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Nr. 31/1, 2011 31/1 31. 31. J UNI 2 0 1 1 ÅRGANG PAPYRUS Æ GYPTOLOGISK T IDSSKRIFT Indhold PAPYRUS 31. årgang nr. 1 2011 ENGLISH ABSTRACTS The triads of Mycerinos Johnny Barth Everyone interested in ancient Egypt is familiar with at least one of the triads of Mycerinos. Superb works of art, some in mint condition – but questions about them remain to be asked, in particular as to their original number and significance. The author assesses the evidence. Late 18th dynasty harems Lise Manniche The Amarna correspondence reveals exciting aspects of the rhetoric among sovereigns in the Near East in the late 18th dynasty, and it also provides a unique insight into human resources in the institution of an Egyptian harem. Pictorial and other evidence, however disjointed, adds to our understanding of its significance which was not solely aimed at the sexual gratification of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt. Mummy bandages in Danish Collections Thomas Christiansen A much neglected source of copies of chapters of the Book of the Dead is to be found on mummy bandages from the very end of the pharaonic period to the first Haremsbeboer: kvinde ved navn Tia, “amme” for prinsesse Ankhesenpaaten. century AD. For technical and other reasons their artistic qualities do not compete with those on papyrus, Blok fra Aten-templet i Amarna, nu i Metropolitan Museum of Art, New but they are nevertheless of interest as a niche medium York (foto LM). for conveying a message important to Egyptians at the time. The author presents examples from the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, the National Museum and the Carlsberg Papyrus Collection in Copenhagen. The temple of Isis at Pompei Mykerinos’ triader Kristian Reinfjord 4 Johnny Barth The temple of Isis at Pompei had a major role to play in the transmission of the concept of Egypt in modern tradition. Its “raison d’être” is the subject of this article, Haremsliv i slutningen af 18. dynasti not so much the original introduction of the cult of Isis Lise Manniche on Italian soil, but the motives behind the rebuilding of 14 the temple after the earthquake of AD 62. The temple was a donation to the community of Pompei, given by a Mumiebind i danske samlinger former slave with the specific purpose of promoting his son in society. 28 Thomas Christiansen Isis-templet i Pompeji: N. Popidius Ampliatus’ ægyptiske gave 36 OM FORFATTERNE Kristian Reinfjord Louise Alkjær, cand. mag. i ægyptologi Johnny Barth, studerer ægyptologi på Åbent Universitet Boganmeldelser Thomas Christiansen, stud. mag. i ægyptologi 45 Lise Manniche Lise Manniche, mag. art, PhD, forfatter, foredragsholder, redaktør af Papyrus Kristian Reinfjord, konsulent, avdeling for arkeologi og Siden Sidst konservering, Universitetet i Oslo 46 Louise Alkjær Redaktionelt Lige siden slutningen af januar har EEF (Electronic Egyptology Forum) kørt en PAPYRUS udgives af “tråd” med titlen “Unrest in Egypt”, der har været til uvurderlig hjælp, når man Dansk Ægyptologisk Selskab c/o Carsten Niebuhr Instituttet under forårets stormfulde begivenheder skulle forsøge at få rede på, hvad der Københavns Universitet foregik i Ægypten. Officielle kilder og privatpersoners observationer har tikket Amager ind på mailen dagligt, og det har til tider været vanskeligt at finde hoved og hale Snorresgade 17-19 2300 København S på alle oplysningerne. Vi kan konstatere, at Zahi Hawass gik og kom, og nu, med en anden titel og et nyt ministerium under sig, stadig kontrollerer Ægyptens old- Hjemmeside www.daes.dk sager, og der er næppe nogen, der bedre bestrider netop den opgave end han. Vi har hørt rapporter om oldsager, der er forsvundet og på mere eller mindre absurd DÆS e-mail [email protected] vis er kommet tilbage igen, og rygter om diverse genstande, der er stjålet fra ube- vogtede magasiner i provinsen. Det nøjagtige antal objekter og de præcise detaljer Papyrus e-mail [email protected] omkring deres forsvinden/tilbagekomst er hyllet i ægyptisk “smog”, men, sam- menlignet med hvad der foregik i andre dele af den arabiske verden, må vi prise Bestyrelse Pia Adamsen (sekretær) os lykkelige over, at resultatet ikke blev mere katastrofalt for vores kulturarv. Louise Alkjær Man kan overordnet set kun være stolt af den vej, ægypterne har taget for at styre Tine Bagh (formand) deres egen skæbne i en anden retning end diktatur, og vi må håbe, at forårets Diana H. Barfod (kasserer) Paul John Frandsen vinde vil vedblive at blæse i den retning, den ægyptiske befolkning selv ønsker Mette Gregersen (næstformand) det. Poul-Erik Bøge Henriksen Ole Herslund Mette Holst Gaveudveksling kan have mange former. I nogle tilfælde ender den som et politisk Lise Manniche (Papyrusredaktør) stridens æble. To af artiklerne i dette nummer har denne praksis som hovedtema, Elin Rand Nielsen (webmaster) men omstændighederne er forskellige, farvet både af kulturelle og geografiske Annemette von Lengern Tranberg forudsætninger. Redaktøren har udforsket