Biota Vol. XI (1): 1-7, Februari 2006 ISSN 0853-8670

Biodiversity of Small in Toraut, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park Sulawesi

Keragaman Jenis Mamalia Kecil di Toraut, Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone Sulawesi

Maharadatunkamsi

Zoological Division, Research Center for Biology - LIPI Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911 email: [email protected]

Abstrak

Penelitian ini merupakan kegiatan inventarisasi mamalia kecil di Toraut, Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone, Sulawesi Utara. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengamatan diversitas mamalia kecil pada dua habitat utama yaitu hutan dan perkebunan, yang masing-masing diamati selama enam hari. Empat puluh perangkap kawat digunakan untuk mendokumentasi jenis-jenis tikus dan empat buah jaring kabut untuk kelelawar, serta pengamatan langsung di lapangan. Dalam penelitian ini dapat didokumentasikan sebanyak 129 ekor mamalia kecil yang terdiri dari 12 jenis. Lima jenis di antaranya endemik Sulawesi dan tiga jenis mempunyai status konservasi dari IUCN.

Kata kunci : mamalia kecil, tikus, kelelawar, hutan, perkebunan

Diterima : 30 September 2004, disetujui : 24 Februari 2005

Introduction studies have been carried out to date, there is currently no comprehensive checklist for the Island of Sulawesi, which is part of entire island. By present consideration, as Indomalayan region, exhibits a mixture of many as 144 mammals have been recorded in Oriental and Australian fauna. Sulawesi is of Sulawesi, depending on current great interest to the evolutionary biologists and (Corbet and Hill, 1992, Wilson and Reeder, systematists since there is no island like 1993 and Suyanto et al., 2002). These figures Sulawesi, for its unique fauna encompasses a are constantly reviewed as new species are wide variety of habitats. The long period of discovered and scientific studies lead to isolation from major landmasses and its changes in the classification. location in the Wallaceae bio-region allows Most of these Sulawesi remarkable fauna Sulawesi to have a rich variety in fauna depend on their survival on natural primary species, as well as a very high level of forest. On the other hand, the need for basic endemism (Audley-Charles, 1981; Whitten et distributional data increases daily, as natural al., 1987; Burrett et al., 1991 and Kinnaird, habitat are under mounting pressure from 1997). Sulawesi is well known for its high human activities. Forest clearance and habitat diversity of species. Some mammal conversion are inevitable consequences of surveys have been carried out in Sulawesi. increasing human population. All of these Some areas are reasonably well surveyed, but activities might cause forest reduction that some parts are surveyed inadequately. would lead to the loss of mammals habitat. The mammals of Sulawesi are in general Another threat to the mammals is hunting, fairly described. Although several general which directly results in low number of certain Small Mammals of Sulawesi species. However, currently Sulawesi has a traps were baited with roasted coconut and a number of conservation areas, including both mixture of shrimp paste and peanut butter, and national parks and forest reserves but were set at each location for six days. Traps enforcement in these areas is difficult due to checking was conducted twice a day, every illegal development activities that often morning and afternoon; while re-baiting negatively impacting mammal habitats and normally every two days, depending on bait populations. Such conservation areas have condition. already been introduced in some regions of

