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Download (1966Kb) University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/73923 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Exporting Multicultural Citizenship and the case of Cyprus by George Iordanou esis Submitted to the University of Warwick for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Politics and International Studies December Contents Acknowledgments vii Declarations ix Abstract x Introduction Chapter Multicultural Citizenship . e Initial eory of Multicultural Citizenship . ..Situating the eoryHistorically ................ ..Exposition of the eory..................... .Kymlicka Responds to Criticisms . ..SocietalCulture .......................... .. Liberal Multiculturalism and Categorisation of Culture . ..Multiculturalism and Human Rights . . eory to Policy and Domestic to International . ..Multiculturalism as an International Issue . ..Human Rights, Securitisation and Inequality . ..Immigrant Multiculturalism and Eastern Europe . i Chapter Liberal Nationalism .IndividualandCollectiveIdentity . ..‘Race’, Ethnicity and Nationality . ..Nationality ............................. ..Liberal Nationalist Identity . .Liberal Citizenship and the Failures of the Liberal State . ..Liberal State and Ethnicity . ..Liberal State and Racial Groups . ..Liberal Citizenship and Private and Public Dimension . . eStateandtheNation .......................... .. eBanalityoftheSocialContract . ..Philosophical Origins of the Nation-State . ..Nation-building . ..Liberalism’s Hidden Nationalist Agenda . Chapter Multiculturalism and Principles of Justice .Nationalist Morality and Principles of Ethnocultural Justice . ..HumanNature........................... ..Pluralism in Liberal Nationality . .. e Morality of Community . .Kymlicka and Liberal Nationalists . .. reeObjections.......................... ..Disagreement : Individuality and Choice . ..Disagreement : Diversity, Truth and Intracultural Justice . ..Disagreement : Education and Cultural Content . ii Chapter From eorytoPractice .Idealisation and Abstraction . ..Useful and Bad Idealisations . ..Should Political eorists Consider Empirical Facts? . .Rawls and Ideal eory........................... ..What makes Rawls’ ToJ ideal? . ..Epistemological and Practical Philosophy . .Action-guidance in eory ........................ ..Top-down Approach rough Metaphors . .. eComparativeApproach ................... .Action-guidance in Practice . ..Binary Abstraction . ..Gradual Abstraction . ..Human Nature and Dierent Kinds of Action-guidance . . e Reciprocal Model ............................ ..Fundamental Human Nature – level .............. ..Socialisation – level ....................... ..Relational positioning – level a ................. ..Relational Scarcity Considerations – level b ......... Chapter e Case of Cyprus .RulerCome,RulerGo ........................... . e Greek and Turkish Ethnic Claims . ..From the Ottomans to the British-led Nationalism . .. e Emergence of Nationalism and the Ethnic Terror in the s................................. iii ..Independence and Sovereignty . .. e Dismantling of the State and the Division . . e Nation-building of the Two Administrations . ..Dierent Historical Narratives . ..Identical and Opposed Discourses of Recognition . ..EducationCurricula........................ ..Evaluating the Success of Ethnocentric Education Curricula .Non-dominant Minority Cultures . .. ree Types of Minorities . ..HistoryoftheArmenians. ..HistoryofLatins.......................... ..HistoryofMaronites ....................... ..Multilingualism in Cyprus . ..Multiculturalism and Education: lack of recognition . .From Consociational Constitutionalism to Multicultural Citizenship ..Consociational eory and the Constitution . ..New Consociationalism and Multiculturalism . .. e Democratic Challenge .................... .. e Elite Motivation Challenge ................. .. e Ethnocentric Challenge.................... .. e Domesticity Challenge.................... Chapter Revisiting Multicultural Citizenship .Conceptualising Culture . ..Perceptions of Culture . ..Is Culture Important to Everyone? . iv ..Abstracting Culture . ..Individual and Equality-based Conceptions of Autonomy . .Cultural Classication, Recognition, Oppression . ..Classifying cultures . ..Misrecognition and Cultural Oppression . .Examples of Misrecognition in Cyprus . ..ErasedfromHistory:theCaseofRoma . ..Misrecognition as Nation-building: Armenians, Latins and Maronites.............................. ..Recognition at the State-level Driven by the Dominant Cul- ture ................................. .A Process of Recognition at the International Level . .CultureBeyondtheEthnos ........................ .. e Banality of Ethnicity . ..Should Ethnicity be Formalised? . ..Should Ethnicity be Expanded? . ..Should Ethnicity be Abandoned? . ..Civic Nationalism as the Evolution of Ethnic Nationalism . ..MultinationalistBias ....................... Chapter From Bicommunalism to Multicultural Constitutionalism .Civic and Ethnocultural Conceptions of GCs . . Bi in Bizonal, Bicommunal, Federation . .Intergovernmental Organisations and the Cyprus Problem . .From Bicommunal Constitutionalism to Multicultural Citizenship . v Chapter Conclusion .Exporting Multicultural Citizenship . .From eorytoPolicy ........................... .Multicultural Citizenship in Cyprus . ..Ten propositions for Cyprus . ..Responding to reeObjections ................ .MovingtheResearchForward. .. e eorisation of Multicultural Citizenship . ..Methods in Political eory ................... .. eCaseofCyprusandBeyond. Bibliography vi Acknowledgments erst time I encountered the term “multiculturalism” was in during a mod- ule at the University of Southampton, taught by Prof. David Owen. Over the years I was on the receiving end of the generocity of various academics. First and foremost, Dr Russell Bentley, who dedicated many hours discussing my views on Plato, which enabled me to win a bursary for the best undergraduate dissertation. It was due to Dr Bentley and Prof. Owen’s references that I was accepted for a Masters at the LSE, and for that I am ever grateful. At LSE, I beneted from the support and guidance of Prof. Anne Phillips, who was always willing to discuss my reading on multiculturalism and to advice me on my PhD applications, for which she wrote numerous references. I am also grateful to Prof. Chandran Kukathas for his references and for our discussions on multiculturalism and the political thought of Rousseau. It was their teaching and guidance that helped me develop my views on multiculturalism, which eventually led me to pursue a PhD at the Department of Politics and International Studies at Warwick. I am grateful to PAIS for supporting the cross-departmental seminars of the Centre of Ethics, Law and Public Aairs. CELPA organises seminars to discuss dra papers by prominent visiting philosophers from all over the world. e ability to ex- change ideas with thinkers of such intellectual sophistication is an absolute privilege. e two people I owe the most are my supervisors, Dr George Christou and Dr Edward Page. ey provided academic and emotional support throughout the vii three years of writing this thesis. ey were always available, willing to discuss my ideas, guide me, and read my work. George and Ed showed enormous faith and trust in me, which enabled me to built the condence necessary for the completion of this thesis. I could not have asked for better supervisors. is PhD could never be written without the nancial support of the Eco- nomic and Social Research Council through the “Security, Conict and Justice” stu- dentship. I am also grateful to the A. G. Leventis Foundation for their generous grants. Also, to ERASMUS for their Teaching Grant that enabled me to co-organise and attend a conference in Uppsala University. Presenting my work in conferences helped me develop the ideas presented in this thesis. I am especially grateful to the Workshop on Methods in Political eory organised by the Manchester Centre for Political eory that discussed my paper on ideal theory, and in particular the feedback by Prof. Kimberly Hutchings. Also, the Panel on the Legal Aspects of the Cyprus Problem at LSE’s Hellenic Observa- tory, where I presented my paper on multicultural constitutionalism. e discussion helped me rene my view, and for that I am grateful to Dr Rebecca Bryant and Dr George Kyris. Also, the conference by Warwick, Uppsala and UC Berkeley in Swe- den, where I presented an early draof my methodology chapter. Finally, the War- wick Graduate Conferences in Political eory, where I rst stood in front of people pretending to have something important to say. I am grateful to my parents for their support and for always believing in me. Most of all, I am grateful to them for letting me chose my own path, which made me take responsibility for my numerous failures and satisfaction from my occasional successes. Finally, to Evilena. For showing her love every single day for the last six years and for extending her ridiculously high standards to me. For reading my dras, for discussing my ideas, for disagreeing
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