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Crisis: French Revolution Background Guide Tritonmun Xxii (Virtual) – May 1St, 2021 TH UPDATED: March 5 , 2021 CRISIS: FRENCH REVOLUTION BACKGROUND GUIDE TRITONMUN XXII (VIRTUAL) – MAY 1ST, 2021 MODEL UNITED NATIONS AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO 1 BACKGROUND GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS Head Chair Letter…………………………………………………………………………… 2 Position Paper Guidelines…………………………………………………………………... 4 Topic: The Terror – French Revolution …………………………………………………… 5 Key Terms..……………………………………………………………………………… 5 Background..…………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Questions to Consider…………………………………………………………………… 12 Suggested Sites………………………………………………………………………….. 12 2 HEAD CHAIR LETTER Revolutionaries! Welcome to our French Revolution: Committee of Public Safety 1793 crisis committee! My name is Samantha Ivezich and I am currently a second year studying Human Biology and Philosophy here at UCSD. I’ve been involved with Model United Nations since high school, continuing my interest in the organization now in college. This year, I am serving as the Vice President External for Model UN @ UCSD. Aside from chairing, I also travel and compete with our team. Outside of MUN, I am involved with our collegiate esports organization, Triton Gaming, and work in a pathology and histology lab. If you have any interests or questions about any of these “fields,” feel free to ask! Our committee begins at the Reign of Terror, a period in the French Revolution marked by violence, political turmoil, and an almost complete departure from the justice system. As you’ll read, the Committee of Public Safety (an interesting naming choice) rises to almost totalitarian power under Maximilien Robespierre, making wartime decisions for the “good” of France and the new republic. With almost unlimited power, there are many different directions this committee can take. The first piece of advice I would give is to do your research, but not completely ground yourself in how things actually happened. Research background, ideologies, and motivations for the time, understanding what would and wouldn’t be possible for the time and committee, and what’s generally going on on the global stage. That being said, this committee starts in 1793 and there is obviously a lot of history that happened between then and the end of revolution. Don’t be constrained to this history! Be creative, incorporate your personal crisis arc, and have fun with it. Next, focus on the goals of the committee, but don’t forget to develop your own personal story arc as well. What does your character want? How can you further these goals on an individual level? It is important to find a balance between staying in the flow of committee while also sending notes to the backroom. 3 Feel free to email me if you have any questions about your character, the committee, Triton MUN, or MUN in general! I may not respond super fast, but I will give it my best effort! I am super excited to chair this committee (historical crises are my favorite!) and I hope that you all have a great experience as well! Très Cordialement, Samantha Ivezich Head Chair 4 POSITION PAPER GUIDELINES TRITONMUN POSITION PAPER GUIDELINES • Position Papers are due at 11:59 PM on April 23rd, 2021. o Requests for extensions must be sent by the advisor to TritonMUN by April 16th. • Position Papers can be submitted by one of two ways: 1. The Google Form linked here, https://forms.gle/4hKfSaofByFDV2qh8 (Advisors will be emailed a Google Form link that can be used by advisors) 2. Email to: [email protected] • Please Note: This email is strictly for submissions of position papers. You will not receive a reply from this email. For any concerns that require a response, please email [email protected]. • At the top of each paper, include your country/person, name, committee, and topic. • In place of a position paper and in order to facilitate an engaging crisis committee, delegates should submit their first 3 personal crisis notes, up to 2 pages. • Crisis notes should be single-spaced in Times New Roman 12 pt. font. • At the top of each paper, include your character, name, committee and topic. • Please refer to the delegate resources tab on the website for information on how to write a personal crisis note. 5 THE TERROR: FRENCH REVOLUTION KEY TERMS • First Estate • Second Estate • Third Estate • Ancien Régime • King Louis XVI • National Constituent Assembly • National Convention • Committee of Public Safety • Maximilien Robespierre • Jacobins • Girondins 6 SETTING THE SCENE IN LATE 18TH CENTURY FRANCE In order to understand how France arrived at the point of the Reign of Terror, it is crucial to examine the factors that led to such deeply-rooted political turmoil and civilian unrest. Starting at the tail end of the 18th century, France was out of money from aiding in the American Revolution. Suffering from widespread food shortages as a result of a two decade long drought and poor harvest streak, food prices, especially that of bread, were through the roof. However, while most of the country starved, those with lavish wealth still continued to live exorbitant lifestyles, especially the royal family, who was funded by said starving common people.1 Additionally, a large population boom inherently doubled the number of citizens in France in under 100 years, making France the most populated country in Europe with 26 million people in 1789. Already struggling to feed its citizens, increased population density certainly does not help matters for France. 