Sulawesi. One of these is Bogani Nani Mist net Wartabone National Park (Anonymous, 2003). Bats were typically surveyed using mist Formerly, it was declared as Dumoga net. Four mist nets of 12 x 3 metres, with 30 Bone National Park in 1991 by the Decree of mm fine mesh and 4 pockets were set for 6 the Minister of Forestry No. 731/Kpts-II/1991 nights at each location. Mist net is difficult for covering an area of about 287,115 ha. The bats to detect by echolocation. When a bat name of Dumoga Bone National Park was then strikes a mist net, it falls into a pocket of loose changed into Bogani Nani Wartabone National mesh and becomes ensnared. Mist nets are Park by the Decree of the Minister of Forestry effective in catching bats when placed in their No. 1068/Kpts-II/1992. It is located in two flight paths such as streambeds, river valleys or provinces; North Sulawesi and Gorontalo. It is forest trail. situated at longitude between 123o08’ and 124o14’ East, and latitude between 0o20’ and Direct observation 0o49’ North. Its landscape range widely from Catching small mammals in the field are 200 to 2000 m above sea level (asl) with four often difficult because most are nocturnal and main vegetation types. These are secondary secretive (some are diurnal but also secretive vegetation, lowland forest (300 - 1000 m asl), and can not be trapped easily). Thus, direct lower montane forest (1000 – 1600 m asl) and visual observation during both day and night- moss forest (above 1600 m asl) (Anonymous time was conducted using binoculars. 1981 and 2003). The goal of this study is to document Specimens processing small mammals since there is lack of published Trapped were brought to camp information of small mammals from Bogani to be processed as scientific specimens. This is Nani Wartabone National Park. This survey an essential part of any small mammal survey, was carried out in Bogani Nani National Park since it is not easy to identify species in the that focused at Toraut block with average field. External measurements were made on all altitude is 300 m asl. The data from this study specimens. Sometimes further identification will provide valuable information to maximize required that skulls and teeth be measured and conservation efforts, especially for those compared. All specimens were deposited at the species that have limited distribution. Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor. Research Methods Results and Discussions Trapping design A total of 129 individuals in 12 species Rats were surveyed using collapsible were recorded from Toraut, Bogani Nani local wire traps with dimension of 25 x 10 x 10 Wartabone National Park, North Sulawesi. cm, which has a door that closes when a baited These, including collected and released hook releases an attachment to the door. specimens, are presented in Table 1. The Trapping design for each location were as collections locality for this study is given in follows. Each location had one trap line Figure 1. The collection comprised of seven comprised of 40 traps, and each trap alternated species of rats ( chrysocomus, with the next trap at a spacing of 10 m. The

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Maharadatunkamsi

Maxomys hellwaldii, Paruromys dominator, control including pests (Boeadi et al., 1983, exulans, Rattus hoffmanni, Rattus Fujita, 1988 and Suyanto et al., 1997). tanezumi and celebensis); four Some small mammals of Toraut, Bogani species of fruit bat (Chironax melanocephalus, Nani National Park are forest-dweller. Three Cynopterus luzoniensis, Rousettus species of rats (Maxomys hellwaldii, Rattus amplexicaudatus and Rousettus celebensis) and hoffmanni and Taeromys celebensis) and one one species of insectivorous bat (Mops species of bat, Chironax melanocephalus, were sarasinorum). Systematic arrangements and recorded from forest whose distributions did English name used in this paper generally not extend to plantation and agriculture area follow Suyanto et al., 2002; in some cases (Table 1). While forests are apparently the Wilson and Reeder, 1993 was also referred to. most productive habitat for small mammals, Five of these rats are endemic to some species of bats (Rousettus Sulawesi (See Table 1). Some of these species amplexicaudatus and Mops sarasinorum) have conservation status since their population confined to disturbed areas feed on fruit tend to decline due to hunting and habitat loss. plantations and/or nectars, and insects. Also Two species of rats is on IUCN Red list, these several species of rats limited to disturbed area are Paruromys dominator is listed in IUCN as (Rattus exulans and Rattus tanezumi) take Endangered and Maxomys hellwaldii as Near advantage of plantations and crops, contrast to Threatened; while the bat of Mops sarasinorum its absence from forest. While two species of is categorized by IUCN as Near Threatened rats (Bunomys chrysocomus and Paruromys (Hilton-Taylor, 2000). All of these small dominator) and two species of bats mammals have crucial natural roles such as (Cynopterus luzoniensis and Rousettus seed dispersal, pollinators, prey for various celebensis) occured in both forest and disturbed kinds of carnivores and insect population area (See Table 1).

