sign in sign up
<<
Home , Execution of Louis XVI, Maximilien Robespierre

Name Date

HISTORYMAKERS Master and Victim of the Terror

Section 2 "Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads."-Maximilien Robespierre, 1794

or a brief hme, Maximilien Franpis Marie not support. The leaders were executed Next FIsidore de Robespierre ruled . A passion- Robespierre attacked a moderate group called the ate believer in equality he kept a copy of Rousseau's Indulgents, who were led by , once by his bedside. As a religous a close friend of his. The Indulgents believed that man, he hoped to create a made virtuous the crisis was past and the Terror could end. They, through citizens' devotion to God. But despite his too, were tried and executed. As Danton was taken belief in equality and morality, Robespierre to his death, he uttered a warning. "Robespierre is plunged France into the bloody . bound to follow me." Robespierre was born in the city of in After the death of Danton, Robespierre and the 1758. He studed the ideas of the Enlightenment Committee of Public Safety-now completely in and developed strong principles of social justice. control of the government-made new rules. They He followed the family tradition by practicing law. broadened the definition of public enemies and Robespierre was elected to the Estates-General narrowed the penalty to one punishment only: in 1789 and thus became involved in the French death. The trial process was speeded up. Defense Revolution. Soft-spoken, he was ignored at first. and witnesses were no longer needed. Eventually, though, his radical opinions won him Because of these changes, 1,500 people were exe- attention. One leader said, "That man will go far. cuted in June and July of 1794. He believes what he says " The next year, "Fear was on every side, in the creak of a door, Robespierre was elected president of the an exclamation, a breath," wrote one observer On Club, a radical group that favored the establish- July 26, Robespierre spoke before the Convention ment of a republic. Robespierre lived slmply and and said that more people would have to be execut- was clearly a man of deep morality. Supporters ed as enemies of the Repubhc. He only named one called him "the Incorruphble." man, Pierre Joseph Cambon, the Superintendent Robespierre's views on republican government of Finance, who bravely took the floor in his own found little support early in the Revolution. defense "It is time to tell the whole truth," he However, after 1792, the king was deposed and a declared. "One man alone is paralyzing the will was elected to draft a new of the National Convention. And that rnan is constitution and to rule France duriilg the process. Robespierre." Others, fearing that they would be Robespierre was elected as a representative of . accused next, joined to denounce Robespierre. He became a spokesman for the radical Jacobln The next day, in a chaotic scene, the deputies group and contributed to the bitter controversies voted to arrest Robespierre and his closest allies. that arose in the National Convention He and more than 20 of his supporters were taken - As the combinahon of foreign war and civil law- to the Place de la Revolution and executed. A lessness brought matters to a cnsis, the Committee newspaper commented, 'We are all throwing our- of Public Safety was formed-with Robespierre selves into each other's arms. The tyrant is dead." one of its most dominant members. Under the rule of this powerful group, civil war was avoided and Questions the French army began to win victories. However, Robespierre and his allies on the 1. Making Inferences What about Robespierre committee still faced poIitical opposition at home. might have appealed to others? In early 1794, he set out to eliminate the HCbertists. 2. Drawing Conclusions Why did Robespierre This group wanted strict economic policies and an eliminate the HCbertists and the Indulgents? anti-religious campaign that Robespierre could 3. Perceiving Cause and Eflect How dd Robespierre's methods turn against hm?

The and 53 27 Name Date

pRiManv SOURCE jmrn The Execution of Louis XVI by Henry Essex Edgeworth de Firmont

Section 2 sentenced to death by the National Convention, Louis XVI was executed on , 1793. As you read this eyewitness account of the king? final hours, note the different reactions of Louis XVI, the guards, and the French citizens.

