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An Investigation of Organic Sheep and Goat Production by Nomad Pastoralists in Southern Iran Hamid R

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An Investigation of Organic Sheep and Goat Production by Nomad Pastoralists in Southern Iran Hamid R Ansari-Renani Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2016) 6:8 Pastoralism: Research, Policy DOI 10.1186/s13570-016-0056-y and Practice RESEARCH Open Access An investigation of organic sheep and goat production by nomad pastoralists in southern Iran Hamid R. Ansari-Renani Abstract The nomadic pastoralist system in Baft district in Kerman province is well known in Iran for producing cashmere from Raeini goats. However, there is little information regarding the organic sheep and goat production systems. Interviews and field observations were carried out with 30 Siahjel nomad families of Raen origin in proximity of Baft city to characterize the organic production system in terms of feeding, animal health and veterinary treatments, husbandry management practices, transport, slaughtering and housing. Unimproved rangeland was found to be the main source of sheep and goat nutrition belonging to nomads in southern Iran. Nomad livestock were not fed in stables or in restricted areas but moved and grazed freely in extensive open grazing areas. As a nomadic traditional feeding management practice, there were no minerals, vitamins, pro-vitamins or GMOs for animal feed. Nomad sheep and goat breeds were considered to be robust, adapted to the environment and disease-tolerant livestock. In the nomadic system, no animal cruelty practices such as tail ducking, dehorning and tethering were allowed. To keep ruminants in groups to meet their social needs, nomad families stayed and kept animals together to support each other in different livestock activities, including shepherding, feeding, milking and health care. Due to natural breeding in nomadic herds, the male breeding stock was kept and grazed separately from does during the breeding season. Nomadic livestock products, i.e. meat, milk, wool, could be labelled organic after making local studies, surveillance, regulation and certification. Keywords: Nomad, Rangeland, Goats, Sheep, Organic products Background them to give their livestock access to pasture (Leroux The increasing incidences of residues of pesticides, chem- et al. 2009) which is nutritionally favourable, as products ical fertilizers, antibiotics and hormones in livestock prod- from pasture-fed livestock have been shown to have a nu- ucts overrecent years are of great concern. For ensuring tritionally more desirable composition than products from food safety and protecting human health, the attitude to- livestock fed on concentrate diets (Fisher et al. 2000; ward organic products is rapidly gaining positive percep- Aurousseau et al. 2004; Sante-Lhoutellier et al. 2008). tions from people in developing countries including Middle Organic sheep and goat production based on grazing Eastern countries (IFOAM 2005; Jaffee and Howard (Rahmann 2002, 2014) could be a valid alternative to an- 2010; Schleenbecker and Hamm 2013; FiBL 2013). imals kept in intensive or industrial systems fed with Livestock organic production entails production of standard rations of concentrates. Existing similarities be- highly nutritive quality foods free from all kinds of im- tween organic agricultural products and extensive farm- purities for sound human health, in which ethological ing systems in many developing countries (Ben Kheder characteristics of animals are respected. Organic live- 2001; Znaidi 2001) enable many traditional farmers, in- stock producers commit to respect a list of specifications cluding nomads, to convert to organic systems. governing animal care, welfare and feeding, obliging The geographical and ecological conditions of Iran are well-suited to small ruminant production. The relatively Correspondence: [email protected] low cost of sheep and goat farming (local breeds - well Animal Science Research Institute (ASRI), P.O. Box 31585-1483 Karaj, Islamic adapted to their environment plus extensive free Republic of Iran © 2016 Ansari-Renani. