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Urban Agriculture As a Tool for City and Landscape Planning in Iran

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Urban Agriculture As a Tool for City and Landscape Planning in Iran Urban Agriculture as a Tool for City and Landscape Planning in Iran with Emphasize On the Role of Persian Garden vom Fachbereich Architektur/Raum- und Umweltplanung/Bauingenieurwesen der Universität Kaiserslautern zur Verleihung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Ing. Seyyed Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad Kaiserslautern, im November 2016 Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 12.12.2016 D386 Betreuung: Herr Prof. Dr. agr. Kai Tobias, Lehr- und Fachgebiet Landschafts- & Freiraumentwicklung Herr Prof. Dr. agr. Ali Tehrani Far, Lehr- und Fachgebiet Landschafts- & Gartenbauwissenschaften Ferdowsi Universität Mashhad, Islamische Republik Iran In the Name of God The Most Merciful, The Most Compassionate Urban Agriculture as a Tool for City and Landscape Planning in Iran with Emphasize On the Role of Persian Garden Seyyed Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad 2016 Technische Universität Kaiserslautern I Urban Agriculture as a Tool for City and Landscape Planning in Iran with Emphasize On the Role of Persian Garden A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Seyyed Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad Department of Landscape and Open Spaces Development Faculty of Urban and Environmental Planning Technical University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, Germany 2016 II Abstract This Ph.D. project as a landscape research practice focuses on the less widely studied aspects of urban agriculture landscape and its application in recreation and leisure, as well as landscape beautification. I research on the edible landscape planning and design, its criteria, possibilities, and traditional roots for the particular situation of Iranian cities and landscapes. The primary objective is preparing a conceptual and practical framework for Iranian professions to integrate the food landscaping into the new greenery and open spaces developments. Furthermore, finding the possibilities of synthesis the traditional utilitarian gardening with the contemporary pioneer viewpoints of agricultural landscapes is the other significant proposed achievement. Finished tasks and list of achieved results: • Recognition the software and hardware principles of designing the agricultural landscape based on the Persian gardens • Multidimensional identity of agricultural landscape in Persian gardens • Principles of architectural integration and the characteristics of the integrative landscape in Persian gardens • Distinctive characteristics of agricultural landscape in Persian garden • Introducing the Persian and historical gardens as the starting point for reentering the agricultural phenomena into the Iranian cities and landscape • Assessment the structure of Persian gardens based on the new achievements and criteria of designing the urban agriculture • Investigate the role of Persian gardens in envisioning the urban agriculture in Iranian cities’ landscape. III Acknowledgements I am indebted to the following organization and people: • Islamic Republic of Iran’s Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Students’ Affairs Organization, Department of Scholarship and Overseas’ Students, for the financial support to conduct the Ph.D. studies in Germany. • Prof. Dr. agr. Kai Tobias, key supervisor, for patiently guiding me with his wise comments and providing me the freedom to work on a topic I was passionate about. • Prof. Dr. Frank Lohrberg, Professor in the Department of Landscape Architecture at RWTH Aachen University, for enlightening me the first glance of research, and for his appreciable guidance helped me in the time of writing the first drafts of my PhD proposal. • Prof. Dr. Ali Tehranifar, Iranian secondary supervisor, for his thoughtful comments, inspiring encouragement, and enthusiastic support for the candidature especially during the field trips in Iran. • Mrs. Claire Dodd, Student Assistant at the Department of Computer Aided Design in Architecture and Urban Planning (CPE), Technical University of Kaiserslautern, for her invaluable efforts in editing the English text of five chapters of this manuscript. • Mr. Naser Mashhadizadeh Dehaghani, Former manager of the Foundation of World Heritage’s Persian Gardens, for his valuable supports during my filed surveys in summer 2014 in Iran. • Mr. Seyyed Amad Barrabadi, Research Deputy Administration, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of South Khorasan, Iran. • Mr. Mohammad Ali Jannatifar, Manager of the Akbarieh World Heritage Garden, Birjand, Iran. IV • Mr. Mohammad Ali Bozorgmehr, Senior technical supervisor in Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of South Khorasan, Iran. • Mr. Mehran Safaei, Senior Advisor to the Foundation of Historical Gardens in South Khorasan, Iran. • Mr. Bildar Mahani, Manager of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Administration of Mahan, Kerman, Iran. • Mrs. Henteei, Manager of Fin World Heritage Garden, Kashan, Iran. • Ms. Amiri and Ms. Nikzad, Personnel of Abbas Abad World Heritage Garden, Beshahr, Iran. • Mr. Riahian, Manager of Shahzdeh World Heritage Garden, Mahan, Iran. • Ms. Saffar and Mr. Safaeeian, Personnel of Dolat Abad World Heritage Garden, Yazd, Iran. • Mr. Fallah, Gardener of Pahlavanpoor World Heritage Garden, Mehriz, Iran. • My beloved wife, Fatemeh Hadavi, for her company and brilliant support during this journey. • My beloved son, Sepehr, who needs to my attention and play when I was struggling with thesis provision and who had to live away from his Iranian friends during my Ph.D. period. V DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my darling wife; Fatemeh, and my beloved son; Sepehr. Without their patience, understanding, support, and most of all love, the completion of this work would not have been possible. Oh God, give me success and ability to compensate the inconvenience that these two dears have suffered because of my Ph.D. journey. VI List of Contents Chapter 1 : Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 An overview into urban agriculture ....................................................................................... 3 Why urban agriculture for Iran ............................................................................................... 5 Objectives and inquiries ......................................................................................................... 6 Persian Garden ....................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction the case studies ................................................................................................ 10 Birjandʼs Gardens ............................................................................................................. 10 Pahlavanpour Garden ....................................................................................................... 12 Fin Garden ........................................................................................................................ 13 Dolat Abad Garden ........................................................................................................... 15 Shahzadeh Garden ............................................................................................................ 16 Chehel Sotun Garden ....................................................................................................... 18 Abbas Abad Garden ......................................................................................................... 19 Golshan Garden ................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 : A Review of the Main Concepts of Integrating Agriculture in Public Landscapes and Open Spaces ......................................................................................................................... 21 Concepts of integrating agriculture in the landscape ........................................................... 22 Concept of Multifunctionality .......................................................................................... 23 Multifunctional urban landscapes .................................................................................................. 23 Recreational multifunctionality ...................................................................................................... 25 Concept of Productive Landscapes .................................................................................. 26 Continuous productive urban landscapes (CPUL) ........................................................................... 26 Garden parks ................................................................................................................................... 27 VII Multipurpose plantations and edible landscapes ........................................................................... 28 Concept of Recreational Agriculture ................................................................................ 30 Agrileisure ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Agrotourism .................................................................................................................................... 31 Concept of Participatory Landscape ................................................................................ 33 Interim conclusions .............................................................................................................
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