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Putting the Arctic Back on the Map

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Putting the Arctic Back on the Map Putting the Arctic Back on the Map: A Progress Report in Anticipation of the Arctic Council's Twentieth Anniversary Jackson School of International Studies Arctic Task Force 2016 PUTTING THE ARCTIC BACK ON THE MAP: A PROGRESS REPORT IN ANTICIPATION OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL’S TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY Published by the University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies Instructors: Nadine Fabbi Vincent Gallucci Brandon Ray Expert Evaluator: Ambassador Kenneth Yalowitz Editor: Erika Doane Coordinator: Jake Creps Task Force Team: Laura Heckenlively Kelsey Brewster Danika Moore Allison (Allie) Rutz Claire Wang Elizabeth Castro Jordan Habenicht Michael (Mac) Zellem Kyle Wheeler Ivalene Laohajaratsang Photo by Gus Goldman, Svalbard 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ………………………………………………………………………………...........................................1 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………….…….………….........5 Executive Summary ……………………………………………………….…………….………………………...7 By Erika Doane Introduction…………………………………………………….……….…………………………….……….……9 By Erika Doane Part I: Climate Change in the Arctic ……………………….……….…………………………………………17 Chapter 1……………………………….……….…………………………………………………..….………….19 Major Opportunities & Major Responsibilities: The Future of Arctic Resource Extraction By Laura Heckenlively Chapter 2……………….……….………………………………………………………………………..…..……35 Black Carbon & Methane: Mitigation & Prevention in the Arctic By Kelsey Brewster Chapter 3 …………….……….……………………………….………….……………………………….………51 Planned Relocation: An Adaptive Strategy to Climate-Induced Displacement in the Arctic By Danika Moore Part II: Nourishing Minds: Communities for the Future…………………………………………………..….73 Chapter 4…………………………….……….…………………………………………………….……..……….75 Food Security of Inuit in the North American Arctic By Allie Rutz Chapter 5…………………………….……….…………………………………………………….………..…….95 Promoting Mental Wellness & Resilience in the Arctic By Claire Wang Chapter 6…………………………….……….…………………………………………………….……….……113 Post-Secondary Educational Opportunities for Inuit By Elizabeth Castro Part III: The Developing Economic & Legal Structure of the Arctic………………………………...….139 Chapter 7…………………………….……….…………………………………………………….…….………141 Twenty Years of Economic Development Policies in the Far North By Jordan Habenicht Chapter 8…………………………….……….…………………………………………………….…………….153 Uncharted Waters: International Maritime Law Concerning the Arctic Ocean By Michael (Mac) Zellem Part IV: The Future of Security & Cooperation in the Arctic…………….………………......................169 Chapter 9………………………….……….…………………………………………………….……………….171 The Arctic Security Dilemma By Kyle Wheeler Chapter 10………………………….……….…………………………………………………..…….………….183 Facing the Challenges of Search & Rescue Cooperation in the Arctic By Jake Creps Part V. A Vision for the Arctic Council………………………………………………………………..…….199 Chapter 11 Reformation of the Arctic Council: The Changing Global Dynamics of the North By Ivalene Laohajaratsang Conclusion …………………….……….………………………………………..………………….……………213 By Jake Creps About the Authors….……….…………………………………….……….……………………………………219 PREFACE The Task Force Program The International Studies Program at the Jackson School introduces students to international issues through rigorous coursework in a wide variety of disciplinary and cross-disciplinary settings. The Program seeks to equip its students with the conceptual and analytical tools and knowledge needed to help make sense of complex global issues and processes. Task Force is a required course offered only in Winter Quarter for International Studies majors. Task Force has been part of the International Studies major since 1983. The original format was modeled on the Presidential Commissions common in policymaking in the United States. In recent years, Task Forces have investigated a wide range of topics and provided recommendations to various branches and offices of the U.S. government, as well as to international, multilateral, and non-governmental organizations. Task Forces consist of small groups of students, numbering between 12 and 18, who investigate a real-world policy issue and produce a final report and practical policy recommendations. Past generations of International Studies majors have greatly valued the opportunities and the challenges of working together in small groups with clear goals and tight deadlines – an environment intended to mimic the real-world activities and workplace experiences that students will encounter upon graduation. We, the writers of this report, chose the Arctic Task Force option due to our collective interest in the Global North and Arctic governance. Archives of Past Arctic Task Force Reports Arctic Task Force: 2009 