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Ansari-Renani Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice (2016) 6:8 Page 2 of 9 communal grazing areas) and the increasing demand for longitude 56° 36′ E. In this area, most nomad house- expensive organic products in domestic and regional ex- holds belong to the Siahjel sub-tribe of the Raen tribe. port markets (Herman and Steidle 2014; Steidle and This region has two main livestock breeds: the Raeini Herman 2014; Ak and Koyuncu 2002) encourages no- cashmere-producing goat and the carpet wool- mads to shift to organic production. producing Kermani sheep. Male Raeini goats have an There is evidence that, besides being usually free from average live weight of 35 kg and females 30 kg. They undesirable residues, the products from pastoralists are produce on average 507 g of cashmere of different col- also appreciated for their high nutritional value and bet- ours with averages of 56.5 % down yield, 19.5-μm fibre ter taste. In Iran, milk and meat produced by nomads is diameter and a staple length of 54.2 mm (Ansari-Renani regarded as a local specialty and is much preferred to et al. 2012). Kermani sheep produce on average 2.0 kg of that of animals raised by large industrial complexes. In wool with 70.0 % efficiency, a staple length of 150 mm addition to these material benefits of nomadic pastoralist and a fibre diameter of 27 μm. products, there are significant immaterial values. Pastor- The nomads are completely dependent on livestock as alist breeds are part of the local heritage and contribute a source of income. Nomad livestock production system to local and regional identity, besides often being essen- is based on mixed herds with 89 % of heads being goats, tial for traditional rituals. Despite this array of advan- 8 % sheep and 3 % horses, mules, donkeys and some- tages, nomadic pastoralists currently continue to market times camels used for transportation (Ansari-Renani their products generically and there is no awareness et al. 2013). A typical nomad family would run some 250 about the taste and health benefits of their animals goats, of which adult female goats (does) constitute among consumers, policy-makers and even themselves. 44 %; bucks, castrated adult males, male and female Nomads play an important role in sheep and goat pro- yearlings and male and female kids represent 8 %, 5 %, duction mainly because they keep 58.5 % of the sheep 7 %, 12 %, 10 % and 14 % of the herd population, and 39.7 % of the goat population of Iran. Sheep and respectively. goat populations of Iran comprise 53.8 and 25 million head, which rank sixth and fifth in the world, respect- Methods ively (FAO 2014). Nomadic systems in Iran are charac- Selection of nomad settlements and information terized by low population densities, movement of gathering livestock between grazing areas (regions and provinces) A total of 30 nomad settlements were chosen at random in different seasons, weak linkages to markets and public within ±20 km of Baft city in Kerman Province (Figure 1, services, and based on several multiple co-resident fam- Table 1). Information was gathered primarily through ily units (clusters of two to five households staying to- in-depth interviews with nomad men and women and gether). The majority of the nomadic pastoralists do not field observations. Four periods of six to seven days of have permanent settlements and consequently use mo- fieldwork were conducted within Baft region. Each inter- bile homes such as tents (Ansari-Renani 2015; Ansari- view lasted approximately three hours and consisted of Renani et al. 2013). about 50 predetermined questions. A structured ques- Growing demand for organic sheep and goat products tionnaire was completed for each individual family of will continue to be the main driver of nomadic livestock settlement heads, including family composition and systems for domestic and export markets. At present, in- labour allocation structure, herd structure and manage- formation regarding Iranian nomadic organic sheep and ment, housing, stocking rate, nutrition, feeding, watering, goat production systems is very limited. The objective of health, veterinary treatment, breeding, transportation, the present study was to describe the characteristics of management practices, slaughtering, processing and and to evaluate potentials and conditions under which reproduction. The responses to those questions were tal- nomad pastoralists of southern Iran are able to produce lied, and the percentages of the various responses were different organic livestock products. Attempts were made calculated. Minimum, maximum, standard deviation (SD) to address constraints and shortcomings of the sustainable and standard error values were measured using SAS nomadic system in livestock organic production. package. Study area Results and discussion This study was undertaken in Kerman Province, Baft re- Compared with conventional and organic systems (Table 2), gion in the southern part of Iran (Figure 1). Kerman nomadic sheep and goat production was characterized by Province is a highland region with <250 mm annual rain. natural breeding of locally adapted native breeds, extensive Summer is hot (up to 35 °C) and dry, and winter is mod- use of rangeland as a source of livestock feed, no use of erate. Baft
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