Unit 7 French Revolution
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Unjust Law As a Justification for Civil Disobedience
Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies, Volume 4, 2015. UNJUST LAW AS A JUSTIFICATION FOR CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Arinze Agbanusi Department of Philosophy Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. Introduction Laws are bodies of rules for human conduct. They are meant to guide human actions, indicating those that are permitted or accepted and those that are prohibited, which performance attracts one form of punishment or the other. Laws are supposed to guide the behavior of citizens of a nation. A nation without laws is like a vehicle without wheels. Without laws people cannot live peacefully together as there will be the problem of reconciling conflicting human rights. As Thomas Hobbes pointed out in his theory of the state, when man was alone, there was no need for laws. The need for laws was necessitated by the increase in human population, to help reconcile naturally conflicting rights of different individuals. It is therefore expected that citizens should obey laws, to avoid an anarchical state where jungle justice (the principle of survival of the fittest) operates. According to Hobbes, the commonwealth was formed because men had a foresight of their own preservation, and thus had to find a way of averting that miserable condition of war and strife which are natural consequences of ever conflicting human rights. For John Locke, the main aim of forming the commonwealth (government) is the preservation of the „Property‟ of Citizens. Since the commonwealth and laws were created for the noble sake of the preservation of life and property, through the avoidance of war and uncertainties; it behooves on all citizens to obey the laws of the state or nation. -
Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 Kiley Bickford University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation Bickford, Kiley, "Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789" (2014). Honors College. 147. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/147 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 by Kiley Bickford A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Degree with Honors (History) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Richard Blanke, Professor of History Alexander Grab, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Angela Haas, Visiting Assistant Professor of History Raymond Pelletier, Associate Professor of French, Emeritus Chris Mares, Director of the Intensive English Institute, Honors College Copyright 2014 by Kiley Bickford All rights reserved. Abstract The French Revolution of 1789 was instrumental in the emergence and growth of modern nationalism, the idea that a state should represent, and serve the interests of, a people, or "nation," that shares a common culture and history and feels as one. But national ideas, often with their source in the otherwise cosmopolitan world of the Enlightenment, were also an important cause of the Revolution itself. The rhetoric and documents of the Revolution demonstrate the importance of national ideas. -
Inscriptive Masculinity in Balzac's Comédie Humaine
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, Student Research: Modern Languages and Literatures, Department Modern Languages and Literatures of 4-20-2009 Inscriptive Masculinity in Balzac’s Comédie Humaine Alana K. Eldrige University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangdiss Part of the Modern Languages Commons Eldrige, Alana K., "Inscriptive Masculinity in Balzac’s Comédie Humaine" (2009). Theses, Dissertations, Student Research: Modern Languages and Literatures. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangdiss/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Modern Languages and Literatures, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, Student Research: Modern Languages and Literatures by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSCRIPTIVE MASCULINITY IN BALZAC’S COMÉDIE HUMAINE by Alana K. Eldrige A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy Major: Modern Languages and Literature (French) Under the Supervision of Professor Marshall C. Olds Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2009 INSCRIPTIVE MASCULINITY IN BALZAC’S COMÉDIE HUMAINE Alana K. Eldrige, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2009. Adviser: Marshall C. Olds This reading of La Comédie humaine traces the narrative paradigm of the young hero within Balzac’s literary universe. A dynamic literary signifier in nineteenth-century literature, the young hero epitomizes the problematic existence encountered by the individual in post-revolutionary France. At the same time, he serves as a mouth-piece for an entire youthful generation burdened by historical memory. -
The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography......................................... -
French Revolution and English Revolution Comparison Chart Print Out
Socials 9 Name: Camilla Mancia Comparison of the English Revolution and French Revolution TOPIC ENGLISH REVOLUTION FRENCH REVOLUTION SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES 1625-1689 Kings - Absolute monarchs - Absolute monarchs - Kings ruled as Absolute - English Kings believed in Divine - James I: intelligent; slovenly - Louis XIV: known as the “Sun King”; Monarchs Right of Kings and French did habits; “wisest fool in saw himself as center of France and - Raised foreign armies not Christendom”; didn’t make a forced nobles to live with him; - Charles I and Louis XVI both - Charles I did not care to be good impression on his new extravagant lifestyle; built Palace of did not like working with loved whereas Louis XVI initially subjects; introduced the Divine Versailles ($$) Parliament/Estates General wanted to be loved by his people Right Kings - Louis XV: great grandson of Louis XIV; - Citizens did not like the wives of - Charles I did not kill people who - Charles I: Believed in Divine only five years old when he became Charles I (Catholic) and Louis were against him (he Right of Kings; unwilling to King; continued extravagances of the XVI (from Austria) imprisoned or fined them) compromise with Parliament; court and failure of government to - Both Charles I and Louis XVI whereas Louis XVI did narrow minded and aloof; lived reform led France towards disaster punished critics of government - Charles I called Lord Strafford, an extravagant life; Wife - Louis XVI; originally wanted to be Archbishop Laud and Henrietta Maria and people loved; not interested -