http://jsis.washington.edu/canada/file/archive/taskforce09/ The 2009 Arctic Task Force focused their report on the Canadian-U.S. dispute over the Northwest Passage, shipping issues, and the role of Canada’s Inuit in Arctic sovereignty. The students presented their findings to Rob Huebert, Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary. 1 Arctic Task Force: 2011 http://jsis.washington.edu/canada/courses/arctic.shtml In 2011, in an effort to create a truly international educational experience, Canadian Studies and the Makivik Corporation, Nunavik, created a partnership to involve Canadian Inuit participants in the program. The international team created an extensive report covering the issues of Arctic security, health and education, aboriginal rights, and European Union participation in the Arctic Council. Arctic Task Force: 2013 https://jsis.washington.edu/canada/file/Arctic%20Task%20Force%2013%20book.pdf The 2013 Arctic Task Force Report focused on Arctic security in particular. Thanks to a Government of Québec grant, Joel Plouffe, from l’Université du Québec à Montréal, served as co-instructor of the Task Force and the team was able to travel to both Quebeć City and Ottawa as part of their research experience. The 2016 Arctic Task Force Team This year’s Arctic Task Force team was comprised of twelve undergraduate students and one graduate student whose collective interest in Arctic policy and governance contributed to the creation of this well-researched and inventive report. Without the hard work of all members of this team, the final report be what it is today. We would also like to extend our sincerest gratitude to the instructors and contributors of this course: Nadine C. Fabbi is the managing director of the Jackson School's Canadian Studies Center, chair of the UW minor in Arctic studies and the UW representative for the University of the Arctic. Her research focuses on indigenous diplomacies and international relations in the Arctic. She teachers ARCTIC 200 and co-teaches the Task Force on the Arctic for the Jackson School. She has also taught Inuit history and political mobilization at the University of Alberta and the University Centre of the Westfjords in Ísafjörður, Iceland. Her publications include "Inuit foreign policy and international relations in the Arctic," (in L. C. Jensen & G. Hønneland (Eds.), Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic 2015); "Inuit political involvement in the Arctic," (in L. Heininen (Ed.), Arctic 2 Yearbook 2012; and "Geopolitics, Arctic Council, and Arctic resources," with V. Gallucci and D. Hellmann (in C. Carothers, et al. (Eds.), Fishing People of the North: Cultures, Economies, and Management Responding to Change, 2012). Vincent Gallucci is the chair and director of the Jackson School's Canadian Studies Center, director of the Center for Quantitative Science in the UW College of the Environment, professor in the UW School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and adjunct professor with the Ellison Center for Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies at the Jackson School, and also at the School of Marine and Environmental Affairs. His research focus is the geopolitical dimensions of Arctic development as viewed through the impact of international actors on the Arctic Council. He is also deeply involved with Arctic and sub-Arctic marine fisheries management, endangered species protection, Russian fisheries science and Russian involvement in the Arctic debate. He serves on an Arctic biodiversity assessment team appointed by the Arctic Council and on the Russian Academy of Sciences editorial board for the journal Regionalistica, devoted to research on the social and economic processes occurring in the Russian far east. Brandon Ray is a research assistant in University of Washington's Department of Atmospheric Science. His research focuses on sea ice predictability in the Arctic at seasonal to interannual timescales, with the goal of allowing stakeholders to better understand the limitations of seasonal forecasts. Brandon was a member of the inaugural Arctic Research Fellows program at University of Washington, where he worked with another graduate student, Brit Sojka, and Nadine Fabbi on a project which examined how the climate change narratives of scientific, political, and indigenous communities have evolved and influenced each other in the Arctic. Joël Plouffe is a Research Fellow at the Interuniversity Research Center on the International Relations of Canada and Québec (CIRRICQ) at ENAP, Montréal, Co-Managing Editor of the Arctic Yearbook, and Fellow at the Canadian Global Affairs Institute (CGAI). Joël’s research and publications focus mainly on Arctic geopolitics and security, and Canada-US relations. He was a Visiting Scholar at Western Washington University (WWU) in 2010 and 2015, and Visiting Scholar and Faculty Advisor at the Jackson School for International
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