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Indigeneity and the Institutionalization of Multiculturalism in Canada and Canadian Literature— Towards a Literary and Political History

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Indigeneity and the Institutionalization of Multiculturalism in Canada and Canadian Literature— Towards a Literary and Political History RED TILES, WHITE MOSAIC: INDIGENEITY AND THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF MULTICULTURALISM IN CANADA AND CANADIAN LITERATURE— TOWARDS A LITERARY AND POLITICAL HISTORY by Brendan McCormack B.A., University of Victoria, 2008 M.A., Carleton University, 2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (English) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) September 2020 © Brendan McCormack, 2020 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Red Tiles, White Mosaic: Indigeneity and the Institutionalization of Multiculturalism in Canada and Canadian Literature—Towards a Literary and Political History submitted by Brendan McCormack in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Examining Committee: Laura Moss, Professor, English Language and Literatures, UBC Supervisor Margery Fee, Professor Emerita, English Language and Literatures, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Daniel Heath Justice, Professor, First Nations and Indigenous Studies and English, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Christopher Lee, Associate Professor, English Language and Literatures, UBC University Examiner Coll Thrush, Professor, History, UBC University Examiner Pauline Wakeham, Associate Professor, English, Western University External Examiner ii Abstract “Red Tiles, White Mosaic” offers a literary and political history analyzing the settler-colonial processes by which the state-driven project of multiculturalism became Canada’s distinctive, even “indigenous” national feature by settling itself on Indigenous lands. I examine multiculturalism as a politics of colonial misrecognition whose strategies of managing diversity have excluded or reframed Indigenous political difference as “cultural” difference, obfuscating Indigenous nationhood and the colonial dispossession at the formation of the multicultural nation-state. In Part 1, “Politics and Public Policy,” I historicize the “mosaic” and the development of Canadian multicultural nationalism in literary and political discourse since the nineteenth century, showing how official multiculturalism materialized as an extension of the colonial project of nation-building. Chapter 1 offers a novel and sustained historical critique of multiculturalism’s federal institutionalization since 1971 through the spheres of public policy, law, and political philosophy, mapping the strategies of Indigenous appropriation, exclusion, and containment in the architecture of liberal multiculturalism. Chapter 2 explores the ambivalent material effects of early ethnicity-oriented multicultural policy on publishing in Indigenous newsletters in the 1970s, examining the poetry in publications of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs as a case study. In Part 2, “Political Economy, Pedagogy, and Representation,” I study how the policy and ideology of multiculturalism and the state’s multicultural patronage of arts has transmuted within the Canadian literary field and inflected the reception and construction of Indigenous writing as “multicultural” literature, focusing primarily on the institution of the literary anthology. In Chapter 3, I historicize and theorize the anthology’s significance to multiculturalism’s growing visibility and institutionalization in Canadian literary studies in the 1970s and 1980s. In Chapters 4 and 5, I offer sustained close readings of the discrepant approaches to representing Indigenous literatures in two formative “multicultural” anthologies of the 1990s—Other Solitudes: Canadian Multicultural Fictions (1990) and Making a Difference: Canadian Multicultural Literature (1996)—examining how multicultural iii recognition obscures the expressive literary politics of Indigenous nationhood. My conclusion brings this literary and political history into the ostensibly “post-multicultural” present, arguing for the ongoing need to decolonize multicultural Canada and Canadian literary multiculturalism. iv Lay Summary Multiculturalism is often considered the defining feature of Canada and its literature. The “mosaic” has long been a symbol of Canada’s cultural diversity and uniquely inclusive pluralism. Yet lands called Canada comprise not only multiple cultures, but many Indigenous nations. In fact, Canada’s “official” multiculturalism has largely excluded Indigenous peoples, and many Indigenous writers reject having their nations subsumed as one of many cultures in the mosaic. This dissertation provides a broad history of the state politics of multiculturalism in Canada and its influence in the field of Canadian literature that examines these tensions, analyzing multiculturalism’s settler-colonial architecture and its historical evolution as a literary and political nation-building project. I show how multiculturalism’s politics and policies have variously ignored or misrecognized Indigenous peoples and nations as Canadian “ethnic” or “cultural” minorities, and also how multiculturalism has materially influenced the production of Indigenous literatures and their construction as “multicultural” Canadian literature. v Preface This dissertation is composed of original and independent work by the author. Portions of Chapter 3 were published previously in a 2018 peer-reviewed chapter for CanLit Guides, “Official Multiculturalism’s Funding of Canadian Literature: The Writing and Publications Program.” The bibliography in Appendix A will in the future be contributed to The People and the Text. Early versions of Chapter 2 were presented in 2017 at the annual conference of the Indigenous Literary Studies Association (Chilliwack) and at Mikinaakominis/TransCanadas: Literature, Justice, Relation (Toronto). Selections from Chapters 4 and 5 were presented at the 2019 Association of Canadian and Québec Literatures conference (Vancouver). vi Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Lay Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... v Preface ................................................................................................................................................................. vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................ xi Dedication ........................................................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Contemporary Challenges: Storying the Dissertation .......................................................................... 6 Historical Directions: Research Questions and Project Overview ................................................. 19 Situating Multiculturalism, beyond the Metonym: Public Policy and Materialist History ........... 31 PART 1: POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY Introduction to Part 1: White Civility, Settler Colonialism, and the Literary Project of Canadian Multiculturalism—A Proto-Political History of the Mosaic ............................ 41 Nationalism and the “Problem of Canadian Diversity” ................................................................... 42 Romancing the Mosaic ........................................................................................................................... 48 Designing the Mosaic ............................................................................................................................. 50 White Civility, Multicultural Nationalism ............................................................................................ 56 Settling the Garden ................................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 1: In/visible Minorities: Indigenous Peoples and Canadian Multiculturalism in the Contexts of Policy, Law, and Philosophy ............................................................... 63 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 64 1. Multiculturalism’s Development as Policy ...................................................................... 76 “Neither the Indians nor the Eskimos”: Multiculturalism and the B&B Commission ............... 77 Liberal Multiculturalism: Trudeau, the “Indian Problem,” and the “French Fact” ..................... 83 “Making the ‘Indians’ Ethnic”: Multicultural Funding ..................................................................... 98 Categorizing Difference: Ethnicity, Race, and the Invisibility of Indigeneity ............................. 104 2. Multiculturalism’s Institutionalization as Law .............................................................
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