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Improving the Productivity Ofwinter Wheat in Iran Through Rotation Ofwheat, Fallow, Soybean and Alfalfa and Manuring

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Improving the Productivity Ofwinter Wheat in Iran Through Rotation Ofwheat, Fallow, Soybean and Alfalfa and Manuring Improving the productivity ofwinter wheat in Iran through rotation ofwheat, fallow, soybean and alfalfa and manuring N. Schahbazian und R. Gretzmacher Einfluß einer Fruchtfolge mitWlllterweizen, Brache, Sojabohne oder Luzerne aufWmterweizen kombiniert mit derWIrkung organischer Düngung im Iran I.Introduction nomically active population work in agriculture, The per caput cereal production in 1996 was 114.. 0 % of 1.1 Agriculture in Iran 1989-1991 level (FAO, 1997a) .. The per caput cereal pro­ duction in 1993/95 being 256 kg, an extra 46 kg per caput About 10.4 % ofIrans total area of1.6 million km2 is arable peryear had to be imported, In theyears of1985-95 wheat land ofwhich 50.5 % is irrigated. Wheat is the most impor­ yield grew by 4.1 % pa, with a worldwide average ofonly tant food crop occupying 7.2 million ha, followed by harley 1.2 o (CIMMYI: 1996). with 1.8 million, pulses 1.0 million, rice 0.57 million, cotton Such an increase in grain yield and subsequent food secu... 0.27 million, sugar beets 0.17 million, potatoes 0.16 million, rity is linked to high inputs, The average amount ofNPK watermelons 0.15 million ha etc, (FAO, 1997a). applied per ha ofcropped land is61.9 kg. The country pro... Between 1993 and 2000 an annual population growth of duces 500 000 t ofnitrogen fertilizer and imports 104000 t 2.8 % is estimated (CIMMYr, 1996). 35.9 % ofthe eco- (FAO, 1997b). Zusammenfassung 90 km westlich von Teheran in 1350 m Seehöhe. bei 370 mm ]ahresniederschlag und 13,6° C ]ahresmitteltempera... tur wurde auf Gesteinsrohboden ein Fruchtfolgeversuch durchgeführt. Nach zweimaliger Brache (1993/94 und 1994/95) und Winterweizen, Luzerne, Sojabohne oder nochmals Brache in der Vegetationszeit 1995/96 wurde diese Beeinflussung aufden folgenden Winterweizen (1996/97) geprüft. Stallmistdüngung mit 0 bzw. 5 tlha war der zwei­ te Faktor dieses bewässerten Versuches, der als SplitplotAnlage mit 4Wiederholungen angelegt wurde. Der 1997 geerntete Winterweizen, der nach Brache, Winterweizen, Sojabohne oderLuzerne folgte, erbrachte gedüngt bzw. ungedüngt folgende sich hoch signifikant unterscheidende Erträge: 1,86/1,49, 2,57/2,09, 4,08/3,13 bzw; 4,83/4,10 t/ha, Derselbe positive Einfluß konnte für das Tausendkorngewicht, die Kornzahl/Ähre, die Ähren/m2 und den Strohertrag gefunden werden. Schlagworte: Weizen, Fruchtfolge, Sojabohne, Luzerne, Iran. Summary The effect ofpreceding crops on succeeding winter wheat was resred on a rendzic leptosol, 90 km west ofTeheran (altitude 1350 m, rainfall370 mm, averageannual temperature 13.6°C). In 1993/94 and 1994/95 the field was main­ tained rwice under fallow and plantedwith winter wheat, alfalfa, soybean or left fallow in 1995/96. Winterwheat was planred as the test crop in 1996/97 on all plots, with 0 or 5 t per hectar manure in a split plot arrangement in four replications, Bothmanure and rotation significantlyand positively influencedwinterwheat grainyield andyield com­ ponents. Yields were 1.86, 2.75,4.08 and 4.83 tlhawith manure and 1.49, 2.09, 3.13and4.10 tlha wirheut manure, when followed fallow, winter wheat, soybean or alfalfa respectively, Key words: Wheat, crop rotarion, soybean, alfalfa, Iran. Die Bodenkultur 151 49 (3) 1998 N. Schahbazian und R. Grerzmacher 1.2 Crop rotation in semi arid areas Alfalfa because of its origin in the Middle East is best adapted for drought tolerance, but for high produetivity The most popular and traditional dryland farming is a rota­ weekly irrigations in conneetion with cutting intervals of tion ofacereal crop followed by one or more years offal­ 25-30 days are neeessary (ACHTNICH, 1980). In spite of low, EL MEJAHED (1993) found that with 24 % water sav­ higher water consumption, better and earlier yields ean be ings through clean fallow, wheat every secondyearwas more obtained than with annual legumes (BLACKLOW et al., profitable than wheat grown every year.But water saving 1997). There are a lot ofadapted varieties with good yield runs versus erosion control which has to be stopped with a potential tested nearby the experimental site (yAZDI-SAMA­ vegetation cover before it beeomes irreversible. This also DI, 1994; NEMATI, 1991). DARWISCHI (1994) reported a provides a long-term yield advantage through maintenance still growing alfalfa area of691 660 hawith an average yield ofthe soil organicmatter (STEWARD and ROBINSON, 1997). of6.5 t/ha in Iran. The integration of grain or fodder legurne crops in the The objectives ofthis experimentwere to explore the pos­ rotation, green manuring or mixed eropping is advised, but