Table 1. List of small mammals recorded from Toraut block, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, North Sulawesi. Conservation status as follows: IU: IUCN Red Data Book. Species Sample size Range of distribution Conservation status Forest Plantation Sulawesi IU Rat Bunomys chrysocomus* 6 1 Throughout Sulawesi -- Maxomys hellwaldii* 1 -- Throughout Sulawesi NT Paruromys dominator* 3 1 Throughout Sulawesi E Rattus exulans -- 1 Throughout Kalimantan, Sumatra, Jawa, -- Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua Rattus hoffmanni* 4 -- Throughout Sulawesi -- Rattus tanezumi -- 2 Throughout Throughout -- Taeromys celebensis* 6 -- Central, Sulawesi -- North, South East Megachiropteran/fruit bats Throughout Kalimantan, Sumatra, Jawa, -- Chironax melanocephalus 5 -- Sulawesi, Lombok Cynopterus luzoniensis 12 4 Throughout Sulawesi -- Rousettus amplexicaudatus -- 8 Throughout Throughout -- Rousettus celebensis 26 36 Throughout Sulawesi, Maluku -- Microchiropteran/insectivo -rous bat Mops sarasinorum -- 13 Throughout Sulawesi NT *) Endemic to Sulawesi.

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Small Mammals of Sulawesi

Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park

Toraut

Figure 1. Map of Sulawesi indicating the locality surveyed in this current study.

The recorded rats were dominated by terrestrial, frequently found surrounding Bunomys chrysocomus with seven individuals houses, garden, rice field, grassland, scrub and trapped from all habitats surveyed in the Toraut secondary forest throughout South East Asia to forest and plantation. This rat is endemic to Pacific Islands (Medway, 1977; Payne et al., Sulawesi and reported to occur throughout the 1985 and Suyanto, 2002). island (Cobert and Hill, 1992). The second Although only two specimens of Rattus most common type of rat was Taeromys tanezumi were recorded in the current survey, celebensis with 6 individuals trapped in the this rat is very common. The house rat, Rattus forest area. Corbet and Hill (1992) recognized tanezumi, was recorded from plantation at the that T. celebensis occurrs only in the region of edge of Toraut forest. It is native to Asia and Central, North and South-East of Sulawesi in considered commensal, existing in most areas lowland forest habitat. While Musser (1987) of human activity from sea level to 1,700 m reported this species from South-West asl, including environs of human habitation, Sulawesi, it was in the form of sub fossil. rice fields and plantations (Medway, 1977, Information on behaviour and reproduction of Payne et al., 1985 and Suyanto, 2002). these two species of rat is scarce. At least 4 megachiropterans (fruit bats) The most striking species of rat recorded and 1 microchiropteran (insectivorous bat) are in this survey was Maxomys hellwaldii and thought to occur within the Toraut block, Rattus exulans, only one occasion respectively. Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park. These One individual of M. hellwaldii was trapped in bats play a crucial role in seed dispersal and the forest of Toraut. This species is endemic to pollination of many tropical plants in the forest. Sulawesi and its habitat is confined to lowland While Rousettus celebensis and Cynopterus forest (Cobert and Hill, 1992). Single luzoniensis are widely distributed through out individual of R. exulans was trapped else where plantations and forests, some bats are restricted only from plantation area. R. exulans is closed to occur in forest habitat such as Chironax to commensals with human and not found in melanocephalus. Other bats enjoy disturbed forest habitat. This species is primarily areas such as plantations Rousettus

