nameforSRON, butit’s nolongerused. United States Forest Service SRON USFS Southern Hemisphere ADditionalOZonesondes National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration SHADOZ forAtmospheric andSpace Laboratory Research [University ofColorado] NOAA NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center LASP Centre National d’Études Spatiales [French Space Agency] GSFC List ofUndefined Acronyms Used in Editorial and Table of Contents CNES Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ASTER Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland*

September -October2019

Washington, DC American Meteorological Society 100 AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA Asia Oceania Geosciences Society, April 25–26,2020 JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting, Chiba,Japan January 12–16,2020 June 24–July 4,2020 asp?page=home.html USA ScienceandEngineering Festival, EGU General Assembly2020, Vienna, Austria Boston, MA Hongcheon, South Korea Global ScienceCommunity Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego, CA https://events.jspargo.com/AGU19/Public/enter.aspx https://usasciencefestival.org/2020-expo https://www.agu.org/Ocean-Sciences-Meeting https://annual.ametsoc.org/2020 December 9–13,2019 http://www.asiaoceania.org/aogs2020/public. http://www.jpgu.org/meeting_e2020 https://www.egu2020.eu February 16–21,2020 May 3–8,2020 May 24–28,2020 Volume 31,Issue5 th AnnualMeeting,

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