he King findng himself seated in the carriage, when arrived at the last step, I felt that he suddenly Twhere he could neither speak to me nor be spo- let go my arm, and I saw him cross with a firm foot ken to without witness, kept a profound sllence . . . the breadth of the whole scaffold; silence, by his The procession lasted almost two hours; the look alone, fifteen or twenty drums that were streets were lined with citizens, all armed, some placed opposite to me; and in a voice so loud, that with pikes and some with guns, and the carriage it must have been heard at the Pont Tournant, I was surrounded by a body of troops, formed of the heard him pronounce distinctly these memorable most desperate people of Paris. As another precau- words. 'I d~einnocent of all the crimes la~dto my tion, they had placed before the horses a number charge; I pardon those who have occasioned my of drums, intended to drown any noise or murmur death; and I pray to God that the blood you are in favour of the King; but how could they be heard? going to shed may never be visited on France ' Nobody appeared either at the doors or windows, He was proceeding, when a man on horseback, and in the street nothing was to be seen, but armed in the national uniform, and with a ferocious cry, citizens-x~tizens,all rushing toward the commis- ordered the drums to beat. Many voices were at sion of a crime, which perhaps they detested in the same time heard encouraging the executioners their hearts They seemed reanimated themselves, in seizing The carriage proceeded thus in silence to the with violence the most virtuous of Kings, they Place de Louis Alr and stopped in the middle of a dragged him under the axe of the , which large space that had been left round the scaffold. with one stroke severed his head from his body. this space was surrounded \nth cannon, and beyond, All this passed in a moment The youngest of the an armed multitude extended as far as the eye guards, who seemed about eighteen, immediately could reach As soon as the K~ngperceived that the seized the head, and showed ~tto the people as he carriage stopped, he turned and whispered to me, walked round the scaffold, he accompanied this We are arnved, if I mistake not.' My silence monstrous ceremony with the most atrocious and answered that we were. . . . As soon as the King indecent gestures. At first an awful silence pre- had left the carriage, three guards surrounded him vailed, at length some cries of 'Vive la R6publique!' d w and would have taken off his clothes, but he repulsed were heard By degrees the voices multiplied, and 2 in less than ten minutes thls cry, a thousand times 2 them with haughtiness- he undressed himself, unbed t+! his neckcloth, opened his shirt, and arranged it repeated, became the universal shout of the multi- V) E himself. The guards, whom the determined counte- tude, and every hat was in the alr. 0, L - nance of the King had for a moment dsconcerted, from J M Thompson, Englrsh iVitnesses of the French 7 seemed to recover their audacity. They surrounded Re~olutzon,Blackwell, 1938 Repnnted In John Carey, ed , 6t - him again and would have seized his hands What Eyeu;ttrtess to Histonj (New York Avon. 1987), 250-252 =.-w are you attempting? said the King, drawing back -J m his hands. 'To bind you,' answered the wretches. 0) Discussion Questions 3 'To blnd me,' said the King, with an indignant air. g 'No! I shall never consent to that. do what you have Recognizing Facts and Detaib E XVI as o been ordered, but you shall never bind me. . . .' 1. How did Louis respond he faced execution? The path leading to the scaffold was extremely 2. How did the French citizens who witnessed the rough and difficult to pass, the King was obliged to Idng's execut~onreact? lean on my arm, and from the slo\vness with wh~ch 3. Making Inferences Why do you think the sol- he proceeded, I feared for a moment that his der ordered the drums to beat as Louis XVI courage might fail, but what was my astonishment, spoke from the scaffold?

Revolution and Napoleon 47 Y ame Date

HISTORYMAKERS w Tragic Queen Section 1 "Monsieur. 1 beg your pardon. I did not do it on purpose."- Marie Antoinette's last words, apologizing to her executioner for stepping on his foot, 1793

n 1781, Marie Antoinette, queen of France, gave The people's anger at the queen boiled over Ibirth to a son. The king, Louis XVZ, now had a during the French Revolution. The crowd often male heir. The French people celebrated, as the line focused its rage on her. In 1789, when the market- of succession to the throne was now secure. A group women marched on the palace crying for bread, of poor worldng women--called market-womenF they were calm at first. The next morning, though, came to the palace to congratulate the queen. they stormed the queen's bedroom, shouting their Eight years later, another group of market- bloody threats. Later that day Marie Antoinette women came to the palace. But on this 1789 visit, faced the mob. She stood on a balcony before the the crowd was larger and angrier. Instead of ceIe- crowd, with muskets aimed at her. She bravely brating joyful news, it woke the queen with such remained still until the muskets were lowered. shouted threats as 'We'll wring her neck!" and Then she entered the palace. 'We'll tear her heart out!" After the royal family was taken to Paris, the Actually, the 1781 visit marked one of the few king and queen feared for their safety. Austria times that Queen Marie Antoinette enjoyed any and Spain refused to do anything to help. Marie popularity in France. Born in 1755, she was the fif- Antoinette urged that the family try to escape. On teenth child of Francis I and Maria Theresa, rulers June 20, 1791, the famlly attempted to leave but of the Holy Roman Empire. The French and the were captured and returned to Paris An eyewitness Austrians ended their long hostility by agreeing to a wrote that in the city, the queen "was greeted with marriage that united the two royal families. Marie violent expressions of disapproval." married Louis, heir to the French throne, in 1770. The next year, the monarchy was formally over- She was only 14 years old, and he only 15 years old. thrown and the king and queen were put in prison. Just four years later, the young couple became ldng A year later, Marie Antoinette's children were taken and queen of France. from her, and she was placed in a separate cell. She It wasn't long before Marie Antoinette became was moved again in September 1793 to a small the focus of nasty gossip and rumors. People saw room lit only by a lantern outside. her as a spendthrift who meddled in politics. The queen was taken to trial the following Pamphlets portrayed a queen who lived a life of month. She was accused of conspiring to aid her u immorality and luxury. brother-now the Holy Roman Emperor-to 9 At the same time, the queen was having diffi- defeat France. She was also accused of immorality. ZLo !?! !?! culty adjusting to her new home. Although she and She gave a brief, forceful defense that won sympa- Lo