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Maharadatunkamsi amplexicaudatus and Mops sarasinorum. differences between forest and disturbed area Several bats fall into this category. These two might have partly affected the distribution species of bats are likely to tolerate human pattern of rats and bats in Toraut. It should be presence. Of particular interest is the stated that forest gives more suitable specialized highland bat, Chironax environment for rat community. On the other melanocephalus. This species is normally hand, disturbed area (plantation) was clearly abundant at elevations above 500 m in Borneo more important for bat community, particularly (Medway, 1977) and recorded in Sulawesi up fruit bat. to 1000 m (Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988). It would be interesting to further Being restricted to highland region, it appears investigate the species diversity between the that this species may be susceptible to two localities. The variability of diversity demolition and therefore is of importance for values between localities were calculated using protection efforts. the method of Shannon index of diversity, The bat of genus Rousettus appeared to which was described in Ludwig and Reynold occupy different habitat zones, with only a fine (1988) as follows: degree of overlap at plantation. R. celebensis s was recorded in the whole area surveyed both H  pi ln pi in the forest and the plantation, while R. i1 amplexicaudatus has been documented in disturbed areas such as plantations and not where H: Shannon index of diversity. encountered in the forest of Toraut. This s: Number of species observed in site. pattern suggests that these two species might pi: Proportion of total sample belonging to interact competitively causing them to exist ith species. apart from each other, leading to more directional habitat selection for particular The highest value of Shannon index of species (Maharadatunkamsi, 2001). The bat of diversity was in the forest area (2.47) and the Celebes Rousette, Rousettus celebensis, was lowest was in plantation area (1.98). It is very common in the area surveyed. It was understandable as forest provides sufficient recorded in high numbers both in forest and supply of food and minimizes predation risk plantation. This medium size fruit bat is and home range (Ginsberg and Clode, 1994). particularly abundant in disturbed habitats Furthermore, with many kind of vegetations, (Flannery, 1995) such as plantation and forests protect living systems and preserve the agriculture areas. diversity of fauna, as well as their ecosystems During this survey, two different (Setyono, 2003). On the other hand, in localities were sampled as representative of disturbed habitats the opposite has been forest and disturbed habitats by humans observed, since loss of forest might lead to the (plantation). A total of 240 trap nights and 864 loss of habitat, insufficient supply of food, and m2 of mistnet nights were set up for each higher predation risk. While forest is the most location. Collection effort in the area of forest productive habitat for small mammals, there resulted with 20 individuals of rat and 43 are several other which also deserve to be individuals of bat, while observation in mentioned including plantation and agriculture disturbed area resulted with 5 individuals of rat (Kitchener et al., 1990; Lekagul and McNelly, and 61 individuals of bat. In average, 11.4 trap 1997). Some small mammals have been nights were required to capture one individual recorded to inhabit these disturbed areas rat and 20 m2 of mistnet nights for one feeding on fruits and crops (Mickleburgh et al., individual bat, in the forest, while for disturbed 1992 and Ueda, 1996). They are able to adapt area, 40 trap nights for an individual rat and and become tolerant to some human activities. 14.08 m2 of mistnet nights for an individual In addition, as a consequence of this brief bat. All habitats in Toraut, both forest and survey, the range of diversity indices between disturbed area were important for small localities sampled partly affected by fluctuation mammals faunae. The environmental of species numbers and low number individuals

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Small Mammals of Sulawesi of certain species, particularly in plantation. Nelson Lengkong. The author thank the head But it is likely that other environment factors, of Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park who such as floristic and vegetation structure, soil facilitated this work. M.H. Sinaga, S.Si; kindly type, disturbance level, altitude, and rainfall helped the author in identifying some rats. also contribute to the distribution and diversity of small mammals in Toraut. As stated earlier, human activities are the Bibliography biggest threat to existence of small mammals. Anonymous. 1981. Proposed Dumoga-Bone National Expansion of human settlements and forest Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. conversion continue in and around Bogani Management Plan 1982 - 1983. A World Nani Wartabone National Park. These activities Wildlife Fund Report. Bogor. lead to forest reduction, which in turn lead to Anonymous. 2003. Buku Panduan 41 Taman Nasional di loss of habitat for small mammals. Another Indonesia. Departemen Kehutanan RI, threat to small mammals is hunting. Driven by UNESCO and CIFOR, Bogor. economic gain, more people become dependent Audley-Charles, M.G. 1981. Geological history of the on the trade as a source of income. region of Wallace's line. In: Whitmore, T. C. Many types of fruit bats and rats are hunted for (ed). Wallace's Line and Plate Tectonics. both local and commercial purposes. In pp.24-35. Clarendon Press, Oxford. addition small mammals are also threatened by Bergmans, W. and Rozendaal, F.G. 1988. Notes on natural factors such as disease and natural collections of fruit bats from Sulawesi and some off-lying islands (Mammalia, disasters. Taken together, human activities and Megachiroptera). Zoologische nature changes, already have an impact on Verhandelingen 248: 3-74. these small mammals of Toraut, Bogani Nani Boeadi, Amir, M. and Suyanto, A. 1983. An insectivorous Wartabone National Park. bat, Tadarida plicata (Buchanan) While the mounting pressure of (Microchiroptera: Molosidae) as a possible increasing human population the survival of component in biological control of insect these small mammals, will be at stake pests. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on especially those with limited distribution range. Pest Ecology and Pest Management. Biotrop Special Publication No. 18:245-247. These preliminary data have several worthwhile implications for the development Burrett, C., Duhig, N., Berry, R. and Varne, R. 1991. Asian and south-western Pacific continental of conservation strategy for this area. Therefore terraines derived from Gondwana, and their it seems noteworthy to include such potential biogeographic significance. In: Ladiges, P.Y, small mammals conservation program in Humphries, C.J. and Martinelli, L.W. (eds). management plan of this valuable national Australian Biogeography. pp. 13-24. CSIRO, park. In addition, information resulted from Australia. this current survey would help establish a more Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1992. The Mammals of the complete view of the Sulawesian small Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University, Press New York. mammals. Flannery, T.F. 1995. Mammals of the South-West Pacific and Moluccan Islands. Reed Books, Acknowledgments Chatswood, NSW. Fujita, M.S. 1988. Flying foxes and economics. Bats 6(1): The author would like to acknowledge 4-9. Dr. Arie Budiman, head of Research Center for Ginsberg, J.R. and Clode, D. 1994. Hunting. In: Halliday, Biology-LIPI; Dr. S.N. Prijono, head of T. and Pressley, A. (eds). Animal Behavior. Zoological Division–LIPI; Dra. Juli Asri pp 43-57. The University of Oklahama press, Jamal, M.Sc and Dr. Sri Sulandari for their Norman. support during this study. The author sincerely Hilton-Taylor, C. (Compiler). 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List thank the following who participated in field Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland and work: Nanang Supriatna, Drs. Arwan Cambridge. Sugiharto, Rachmat, Ijong Datunsolang and

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Kinnaird, M.F. 1997. Sulawesi Utara: Sebuah Panduan Setyono, D. 2003. Management effort of Gunung Sejarah Alam. WCS, USA; Yayasan Halimun National Park. In: Gunung Halimun Pengembangan Wallacea, Jakarta; and GEF- National Park: A Model of Improved Park BCP, Puslitbang Biologi-LIPI, Bogor. Management. pp 1-7. JICA Biodiversity Conservation Project, Bogor. Kitchener, D.J., Boeadi, Charlton, L. and Maharadatunkamsi. 1990. Wild mammals of Suyanto, A. 2002. Mamalia di Taman Nasional Gunung Lombok Island, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: Halimun Jawa Barat. LIPI, JICA and PHKA, Systematics and Natural History. Records of Bogor. the Western Australian Museum. Supplement. No. 33: 1 - 129. Suyanto, A., Yoneda, M., Maryanto, I., Maharadatunkamsi and Sugarjito, J. 2002. Lekagul, B. and McNelly, J.A. 1997. Mammals of Check list of Indonesian mammals. 2nd ed. . The Association for the LIPI, JICA and PHPA, Bogor. Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok. Suyanto, A., Yoneda, M., Maharadatunkamsi, Sinaga Ludwig, A.L. and Reynolds, J.F. 1988. Statistical M.H. and Yusuf. 1997. Collection of small Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New mammals in Gunung Halimun National Park. York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, In: M. Yoneda, J. Sugardjito and Simbolon, Singapore. H. (eds). Research and Conservation Biodiversity in Indonesia Vol. II. The Maharadatunkamsi. 2001. Relationship between inventory of Natural Resources in Gunung altitudinal changes and distribution of rats: a Halimun National Park. pp 81-93. LIPI, preliminary study from Gunung Botol, JICA and PHPA, Bogor. Gunung Halimun National Park. Berita Biologi 5(6) 697 - 701. Ueda, H. 1996. Ecology oriented agricultural and village landscape in northern part of . Medway, L. 1977. Mammals of Borneo: Field keys and Nature and Human Activities 1:103-110. an annonated checklist. Perchetakan Mas Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur. Whitten, A.J., Mustafa, M. and Henderson, G.S. 1987. Ekologi Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Mickleburgh, S.P., Hutson, A.M. and Racey, P.A. Press, Yogyakarta. (Compilers). 1992. Old World Fruit Bats: An action plan for their conservation. IUCN, Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. 1993. Mammals Species Gland, Switzerland. of the World. 2nd ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. Musser, G.G. 1987. Mammals of Sulawesi. In: Whitmore, T.C. (ed). Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago. pp 73-93. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

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