nogle højt profilerede menneskehand- PAPYRUSredaktion ler i slutningen af 18. dynasti, der har set dagens lys gennem den kileskriftskorre- Lise Manniche (ansv.) Bo Dahl Hermansen spondance, der dokumenterer hvad der fandt sted, og hvorfor, i kommunikatio- Elin Rand Nielsen nen mellem den ægyptiske farao og herskerne i bystaterne i det østlige Middelhav, Anne Zeeberg suppleret med arkæologiske og andre vidnesbyrd fra Ægypten. Omkring 1500 år Grafisk medarbejder senere, en anden tid, et andet sted, nemlig i Pompeji, bekostede en frigiven ro- Merete Allen Jensen mersk slave en total genopbygning af det Isis-tempel, der var gået til under et Tryk jordskælv i 62 e.Kr. Det var i sønnens navn, og for at gøre ham i stand til at klatre P.E. Offset, Varde op ad den sociale rangstige, at han skænkede templet til byen. Sønnen blev med- Papyrus udgives med støtte fra Kulturministeriets Tidsskrift- lem af byrådet, blot seks år gammel... Kristian Reinfjord, der havde denne form støtteudvalg. for velgørenhed som speciale ved sin masters i Oslo, forklarer, hvordan Isis-temp- Eftertryk kun tilladt med skriftlig let spillede hovedrollen her – et tempel, som i øvrigt fik en afgørende betydning tilladelse fra redaktion og forfat- tere. for nyere tids opfattelse af ægyptisk kult, omend i den romerske version, bl.a. i Indlæg modtages gerne. Bortset fra kernehistorien i Tryllefløjten. det redaktionelle stof dækker bladets indhold ikke nødvendigvis redaktionens holdninger, da Papy- Mumiebandager beskrevet med uddrag af Dødebogen er ikke sjældne, men de er rus også er åben for debat. meget summarisk udgivet. Thomas Christiansen har kastet sig over de mumie- bind, der findes i København, og det er fornemt for Papyrus at kunne give plads ISSN 0903-4714 til disse stregtegninger og tekster på linned, der er så ukendte både blandt forskere Omslagsbillede ÆIN 887: Begyndelsen på en og lægfolk. Ukendte kan man til gengæld ikke kalde Mykerinos-triaderne. Johnny Dødebog skrevet på et mumiebind Barth afleverede en engageret og veldokumenteret opgave om disse skulpturer, (foto Ole Haupt). som mange har stået ansigt til ansigt med på museet i Cairo, på redaktørens kur- sus i kunst på Åbent Universitet i efteråret 2010, og det var helt klart Papyrus- materiale, omend JB måtte gennem den hårde proces, det var at forkorte sit værk. LM Redaktionelt • PaPyRus 31. åRg. nR. 1 2011 3 Fig. 1 Triader som fundet (fra Reisner, Mycerinus, pl. 37). Mykerinos' triader Johnny Barth Da Ernesto Schiaparelli, Ludwig Borchardt og Ge- absolutte kronologi er usikker, er der mindre tvivl orge Andrew Reisner i december 1902 fordelte ud- om den relative. Det er almindeligt accepteret, at gravningsområderne i Giza mellem sig på balkonen han er søn af Chefren og muligvis far til Shepseskaf, til Mena House Hotel, blev koncessionen til at ud- og at hans regeringstid ligger umiddelbart mellem grave Mykerinos’ pyramidekompleks vundet af Dr. disse. Dette fremgår bl.a. af en inskription i Reisner. Det blev derfor hans ekspedition, der den Sekhemkaras mastaba G 8154.1 Sekhemkara var 10. juli 1908 fandt Mykerinos-triaderne [fig. 1].* søn af Chefren2 og virkede under fem konger, heraf Kronologien i 4. dynasti bygger på kvægtællinger som vesir under de to sidste. Disse fem konger (rnpt zp) og var ikke sat i relation til kongens rege- (Chefren, Mykerinos, Shepseskaf, Userkaf og Sa- ringstid, som vi kender det fra senere tid. Vi er i en hura) er opremset i hans grav, så der er her tale om periode, hvor der er usikkerhed om hvorvidt kvæg- en samtidig kilde. Den samme rækkefølge fremgår tællingerne foregik hvert eller hvert andet år. Der også af kongelisten i Sethos Is tempel i Abydos. Vi findes inskriptioner medrnpt m-xt zp (året efter må nok nøjes med at konstatere, at statuerne er kvægtællingen), hvilket indikerer, at kvægtællin- fremstillet på et eller andet tidspunkt i det 25. eller gerne foregik hvert andet år. Problemet kompliceres 26. århundrede før vor tidsregning. * En triade er en yderligere af, at der ikke er overleveret nogen samti- gruppe på tre – i dige tekster, hvor kvægtællingerne og Mykerinos’ Hvor mange triader? dette tilfælde en navn er nævnt i sammenhæng. Der er fundet fire komplette og tre fragmenterede konge og to Moderne forskere har svært ved at blive enige triader. Herudover er der fundet ca. 35 – delvis guddomme. En om, præcis hvornår Mykerinos regerede, I dettte upublicerede – brudstykker.3 Af de fire komplette dyade er en blad anvendes de årstal, der er udarbejdet for triader befinder de tre sig i dag på Det Ægyptiske gruppe på to. National encyklopædien (2473-2455 f.Kr.). De fleste Museum i Cairo (JE 46499, JE 40678 og JE 40679) [LM] hælder til, at regeringslængden var 18 år. Mens den og den sidste på Museum of Fine Art i Boston 4 PaPyRus 31. åRg. nR. 1 2011 • Johnny BaRth • MykeRinos' tRiadeR (MFA 09.200). To af de fragmenterede (MFA 11.3147 og MFA 12.1514) og alle brudstykkerne befinder sig i Boston, mens den tredje fragmente- rede er i Bruxelles (E 3074).
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