Louis grew to Iove each other, their early years thy. But the officer presiding over the trial warned z.-0) -L included many strains. In addition, the queen the crowd to be quiet and then quickly led the 3 panel to declare her guilty. On October 16, 1793, ti found French customs confusing. The court had C Marie Antoinette was beheaded. - elaborate rules of etiquette for everything from 0 t: dressing to eating. She had little patience for these 3 -m formalities, which won her few friends at court. 0) Questions 3 Marie Antoinette's spending habits didn't earn 0 8 her much admiration, either. She bought three or 1. Recognizing Facts and Details What factors H four new dresses every week. However, even when cost the queen support? o she did not spend, she was criticized. In a compli- 2 Drawing Conclusions Do you think the attacks cated plot, some members of the court pretended on the queen contributed to the RevoIution? to buy a diamond neckIace worth a fortune. When Explain. the scandal erupted, the queen-who was entirely 3. Making Judgments Would you say that the innocent-was nevertheless blamed for it. queen was a strong or a weak person? Explain. Namea Date GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire KP u Section 3

, .-..-; 1 L,Z/--. . .:2--. ..-.....-...... - .- .- . . . -,- A. Perceiving Cause and Efiect As you read about Napoleon. note the goals and results of some of his actlons.

...... -.:,. - .. -. Actions : * Goal(s) : ...... ,. :,Result(s).. , 'p?-.:>: , ,I *,-. -. . .-- . -. . .. I...... 7:,<.- -'. . -, z., .. -.- .-, . 4. ... .iT-;-:, . ., . 1. Establishment of national bank and effic~enttax-collection system

2. Enacting Napoleonic Code of law

3. Sending troops to Saint Domingue

4. Selling Louls~anaTerr~tory to the United States

5: Waging Battle of Trafalgar

B. Using Context Clues On the back of this paper, write a brief explanat~onof how Napoleon ganed power In France Use the terms coup d' &at and plebiscite.

1 Napoleon 39 Name Class Date - I Chapter

~apoieonwas a hero to many people in France, but others saw him as a QTaiii. Ciie iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame zrmaine Necker de Stad (1766-1 817). Napoleon's soldiers, on the other hand, admired him, as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows. + As you read, think about what may have motivated each writer. Then, on a separate sheet ofpaper, answer the questions that follow.

Two Views of Napoleon adame de Stael What particularly charac- arshal Officers, sub-officers, Mterizes Bonaparte's goverment is his profound MsoIdiers! The cause of the Bourbons is lost contempt for all the riches of human forever. The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature: virtue, dignity, religion, is about to remount the throne. enthusiasm; in his eyes they are ; To the emperor Napoleon, our "the eternal enemies of the conti- 1;. sovereign, belongs alone the right nent," to use his favorite expres- to rule over our beautiful coun- sion. He would like to persuade Y try. Whether the Bourbon nobili- men by force and by cunning, and ': ty choose to return to exile or he considers alI else to be stupidity consent to live among us, what or folly. . . . does it matter to us? The times I do not believe that when ' are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated rights. L~bertytriumphs in the the plan for a universal monarchy, end, and Napoleon, our august I do believe what he himself emperor, comes to confirm it. ,,ad to one of my friends, a few Soldiers, I have often led you to days after the 18 Brumaire [the victory. Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory]. "It is necessary," he said, which the Emperor Napoleon con-

"to do something new every three months, in order ' ducts to Pans, and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation, the capltal. with whom anyone who stands still is lost." His sys- tem was to encroach [intrudeldaily upon France's Sources: (1) Ten Years ofExile, by Madame de Stael, trans. liberty and Eliro~e's - - Door Bejk (Saturday Review Press, 1972); (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon: An Eyewitness History, by Joe H. [conquered] Europe. krchberger (Facts on Fde. 1985).

1. What does Madame de Stad say are 3. Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleon's only methods of persuasion? speak about Napoleon and people's liberty. 2. What does Marshal Ney say about Napoleon's How do their views compare? right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings?

-..----- .. ..-.- _. __ , : - . .. . -'------0 Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter4