Marie Antoinette
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Inscriptive Masculinity in Balzac's Comédie Humaine
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, Student Research: Modern Languages and Literatures, Department Modern Languages and Literatures of 4-20-2009 Inscriptive Masculinity in Balzac’s Comédie Humaine Alana K. Eldrige University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangdiss Part of the Modern Languages Commons Eldrige, Alana K., "Inscriptive Masculinity in Balzac’s Comédie Humaine" (2009). Theses, Dissertations, Student Research: Modern Languages and Literatures. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangdiss/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Modern Languages and Literatures, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, Student Research: Modern Languages and Literatures by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSCRIPTIVE MASCULINITY IN BALZAC’S COMÉDIE HUMAINE by Alana K. Eldrige A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy Major: Modern Languages and Literature (French) Under the Supervision of Professor Marshall C. Olds Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2009 INSCRIPTIVE MASCULINITY IN BALZAC’S COMÉDIE HUMAINE Alana K. Eldrige, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2009. Adviser: Marshall C. Olds This reading of La Comédie humaine traces the narrative paradigm of the young hero within Balzac’s literary universe. A dynamic literary signifier in nineteenth-century literature, the young hero epitomizes the problematic existence encountered by the individual in post-revolutionary France. At the same time, he serves as a mouth-piece for an entire youthful generation burdened by historical memory. -
Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L
Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 20 Article 19 1966 Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI Ronald L. Hayworth University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Hayworth, Ronald L. (1966) "Inviolability Controversy in the Trial of Louis XVI," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 20 , Article 19. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol20/iss1/19 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 20 [1966], Art. 19 111 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. 20, 1966 THE INVIOLABILITYCONTROVERSY IN THE TRIAL OF LOUIS XVI Ronald L. Hay worth Arkansas College The attempt at constitutional monarchy during the French Revolu- tion ended abruptly on August 10, 1792, with the dethronement of Louis XVI in what has been termed the Second French Revolution. 1 One major problem that the new National Convention faced when it convened in mid-September was the determination of the fate of the ci-devant roi. -
Marie Antoinette
Louis XVII - CHILD PRISONER 0. Louis XVII - CHILD PRISONER - Story Preface 1. A ROYAL CHILDHOOD 2. THE YOUNG ANTOINETTE 3. WEDDING at the PALACE of VERSAILLES 4. DEATH of LOUIS XV 5. A GROWING RESENTMENT 6. CHILDREN of MARIE ANTOINETTE 7. THE DIAMOND NECKLACE AFFAIR 8. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 9. EXECUTION of LOUIS XVI 10. THE GUILLOTINE 11. TRIAL of MARIE ANTOINETTE 12. MARIE ANTOINETTE and the GUILLOTINE 13. Louis XVII - CHILD PRISONER 14. DNA EVIDENCE and LOUIS XVII Jean-Louis Prieur (1759-1795) created this illustration of Louis-Charles, the French Dauphin, depicting his treatment in prison. The title of this 1794 work is: Simon le cordonnier et Louis XVII au Temple (“Simon the Shoemaker and Louis XVII at the Temple”). Once his father was executed, royalists referred to the Dauphin as King Louis XVII. The illustration is maintained at the BnF and is online via Gallica (the BnF’s digitized gallery). Louis-Charles, the orphaned son of a king and—to royalists—a king (Louis XVII) himself, would have been better off had his captors simply killed him. Instead, he endured unimaginable conditions in Temple prison, existing in a room above his sister. When first imprisoned, he was a bright, good-looking child: ...his blue eyes, aquiline nose, elevated nostrils, well-defined mouth, pouting lips, chestnut hair parted in the middle and falling in thick curls on his shoulders, resembled his mother before her years of tears and torture. All the beauty of his race, by both descents, seemed to reappear in him. (Campan, Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Supplement to Chapter IX - scroll down 60%.) An acquaintance of Robespierre, Antoine Simon (often called "Simon the shoemaker"), was charged with caring for the young prince. -
Timeline (PDF)
