Deutscher Tropentag 2002 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development
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Deutscher Tropentag 2002 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Challenges to Organic Farming and Sustainable Land Use in the Tropics and Subtropics Book of Abstracts compiled and edited by Andreas Deininger University of Kassel-Witzenhausen October 9-11, 2002 Impressum Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloguing in Publication-Data (CIP) Challenges to organic farming and sustainable land use in the tropics and subtropics : international research on food security, natural resource management and rural development ; book of abstracts / Deutscher Tropentag 2002, Witzenhausen. Hrsg.: Andreas Deininger. — Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2002 ISBN: 3-89958-000-1 © Centre for International Rural Development, Witzenhausen Editors of the Supplement: German Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture GmbH, Witzenhausen Centre for International Rural Development University of Kassel, Faculty of Ecological Agricultural Science Steinstraße 19 D-37213 Witzenhausen Issued by: University Press, Kassel Online-Versions: Print-Version, pdf: http://www.proceedings2002.tropentag.de Web-Version, HTML: http://www.abstracts2002.tropentag.de Layout: Andreas Deininger Typesetting: LATEX 2ε Printed by: Zentraldruckerei der Universität Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34109 Kassel September 2002 The authors of the articles are solely responsible for the content of their contribution. Preface Dear guest, this is to welcome you in Witzenhausen, Faculty of Ecological Agricultural Sciences, University Kassel. During DTT 2002 I wish you outstanding scientific speeches and posters, fascinating and motivating discussions, meeting old and making new friends, enjoying warm hospitality and —weather permitting— the scenic landscape around Witzenhausen. The subject of the conference tries to reflect the specific ecological approach of the agricultural faculty in Witzenhausen, which has an over hundred years tradition in tropical agricultural education. We would like to stimulate discussions on what is eco- logical, organic or sustainable agriculture, especially in the tropics and subtropics and how research can contribute to extend environment friendly production of sufficient high quality food, not forgetting economic and social aspects. This book contains the great majority of abstracts of oral and poster presentations of DTT 2002, including the keynotes of invited speakers, who are internationally reputated and estimated representatives of their scientific subject. Full papers —as far as available— will be published in the internet (http://papers2002.tropentag.de). I wish you all a successful and enjoyable event, safe return to your home and I hope to meet all of you again in 2003 in Göttingen, only 35 km from here. I will not forget to thank all the highly motivated and cooperative people, who con- tributed in planning and organization of the conference, especially also the extended local organizing committee. Last but not least it is indispensible to thank the gen- erous sponsors whithout the support of whom this conference could not have been implemented. Rüdiger Krause 3 4 Contents Plenary Speeches 7 I Sustainable Plant Production and Biodiversity 13 a) Organic Farming 15 b) Irrigated and Dryland Farming 39 c1) Resource Management and Biotechnology I: Genetic Resources, Ne- glected Crops and Seeds 57 c2) Resource Management and Biotechnology II: Land and Crop Man- agement 81 d) Precision Agriculture, Modelling and Land Use Planning 109 II Animal Husbandry and Welfare 127 a) Animal Husbandry and Breeding 129 b) Livestock Production and Nutrition 147 c) Disease Control and Hygienics 165 d) Aquaculture Systems 177 III Farming Systems and Management, Rural Development 189 a) Sustainable Use of Farm Resources 191 b) Diversity and Sustainability of Household Income 219 c) Strategy, Infrastructure 229 d) Forestry, Agroforestry 245 IV Post Harvest Technology, Marketing and Policy 263 a) Post Harvest Technology, Food Quality and Food Certification 265 b) Market Structures and Fair Trade 275 c) Research, Extension, Training 281 d) Global Policy and Economy 299 Index of Authors 309 Index of Keywords 315 5 6 Plenary Speeches DENNIS GARRITY: Attacking the Tragedy of Hunger and Desperate Poverty Through Pro- 8 Poor Agricultural Science CHRISTIAN BONTE-FRIEDHEIM: Global, Regional and National Fora for Agricultural and Development 10 Oriented Research 7 Deutscher Tropentag 2002 — University of Kassel-Witzenhausen Attacking the Tragedy of Hunger and Desperate Poverty Through Pro-Poor Agricultural Science DENNIS GARRITY International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kenya The current tragedy of hunger and desperate poverty in the developing world is sol- uble. And by setting firm targets for the eventual elimination of these scourges, the world’s attention is now focused on making concrete progress on these goals as never before. Progress has already been made. The percentage of the world population that is food insecure has fallen from 37% thirty years ago, to 18% today, even though the global population has nearly doubled during that period of time. But progress has also been very uneven. There were huge declines in food insecure populations in Asia, but the number of food-insecure people in Africa has more than doubled in the past thirty years. Agricultural research has a crucial role to play in creating and sustaining the es- cape from food insecurity and poverty. It does this in several ways: By enabling poor farmers to increase their own-farm food production; by providing greater rural em- ployment opportunities and growth in the rural nonfarm economy; by lowering food prices to poor consumers; and by empowering the poor through greater opportunities for collective action. Sustainable productivity increases in small-scale agriculture are critical to benefit rural people caught in vicious poverty traps. Agroecological ap- proaches to better farming that rely on limited cash investments are necessary. These approaches focus on meeting the needs of small-scale farms in the less-favored areas. They link modern science with indigenous knowledge and practices. They maximize the efficiency of local materials. And they thrive on the strong participation of farmers in identifying problems and designing solutions appropriate to their needs and circum- stances. Agroecological approaches give poor people more power and influence over the research system, and thus push pro-poor agricultural research ever closer to the customers. The generation of improved fallow systems, and other tree-based soil fertility tech- nologies, for disadvantaged farmers in southern and eastern Africa, has exemplified these principles. These systems have enabled farm families to double or triple their food crop yields, and to sustain those yields better during frequently-occurring droughts. In addition, diversified tree cultivation systems have been notable drivers of economic development in many countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. Market-driven pro- duction of new or under-recognized tree products are a very significant opportunity to increase both assets and income on the land throughout the tropics. One example is smallholder timber production as a farm enterprise: It is increasingly dominating wood production in many countries. The notion that small farmers are not, or cannot Contact Address: Dennis Garrity, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya, e-mail: [email protected] 8 Plenary Speeches be, competitive producers of a wide range of farm products has been soundly proven to be erroneous. By debunking this myth, the way is open for much greater needed investments in pro-poor agricultural science to support the smallholder sectors of de- veloping countries, and to thereby create rural prosperity and a sound foundation for economic development. 9 Deutscher Tropentag 2002 — University of Kassel-Witzenhausen Global, Regional and National Fora for Agricultural and Development Oriented Research CHRISTIAN BONTE-FRIEDHEIM Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Germany Limited regional and inter country research cooperation in the agricultural sector has existed for many decades. In several developing regions such cooperation had ended with national independence. For many reasons agricultural research had lost some of its efficiency. The general weakness of national agricultural research, especially in fighting hunger, was a very important reason for the development of the system of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). This was built on the early work of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, with their successful wheat and maize institute in Mexico and their rice institute in the Philippines. The CG system consists now of 16 institutes. In several geographic regions or sub-regions an increasing exchange of experience and closer cooperation in the agricultural research sector could be noted in the last 30 years. Regional and sub-regional agricultural research fora were created. These fora and also the international agricultural research centres contributed to regional cooperation. For a number of countries such regional and sub-regional fora were quite often a first step to cooperation in the agricultural research sector. Soon some disadvantages became also obvious, as early on only agricultural research of the public sector was involved. Even earlier some criticism could be noted on the priority setting process in interna- tional agricultural research of the CG system, where