sibilities to reduee off-farm inputs, to quantify the effeet of the vegetation cycle and the decomposition oforganic mat­ rotation with N-fIXing erops (alfalfa, soybean) and to show ter has to be synchronised with the needs of the following the direet (yield) and indireet (amelioration of soil strue­ crop (PRlNZ, 1986; REYNOLDS et al., 1994; JONES and ture) benefits ofmanuring. SINGH, 1995). ORAM and BELAID (1990) regret that the wheat-sheep farrning system which is weIl adapted and sus­ tainable inAustralia with legumes originated from the Mid­ 2. Material and Methods dle East has not beeome a eommon rotation in the West Asia - North Africa (WANA) region. But for the ehroni­ 2.1 The experimental site cally N deficit soils the presence ofgrain legumes at a rate of only 3.5 % of the cropland isalso not enough (BUD­ The "Magsal" experiment farm lies 90 km west ofTeheran DENHAGEN, 1990). Fertilizer is not feasible and also manure (35° 48~N, 50° 58'E) at an elevation of 1350m. It belongs is scarce, NAJAFI and RA]BAR (1995) in Iran reported yield to the subtropieal zone with dry summers and wet winters. advantages due to the application oforganie fertilizer con­ The average annual temperature is 13.6° C, falling below taining 110 kg N /ha. 0° C in the months December to February. The average annua! preciptation of 370 mm is concentrated in the months from January to April. The weather conditions in 1.3 The crops 1996 and 1997 were elose to the average figures, with 80 mm more rainfall recorded in 1996 beeause ofhigh rainfall Winter, spring and durum wheats are planted on 42.4 % of in March (109 mm). the arable land aceounting for 74% ofthe total eereal area. The soilis classified as a loamyleptosol (FAO, 1993) with The country's average grain yield of this traditional staple a pH of7.6-7.9 and an organie matter eontent ofO.6-0.9 food crop reached 1556 kg/ha (FAO, 1997a). In the Cen­ 0A> in the top soil, with 2-6 ppm P20S and 90-150 ppm tral Asean Region 46 % ofthe irrigated area (FAO, 1997c) ~O (CALmethod). The texture in the deeper layers tends is planted with wheat which reeeives 3 to 7 irrigations with to be clay loam (DEWAN and FAMOURI, 1964). a total amount of350-600 rnm (ACHTNICH, 1980). Soybean with 87000 ha plays only a minor role as eom­ pared to pulses like chickpeas, lentils or faba beans in coun­ 2.2 The experimental parameters tries of the WANA region. There are adapted varieties of soybean, and with proper inoculation optimum N fixing The total experimental area was left fallow in 1993/94 and and yield could beachieved (GRETZMACHER et al., 1994). 1994/95 to neutralize previous cropping patterns. The pre­ The crop has to be irrigatedwith a peakwater eonsumption ceding crops were fallow, winter wheat planred in Oetober in the flowering and pod filling stage. Under semiarid con­ 1995, alfalfa planted in April 1996 and soybeans planted in ditions, yield gain due to irrigation ean be nearly 70 % over May 1996. Winterwheatwas planted in mid Oetober 1996 the unitrigared check (GRETZMAcHER and WOLFSBERGER, on all the plots to test the residual effeet of the rotation 1990). treatments, The soil preparation included plowing to Die Bodenkultur 152 49 (3) 1998 Improving the productivity ofwinter wheat in Iran through rotation ofwhear, fallow, soybean and alfalfa and manuring 35 cm, discing and levelling, alternativ manuring and dig­ the straw yield (3.62 t versus 2.74 t/ha) was also apparent. ging ofirrigation furrows. Farmyard manure was incorpo­ The number of ears/m2 ranged from 225 to 250 and was rated into 5-10 cm depth at a rate of5 tlha and 0 as con­ not significantly affected by manuring. trol, The two years old air-dried (app. 20-25 % water) rot­ The three alfalfa harvests in early july, August and Sep­ ted manure wichout straw had 2.0 % N, 0.6 % PzOs and tember 1996 produced dry matter yields of 2.64 t with 1.8 % ~O on fresh weight basis before application, giving manuringand 2.46 t/ha without manuring.. This difference a dosage of100 N: 30 P20S : 90 ~O. was signifi cant, The latest cutting yielded in hoth cases Winter wheat, variety "Mahdavi" was handplanred at 20 50 % ofthe total harvest.. cm rows with 360 seeds/m/ on 20. 10. 1995 and harvested Soybean yield was also significantly increased by 4.5 0/0 on 2. 7. 1996.The succeedingwinterwheat on all plots was due to manuring (4.64 t versus 4 .. 45 t/ha). This increase was planred on 14. 10. 1996 in the same manner with 400 mainlyrelated to differences in the numberofpods, 45 with seeds/m2 and harvested on 27.6. 1997. versus 40 per plant without manuring. Alfalfa, variety "Hamadani" was hand seeded at 50 cm rows with 20 kg/ha on 13. 10.1995 and had to be replant­ ed on 26. 4. 1996with 25 kg/ha, resulting in 66 plants1m2. 3.2 Performance ofthewinter wheat test crop Three consecutive cuts followed on 12. 7., 6. 8. and 8. 9.
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