Timeline of the French Revolution 1789 1793 May 5 Estates General convened in Versailles Jan. 21 Execution of Louis XVI (and later, Marie Jun. 17 National Assembly Antoinette on Oct. 16) Jun. 20 Tennis Court Oath Feb. 1 France declares war on British and Dutch (and Jul. 11 Necker dismissed on Spain on Mar. 7) Jul. 13 Bourgeois militias in Paris Mar. 11 Counterrevolution starts in Vendée Jul. 14 Storming of the Bastille in Paris (official start of Apr. 6 Committee of Public Safety formed the French Revolution) Jun. 1-2 Mountain purges Girondins Jul. 16 Necker recalled Jul. 13 Marat assassinated Jul. 20 Great Fear begins in the countryside Jul. 27 Maximilien Robespierre joins CPS Aug. 4 Abolition of feudalism Aug. 10 Festival of Unity and Indivisibility Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen Sept. 5 Terror the order of the day Oct. 5 Adoption of Revolutionary calendar 1791 1794 Jun. 20-21 Flight to Varennes Aug. 27 Declaration of Pillnitz Jun. 8 Festival of the Supreme Being Jul. 27 9 Thermidor: fall of Robespierre 1792 1795 Apr. 20 France declares war on Austria (and provokes Prussian declaration on Jun. 13) Apr. 5/Jul. 22 Treaties of Basel (Prussia and Spain resp.) Sept. 2-6 September massacres in Paris Oct. 5 Vendémiare uprising: “whiff of grapeshot” Sept. 20 Battle of Valmy Oct. 26 Directory established Sept. 21 Convention formally abolishes monarchy Sept. 22 Beginning of Year I (First Republic) 1797 Oct. 17 Treaty of Campoformio Nov. 21 Berlin Decree 1798 1807 Jul. 21 Battle of the Pyramids Aug. -
The FRENCH REVOLUTION
HISTORY IN THE MAKING The FRENCH REVOLUTION BY Georges Pernoud and Sabine Flaissier ,. PREFACE BY ANDRE MAUROIS THE FRENCH REVOLUTION +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION by GEORGES PERNOUD and SABINE FLAISSIER with a preface by ANDRE MAUROIS translated by RICHARD GRAVES FOUNDED 1138 G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK FIRST AMERICAN EDITION, 1961 ©196 0 BY MARTIN SECKER & WARBURG LTD. Allrights reserved. This book, or parts thereoI, must not be reproduced without permission. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-13673 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA /"Ii CONTENTS +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 7 PREFACE 9 PREFATORY EXPLANATION 15 THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY 17 THE FIFTH AND SIXTH OF OCTOBER 56 THE FLIGHT TO VARENNES 70 THE EMIGRES 108 LA MARSEILLAISE 123 THE TENTH OF AUGUST 126 THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRES 142 VALMY 160 THE MISFORTUNES OF THE ROYAL FAMILY 174 CHARLOTTE CORDAY 222 THE COLLAPSE OF THE EMIGRES 233 THE TERROR 242 THE SOLDIERS OF YEAR II 281 LA VENDEE 298 THERMIDOR 320 SOURCES 342 INDEX 347 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1789 January Louis XVI summons States General May States General meet at Versailles June States General in future called National Assembly July Fall of the Bastille-National Guard formed with Lafayette as Commandant October The Paris mob march on Versailles. King removed to Paris 1790 September Necker resigns as Chief Minister December King gives assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy 1791 June The flight to Varennes September -
The French Revolution Student Text
The French Revolution PREVIEWDistribution Student Text for Not Copyright and Permissions This document is licensed for single-teacher use. The purchase of this curriculum unit includes permission to make copies of the Student Text and appropriate student handouts from the Teacher Resource Book for use in your own classroom. Duplication of this document for the purpose of resale or other distribution is prohibited. Permission is not granted to post this document for use online. Our Digital Editions are designed for this purpose. See www.choices.edu/digital for information and pricing. The Choices Program curriculum units are protected by copyright. If you would like to use material from a Choices unit in your own work, please contact us for permission. PREVIEWDistribution for Not Acknowledgments The French Revolution was developed by the Choices Program with the assistance of scholars at Brown University and other experts in the field. We wish to thank the following researchers for their invaluable input to this and previous editions: Jonathan Beecher Professor of History, Emeritus University of California at Santa Cruz Abbott Gleason Professor of History, Emeritus Deparment of History, Brown University Sharon Larson Associate Professor of French, Christopher Newport University PREVIEWDistribution All maps by Alexander Sayer Gard-Murray. Cover graphic includes the following artwork: “Storming of the Bastille,” unidentified painter, Public Domain, https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6882732; “Contemporary Illustration of the -
Divine Right and Popular Sovereignty in the French Revolution
