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La Obra Arquitectónica De Le Corbusier Una Contribución Excepcional Al Movimiento Moderno Fotografía LA OBRA ARQUITECTÓNICA DE LE CORBUSIER UNA CONTRIBUCIÓN EXCEPCIONAL AL MOVIMIENTO MODERNO FOTOGRAFÍA Y LAS 17 OBRAS DECLARADAS PATRIMONIO DE LA HUMANIDAD CIUDAD CIUDAD , ARQUITECTURA , PATRIMONIO MODERNO PATRIMONIO Villa Savoye, Poissy (Francia) Vista interior © Cemal Emden, 2016 O’Byrne Orozco, María Cecilia La obra arquitectónica de Le Corbusier: una contribución excepcional al movimiento moderno: las 17 obras declaradas patrimonio de la humanidad / María Cecilia O’Byrne Orozco, Ingrid Quintana Guerrero, Ricardo Daza Caicedo. -- Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño, Departamento de Arquitectura, Ediciones Uniandes, 2018. 152 páginas: ilustraciones ; 14.8X21cm. ISBN 978-958-774-659-4 1. Le Corbusier, 1887-1965 - Trabajos arquitectónicos 2. Modernismo (Arquitectura) 3. Patrimonio de la humanidad I. Quintana Guerrero, Ingrid II. Daza Caicedo, Ricardo Ernesto III. Fondation Le Corbusier IV. Universidad de los Andes (Colombia). Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño. Departamento de Arquitectura V. Tít. CDD 724.6 SBUA Primera edición: marzo del 2018 © María Cecilia O’Byrne Orozco, Ingrid Quintana Guerrero, Ricardo Daza Caicedo © Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño, Departamento de Arquitectura Ediciones Uniandes Calle 19 n.° 3-10, oficina 1401 Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Teléfono: 3394949, ext. 2133 http://ediciones.uniandes.edu.co [email protected] ISBN: 978-958-774-659-4 Coordinación logística: Virginia Gutiérrez Corrección de estilo: Marcela Sepúlveda Diseño y diagramación: Taller de Medios Impresión: Javegraf Calle 46 A n.° 82-54, interior 2 Parque industrial San Cayetano Teléfono: 4161600 Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Impreso en Colombia – Printed in Colombia Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida ni en su todo ni en sus partes, ni registrada en o transmitida por un sistema de recuperación de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, sea mecánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, magnético, electro-óptico, por fotocopia o cualquier otro, sin el permiso previo por escrito de la editorial. Universidad de los Andes | Vigilada Mineducación. Reconocimiento como universidad: Decreto 1297 del 30 de mayo de 1964. Reconocimiento de personería jurídica: Resolución 28 del 23 de febrero de 1949, Minjusticia. Acreditación institucional de alta calidad, 10 años: Resolución 582 del 9 de enero del 2015, Mineducación LA OBRA ARQUITECTÓNICA DE LE CORBUSIER UNA CONTRIBUCIÓN EXCEPCIONAL AL MOVIMIENTO MODERNO FOTOGRAFÍA Y LAS 17 OBRAS DECLARADAS PATRIMONIO DE LA HUMANIDAD CIUDAD CIUDAD , ARQUITECTURA , PATRIMONIO MODERNO PATRIMONIO Suiza es un país con gran capacidad de innovación en muchos ámbitos, uno de ellos, la arquitectura. Los arquitectos suizos han dejado su impron- ta en las ciudades más importantes del mundo, reinventando el espacio, experimentando con nuevos materiales y formas, y transformando el arte de construir. Muchos de los arquitectos contemporáneos —si no todos— han sido in- fluenciados por el gran pionero suizo de la arquitectura moderna, Charles Édouard Jeanneret, mejor conocido como Le Corbusier, quien creció en La Chaux-de-Fonds, la única ciudad en Suiza construida con base en un plan piloto racional, lo que indudablemente marcó al joven. Su percepción y su capacidad de innovar siguen impactando a los arquitectos y urbanistas de todas las latitudes. Le Corbusier era ciudadano suizo y a la vez, del mundo. Vivía en diferentes países, y viajaba y trabajaba en muchos lugares siempre curioso de aprender, de descubrir, de innovar y de modernizar. En el 2016, la Unesco declaró patri- monio de la humanidad 17 obras de Le Corbusier en 7 países, y honró así su excepcional contribución al movimiento moderno. Le Corbusier también dejó su huella en Colombia, en sus cinco largas esta- días entre 1947 y 1951, sobre todo en Bogotá. A través del Plan Director de Bogotá, elaborado en este tiempo bajo su dirección, dejó un fuerte impacto en la planificación urbanística de la ciudad y definió, por ejemplo, la actual carrera 30 o avenida Ciudad de Quito. Más allá, un grupo de grandes ar- quitectos colombianos como Germán Samper, Rogelio Salmona o Reinaldo Valencia trabajaron con Le Corbusier en Europa y trajeron esta experiencia a sus obras en Colombia. La exposición El trabajo arquitectónico de Le Corbusier: una contribución ex- cepcional al movimiento moderno. 