2 Feudalism was also at the time waning, but still in some ways prevalent in France, peasants beginning to own their own land and obtain higher degrees of education and better standards of living.3 Speaking further on education, the Enlightenment and its new ideas about religion and government began to spread across Western Europe, becoming accessible to even the common folk. The basic premise of a lot of Enlightenment thinking relates to innate rights and respect for all human persons, emphasizing that the role of government should be to protect said rights of its citizens. (In a nutshell, this is where the idea “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” comes from, not solely from Thomas Jefferson.)4 It is thus not hard to see how these ideas conflicted with overextending and restrictive monarchical power as well as Feudalism, leading to an impasse between the French aristocracy and monarchy, and those they ruled who adopted Enlightenment thinking. To sum it up, at this point in history we have hungry, educated peasants who are beginning to subscribe to the idea that they themselves have rights and value (extremely contrary to what the Feudal system propagates), and that maybe rule by divine right” isn’t all that legitimate. This creates our “perfect storm” for a revolution to set foot. 1 History.com Editors. (2009, November 09). French revolution. Retrieved February 6, 2021, from https://www.history.com/topics/france/french-revolution 2 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). French Revolution. Retrieved February 7, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution 3 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). French Revolution. 4 Llewellyn, J., & Thompson, S. (2020, September 30). The Enlightenment. Retrieved February 6, 2021, from https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/enlightenment/ 7 THE BEGINNINGS OF REVOLUTION (1786-1789) Clearly, it is not hard to see that the current state of France at this point was unsustainable and something had to be done to pull the country out of bankruptcy. In response, the French government, known as the Ancien Régime at this point, began to levy direct and heavy taxation on the common people, who were known and classified as the “Third Estate” (The Second Estate consisted of nobility and the First Estate consisted of clergy).5 6 However, even as the increased taxation brought in more revenue for the state, the spending of the government and monarchy still eclipsed any gains or progress. Further, even in seeing the system of taxation continuing to fail, meaningful reform or relief was not provided by the government, exacerbating the problem and inciting unrest among the Third Estate. Finally, in 1786, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, the controller general under King Louis XVI, proposed a tax reform plan in which the nobility would no longer be exempt as they had previously, hoping to solve the debt problem.7 As similar solutions were being drawn up all over Europe, the aristocracy panicked, unwilling to lose their privilege and hierarchy.8 Thus, the French government received backlash on both fronts: that of the commoner wanting reform and that of the nobility wanting to maintain status. To then attempt to gain support for the reform plan, King Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates-General, which had not met since 1614. The Estates-General was a body consisting of representatives from all three estates: clergy, nobility, and common folk. Further, the meeting was then set to occur May 5, 1789.9 Now in theory, this sounds a legitimate and practical solution to the problem of peasants feeling underrepresented and lacking government rights. However, at this point in time, the Third Estate made up roughly 98% of the population in France, but could still be outvoted by the other two estates in the assembly. This blatant inequality of representation led Third Estate representatives to mobilize, forgetting the initial goal of tax reform and switching their focus towards constitutional reform. Outside of the main proceedings, the Third Estate met separately 5 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Estates-General. Retrieved February 12, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estates-General 6 Llewellyn, J., & Thompson, S. (2020, September 30). Taxation as a Cause of Revolution. Retrieved February 8, 2021, from https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/taxation/#Excessive_inefficient_unfair 7 History.com Editors. (2009, November 09). French revolution. 8 Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). French Revolution. 9 History.com Editors. (2009, November 09).
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