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Alvarado Guerra2020.Pdf (2.266Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The limits of liberal plurality: From political identity to strong recognition Mario Alberto Alvarado Guerra Doctor of Philosophy – The University of Edinburgh - 2020 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... i Abstract .........................................................................................................iii Lay Summary ................................................................................................ v Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Outlining purposes and announcing present research .......................... 3 1.2 Research objectives and principal findings ........................................... 8 1.3 Structure .............................................................................................14 Chapter 2 Critical race theory: a radical critique of liberalism ..................................19 2.1 Racial realism and the integrationist ideology ......................................22 2.2 Integrationist convergence and racial consciousness ..........................27 2.3 Differential racialisation and the ad hoc construction of categories ......33 2.4 Privilege, reformism and structural change ..........................................36 2.5 Systematic power and oppression .......................................................40 2.6 Coming back to reforms: the de-radicalisation of CRT .........................43 2.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................48 Chapter 3 Nationalism and the origin of political plurality.........................................51 3.1 Ethnic and civic nationalism: the origins of nations ..............................53 3.2 Constructing national identities ............................................................58 3.3 Democracy and recognition .................................................................62 3.4 Liberal allegiance and recognition: the dialectics of national identity and citizenship .................................................................................................66 3.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................71 Chapter 4 Multiculturalism and the problems of modern identity ............................. 73 4.1 A brief definition of multiculturalism ..................................................... 76 4.2 The philosophical and historical contexts: liberalism, modernity and political plurality ........................................................................................ 80 4.3 Liberal multiculturalism ....................................................................... 86 4.4 Communitarian multiculturalism .......................................................... 90 4.5 The second wind of multiculturalism ................................................... 94 4.6 Social cohesion and national identity: towards an idea of multicultural nationalism ............................................................................................. 100 4.7 Multicultural nationalism .................................................................... 103 4.8 The civic features of multicultural nationalism ................................... 108 4.9 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 111 Chapter 5 The limits of multiculturalism ................................................................... 113 5.1 Moving from failure and backlash to systematic criticism. ................. 114 5.2 Essentialism ..................................................................................... 118 5.3 Social cohesion ................................................................................. 123 5.4 Categorisation of culture, nation and people ..................................... 127 5.5 Minorities, majorities and power relations ......................................... 131 5.6 Ideology and the internal source of inequality and oppression .......... 134 5.7 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 137 Chapter 6 Overcoming multiculturalism? Interculturalism and diversity in the new century ....................................................................................................... 139 6.1 Two forms of interculturalism ............................................................ 142 6.2 Intercultural spaces and cosmopolitan cohesion ............................... 148 6.3 Globalisation, super-diversity and social allegiance .......................... 153 6.4 The intercultural assessment of multiculturalism ............................... 158 6.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 161 Chapter 7 From reciprocity to relativism: some difficulties of liberal diversity ..... 163 7.1 Reciprocity and pragmatic accommodations ..................................... 165 7.2 Interventionism and precedence ....................................................... 168 7.3 From majority anxieties to intercultural dialogue ................................ 173 7.4 Two ideas of community: togetherness and likeness ......................... 179 7.5 The difficulties of living together ........................................................ 183 7.6 The fear of relativism ......................................................................... 188 7.7 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 191 Chapter 8 Strong identity. .......................................................................................... 193 8.1 The philosophical context of identity: between modernity and post- modernity, between humanism and anti-humanism ................................. 197 8.2 Taylor’s dialogic identity: diversity and relativism ............................... 203 8.3 Assessing goods: the existential dimension of identity ...................... 207 8.4 Towards a humanism of the other: expanding the limits of modern identity .................................................................................................... 215 8.5 The process of constructing ourselves: the articulation of the parts ... 222 8.6 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 226 Chapter 9 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 229 9.1 Identity and Individuality in liberal theories ........................................ 231 9.2 Social cohesion and ontological community ...................................... 234 9.3 Liberal reformism .............................................................................. 236 9.4 Strong identity ................................................................................... 238 9.5 What is coming next: strong recognition and history .......................... 240 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 243 Acknowledgements Through the writing of this thesis, I have received a great deal of support and assistance. Many people supported me in producing it. I would like first to thank my supervisors at the University of Edinburgh, Steve Kemp and Mary Holmes who were an endless source of support, inspiration, encouragement and knowledge. I hope at least part of their invaluable expertise is worthily represented in the text. I am grateful for people’s support within the School of Social and Political Science, particularly Isabelle Darmon, Nasar Meer and Liliana Riga for their valuable guidance, for offering me their perspectives and recommending readings. I am also thankful to the Citizens, Nations and Migration Research Network (CNaM). I am indebted to my colleagues for their wonderful help. You supported me greatly in the most diverse manners, all equally important to me. Thank you to Amy Andrada, Camilo Ardila, Rachel Barry, Martin Booker, Cleo Davies, Carl Denig, Andrés Domínguez, Arjen van der Heide, Su Hu, Victoria Gaxiola, Christine Huebner, Ewan Robertson, Zhen Wei and Andreas Zaunseder. Thanks also to my dearest friends Chiara Aquino, Richa Clements, Ya Guo, Karol Medellín, Alán Muñoz, Jacob Niu, Evina Vrioni, Charles Wilson, Kwun Yap, Harry Zhu and Luana Zulian. You were my family in Edinburgh. My biggest thanks to my parents for their wise counsel and sympathetic ear. Thank you to Adriana for always being there for me. You were of
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