THE KING AND THE CROWD: DIVINE RIGHT AND POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Robert G. Hamerton-Kelly Stanford University We French cannot really think about politics or philosophy or literature without remembering that all this— politics, philoso- phy, literature—began, in the modern world, under the sign of a crime. A crime was committed in France in 1793. They killed a good and entirely likable king who was the incarnation of legitimacy. We cannot not remember that this crime was horrible... When we speak about writing, the accent is on what is necessarily criminal in writing. (Jean-François Lyotard, "Discussion Lyotard-Rorty" 583; quoted in Dunn 165) The condemnation of the king is at the crux of our contemporary history. It symbolizes the secularization of our history and the disincarnation of the Christian God. (Albert Camus, The Rebel 120; quoted in Dunn 140) usan Dunn makes a well-documented case that the death of Louis SXVI was unconsciously understood, especially by the Jacobins, as a human sacrifice that was necessary for the founding of the republic. "Louis must die because the patrie must live," said Robespierre at the king's trial, and the representative Carra considered Louis "the source of corruption and servitude . the fatal talisman of all our ills" whose death would cause the people to be "regenerated in morality and virtue" (Dunn 15-37). The king was a monster and the source of all the ills, and his death 68 Robert G. Hamerton-Kelly had the power to alleviate those ills and regenerate the nation. This image of the king as sacrificial victim persisted throughout the first half of the nineteenth century in French literature and politics, sometimes assimilating itself to the image of Jesus Christ who died for the sins of the world. -
ABSTRACT of CRIMES and CALAMITIES: MARIE ANTOINETTE in AMERICAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE by Heather J. Sommer Early American Attitude
ABSTRACT OF CRIMES AND CALAMITIES: MARIE ANTOINETTE IN AMERICAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE by Heather J. Sommer Early American attitudes toward Marie Antoinette as found in print culture and correspondence illustrates how factions came to understand her as exemplifying the threat politicized women appeared to pose to their republican experiment. Despite differing opinions about the course of the French Revolution and the queen’s role within it, Federalists and Republicans believed she exacerbated France’s difficulties and disapproved of her conduct. In a time when American women were increasingly engaged in the public sphere, both parties used Marie Antoinette as a counterexample to define American women’s proper role within the new republic. Partisans suggested the queen’s absolutist agenda undercut French reform and/or hindered the people’s liberty and that American women should avoid political activity in order to be spared a similar disastrous fate. This instruction helped both parties devise an ideal republican society that promoted exclusive male political participation and female domesticity while protecting against feminine and monarchical depravities. OF CRIMES AND CALAMITIES: MARIE ANTOINETTE IN AMERICAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Heather J. Sommer Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2018 Advisor_______________________________ Dr. Lindsay Schakenbach Regele Reader________________________________ -
Sans-Culottes and the Part That They Played in Tthe French Revolution.1 It Is Also a Book About Rousseau, And, No Less Centrally, a Book About Salons
�1� INTRODUCTION: “ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING PAIRS OF BREECHES RECORDED IN MODERN HISTORY” HIS is a book about the sans-culottes and the part that they played in Tthe French Revolution.1 It is also a book about Rousseau, and, no less centrally, a book about salons. Its aim is to try to show how the three subjects were connected, and by doing so, to begin to piece together the historical and intellectual setting in which the republican politics of the French Revolution first acquired their content and shape. This, in the first instance, entails going back quite a long way into the eighteenth century. It also involves trying to get behind many of the events and images now associated with what the sans-culottes became. These centre mainly on the crowds who stormed the Bastille in Paris in July 1789 and, more specifically, on the mixture of direct democracy and physical force that, according to an established range of historical interpretations, either was orchestrated deliberately or erupted spontaneously among the artisans and small shop keepers of urban France during the violent period of political conflict that occurred after the Parisian insurrection of 10 August 1792, and the trial and execution of Louis XVI in January 1793. By then, France had become a republic and, again according to the same range of established historical interpretations, the sans-culottes are usually described either as its social and political vanguard, or as the largely unwitting instruments of its Jacobin dominated politics.2 In one guise or another, however, the sans-culottes 1 It is also an attempt to correct some of the gaps or mistakes in Michael Sonenscher, “The Sans-Culottes of the Year II: Rethinking the Language of Labour in Revolutionary France,” Social History 9 (1984): 301–28; Work and Wages: Politics, Natural Law and the Eighteenth- Century French Trades (Cambridge, CUP, 1989), ch. -
The French Revolution