17 obras declaradas patrimonio de la huma- nidad, concebida por la Fundación Le Corbusier en París, permite al público colombiano acercarse a la obra de este gran arquitecto suizo y apreciar su poder creativo e innovador. Agradezco la incansable labor de los arquitectos, profesores y expertos en Le Corbusier, María Cecilia O’Byrne, Ricardo Daza e Íngrid Quintana, así como la asesoría de la arquitecta Virginia Gutiérrez en la realización de esta importante exposición, al igual que el apoyo de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad los Andes y al Archivo de Bogotá, para realizar tanto la exposición como el simposio internacional sobre el impacto de la obra de Le Corbusier. Kurt Kunz Embajador de Suiza en Colombia En 1951, en su quinto y último viaje a Bogotá, Le Corbusier visitó la recién fundada Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad de los Andes, dirigida por Francisco Pizano de Brigard. Fue el primer contacto de esta institución con uno de los protagonistas de la arquitectura moderna del siglo XX, a la cual sus fundadores querían sumarse proponien- do un currículum basado en las experiencias de la Bauhaus. A finales de la misma década, dos arquitectos colombianos que fueron colaboradores en el atelier del 35, rue de Sèvres en París, dejaron su huella en los Andes. El primero de ellos fue Germán Samper Gnecco, decano de la facultad entre 1956 y 1959. Gracias a su ges- tión, Rogelio Salmona regresó a Colombia, se vinculó a la universidad como profesor de Historia de la Arquitectura y vivió por un tiempo en el propio campus uniandino. Estos dos colaboradores colombianos de Le Corbusier en París marcaron no solo la historia de la arquitectura del país, sino que dibujaron dos tendencias fuertemente marcadas por posiciones enfrentadas sobre las bondades o problemas de seguir las enseñanzas que, a través de su obra, proponía Le Corbusier. Este enfrentamiento sigue vivo en las academias del país. Con la celebración, en 1987, del centenario del nacimiento de Le Corbusier, un grupo de profesores de la facultad participó activamente en los festejos que incluyeron un concurso público, una exposición y un libro. En 2010, la Facultad volvió a apoyar un proyecto de divulgación del proyecto del Plan Piloto para Bogotá, 1949-1951, realizado por Le Corbusier en asocio con Josep Lluís Sert, Paul Lester Wiener y la Oficina del Plan Regulador en Bogotá. En 2018, la Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño se aúna al trabajo interinstitucional que ha permitido producir el libro y exposición con los que celebramos la declaratoria de la Unesco a 17 obras de Le Corbusier. Agradezco especialmente a la Fundación Le Corbusier, que prestó generosamente el material gráfico que aquí se presenta; a la Embajada Suiza en Colombia, que hizo posible su realización; al Archivo de Bogotá, por prestar sus instalaciones para realizar la exposición y el seminario académico «Patrimonio moderno: arquitectura, ciudad y fotografía»; así como al Instituto Distrital de Patrimonio Cultural y la Sociedad Colombiana de Arquitectos, seccional Bogotá (Cundinamarca), que apoyaron desde sus inicios esta iniciativa. Finalmente, agradezco a la iniciativa y trabajo de los investigadores María Cecilia O’Byrne, Íngrid Quintana (profesoras del Departamento de Arquitectura) y Ricardo Daza (pro- fesor de la Universidad Nacional), quienes han adaptado a nuestro contexto el material que aquí se presenta y que contribuye a la enseñanza e investigación de la arquitectura, haciendo un llamado a valorar y preservar el patrimonio moderno colombiano. Claudia Mejía Directora del Departamento de Arquitectura Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño Universidad de los Andes Índice Presentación del embajador de Suiza en Colombia 6 Kurt Kunz Presentación de la directora del Departamento de Arquitectura 7 de la Universidad de los Andes Arq.a M.Sc. Claudia Mejía Introducción 11 La obra arquitectónica de Le Corbusier: una contribución excepcional al movimiento moderno El personaje 12 La declaratoria 23 Los 17 sitios declarados 37 patrimonio de la humanidad 1 Pequeña villa al borde del lago Léman 40 Corseaux (Vaud, Suiza) 2 Casa La Roche-Jeanneret 46 París (Île-de-France, Francia) 3 Cité-Frugès 52 Pessac (Aquitania, Francia) 4 Maison Guiette 56 Amberes (Flandes, Bélgica) 5 Casas de la Weissenhof-Siedlung 60 Stuttgart (Bade-Wurtemberg, Alemania) 6 Villa Savoye, « Les heures claires » y casa del jardinero 66 Poissy (Île-de-France, Francia) 7 Inmueble Clarté 74 Ginebra (Ginebra, Suiza) 8 a. Inmueble en la Puerta Molitor 80 Boulogne-Billancourt (Île-de-France, Francia) b. Apartamento de Le Corbusier e Yvonne Gallis 84 en Puerta Molitor Boulogne-Billancourt (Île-de-France, Francia) 9 Manufactura Claude et Duval 88 Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (Lorena, Francia) 10 Unidad de Habitación 92 Marsella (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Francia) 11 Casa del Doctor Curutchet 98 La Plata (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) 12 Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Alto 102 Ronchamp (Franche-Comté, Francia) 13 Cabanon de Le Corbusier 106 Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Francia) 14 a. Complejo del Capitolio 110 Chandigarh (India) b. Palacio de Justicia 114 Chandigarh (India) c. El Secretariado
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