HIS 111: Western Civilization – Early Modern to Present Learning Unit 2: Lecture The French Revolution Speaker: Bruce Dickerson The American Revolution ushered in a transformative era, and with the adoption of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, the first truly democratic, constitutional form of government based on the ideas of the Enlightenment came into existence. Americans established a government that was divided between three branches with a separation of powers that also provided for a strong central government. This American experiment in self-governance demonstrated that the ideas of the Enlightenment could become reality and certainly influenced political developments in Europe, perhaps contributing to the outbreak of the French Revolution. The revolution in France was also an attempt to embrace Enlightenment ideas, but the causes of the French Revolution were many. The American Constitutional Convention of 1787 France was a society that was divided along class lines with legal inequality existing between the three Estates of the clergy, the aristocracy, and commoners. The overwhelming majority of the population of France were commoners. Most of these commoners were poor peasant farmers who found it increasingly difficult to meet the demands of taxation. This political and social inequality was an important source of the growing discontent in France. Along with a Meeting of the Estates General bankrupt, ineffective government, the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment was more than enough to bring about revolutionary change. In 1788, the government of Louis XVI faced widespread unrest and the threat of financial collapse. Attempts to reform the system had failed, so Louis took the unprecedented step of summoning the Estates-General. -
Was the French Revolution Successful?
NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 10th Grade French Revolution Inquiry Was the French Revolution Successful? Jacques-Louis DaviD, ink Drawing, Tennis Court Oath, 1791. © RMN-GranD Palais / Art Resource, NY. Supporting Questions 1. What were the social, economic, anD political problems in prerevolutionary France? 2. How did the relationship between the French people anD the king change in the early stages of the Revolution? 3. How did Robespierre justify the Reign of Terror? 4. Did Napoleon’s rise to power represent a continuation of or an enD to revolutionary ideals? THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION- NONCOMMERCIAL- SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE. 1 NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 10th Grade French Revolution Inquiry Was the French Revolution Successful? 10.2: ENLIGHTENMENT, REVOLUTION, AND NATIONALISM: The Enlightenment calleD into New York State question traditional beliefs and inspired widespread political, economic, and social change. This Social Studies intellectual movement was useD to challenge political authorities in Europe anD colonial rule in the Framework Key Americas. These ideals inspired political and social movements. Idea(s) & Practices Gathering, Using, and Interpreting Evidence Chronological Reasoning and Causation Comparison and Contextualization Staging the Discuss the concept of revolution through a series of photographs that Depict the recent Egyptian Question uprising (2011–2013). Supporting Question 1 Supporting Question 2 Supporting Question 3 Supporting -
The Invention of Modern State Terrorism During the French Revolution
The Invention of Modern State Terrorism during the French Revolution Guillaume Ansart Synopsis This essay discusses three aspects of the Terror (September 1793–July 1794): (1) The Institutions of the Terror: The Committee of General Security, the Committee of Public Safety, and the Revolutionary Tribunal; (2) the Theory of Terror: The unity and indivisibility of the people, the category of enemy of the people, and the concept of Revolution as a state of war against aristocratic/foreign conspiracies; (3) the Language of Terror: The Terror is also a performative language, a language which embodies terror by aiming to silence all debate. In this sense, the language of Terror is Terror itself. Biography Guillaume Ansart is Associate Professor of French at Indiana University, Bloomington. His recent research has focused on the political culture of late eighteenth-century France, especially Raynal and Diderot’s Histoire des deux Indes and Condorcet, whose writings on the United States he has edited for Classiques Garnier and translated for Penn State UP (both forthcoming in 2012). Essay Originality of the Terror Terror, of course, has been used throughout history by despots and tyrants of every kind. Even under what Montesquieu, in The Spirit of the Laws (1748), called “moderate” governments (e.g. ancient republics or modern monarchies), the notion that times of crisis and exceptional circumstances, when the very survival of the body politic is at stake, may sometimes require the suspension of normal legal guarantees, was commonly accepted. Ancient Rome could and did rely many times on the institution of the dictatorship; French absolutism used the concept of raison d’État.