Montesquieu, Methodological Pluralism and Comparative Constitutional Law 481
Montesquieu, Methodological Pluralism and Comparative Constitutional Law 481 Montesquieu, Methodological Pluralism and Comparative Constitutional Law Lorenzo Zucca* Montesquieu’s lessons for modern comparative constitutional law – The Spirit of the Laws – The textual bias of normative constitutionalism – The utility of other disci- plines to comparative constitutional law – Constitutions as more than mere texts Introduction Modern comparative constitutional law begins in Esfahan, the old capital of Iran, in a majestic seraglio, where some of the most beautiful women are held captive. Uzbek, an Iranian prince, set out for a trip to Europe. He travels to Qom, the holy city, then to Tabriz. He stops for a while in Turkey and embarks in Smyrna on the way to Livorno. Then he quickly arrives in Paris, the centre of modern Europe. From there, Uzbek and Rica, a close friend, report back on European laws, habits and culture from the perspective of two Persian observers. There are two impor- tant, albeit conflicting, insights in Montesquieu’s Persian Letters. First, we can im- prove the understanding of our society by adopting an external viewpoint. In this case, Montesquieu wears the clothes of two Persian visitors, Uzbek and Rica. Through this fiction, he can critically report on a number of interesting aspects of contemporary France. Montesquieu stresses a second point: self-understanding through comparison is limited, as we always tend to excuse our own habits more than we criticise them. Uzbek, for example, sees many weaknesses in the French political and cultural system, but tends to justify his position of slave owner and incarcerator of women back home. -
Voltaire's Wit and Wisdom: Freethought, Enlightenment, Satire
While the public loved his plays, often summarized these values the French elites6 could not with the common saying, “I François-Marie Arouet1 was born tolerate a laugh at their expense. disapprove of what you say, but I in 1694’s Paris at the dawn of the Without trials7 or legal defense, will defend to the death your Age of Enlightenment. His father Voltaire was imprisoned multiple right to say it.”16 sent him off to become a lawyer, times and later exiled to Britain. yet he quickly found fame as a socialite, philanderer2, and poet Once outside his home country, 8 who strived to surround himself he soon realized how corrupt “Doubt is not a pleasant with the great minds of his time. and tyrannical the absolute 9 condition, but certainty is He studied John Locke and monarchy in France really was. absurd.” Edmund Burke, admired Isaac Civil liberties were ignored, 3 religious minorities were brutally Newton, criticized Leibniz, and Voltaire could see how evidence- tortured, and execution came to became close friends with based17 reasoning18, scientific anyone who failed to flatter Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, literacy, and general education19 those in power.10 and Benjamin Franklin. could improve a society; so he worked to popularize and Fueled by coffee, inspired by his Despite the risks, Voltaire 11 explain Newton’s controversial muse (the mathematician and continued to riddicule state 12 discoveries to the public. He physicist, Madame du Châtelet), churches, organized religion, even helped to create the and driven to speak out against monarchies, injustice, hypocrisy, 13 world’s first encyclopedia! the political and religious prejudice , and corruption for atrocities around him, he wrote the rest of his life. -
The Price of Revolution Alison Patrick As Patrice Gueniffey Has Noted
The Price of Revolution 13 The Price of Revolution Alison Patrick As Patrice Gueniffey has noted, interest in the Terror as a French revolutionary phenomenon has waxed and waned, but has never disappeared, though focus and emphasis have changed from time to time. In preparation for the French 1789 bicentennial, Mitterand decided that France, unlike the United States, would not treat its revolutionary decade as a serial story, but would celebrate national liberation in a lump, with Chinese students wheeling empty bicycles at the head of the Bastille Day procession as a reminder that some countries had not yet caught up. This decision made it possible to avoid divisive areas, freeing the heirs of the Revolution to commemorate whatever they chose, but outside Paris, foreign visitors might find themselves puzzled by the range of local traditions which presumably shaped the festivities. (Exactly why did the Arles school children produce an exhibition of émigré biographies?) It would at least seem from the size and complexity of Gueniffey’s book that re-visits to the Terror are likely to continue.1 One realizes with surprise that one part of the story has still not had much attention. The normal focus has been on the development of Terror as an instrument of government policy, on the numbers and character of those affected by it, and on the crisis of Thermidor and its sequel. Gueniffey has a good deal about the political maneuvers that culminated in the events of Prairial, placing Robespierre in the centre of the stage, and the Thermidorians naturally get their share of notice. -
French Revolution Political Freedom!
French Revolution Part 2: Political Freedom! Part 2: Political Freedom! Objective: Understand what political freedom is. Determine what the right balance is between security and freedom. Assessment Goals: (Learning Target 1,2,3,6,7): Identify the changes in government and rights of people throughout the revolution. Determine when you believe people were the most free. Explain and defend using primary and secondary source evidence. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A: Initial Revolutionary Movements _____________________________________________ Estates General Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/french-revolution/source-2/ ‘The London Gazette’ – Saturday 18 July – Tuesday 21 July, 1789 (ZJ 1/85 Transcript In the Evening a Detachment with Two Pieces of Cannon went to the Bastile, to demand the Ammunition deposited there. A Flag of Truce had been sent before them, which was answered from within; But nevertheless, the Governor (the Marquis de Launay) ordered the Guard to fire, and several were killed. The Populace, enraged at this Proceeding, rushed forward to the Assault, when the Governor agreed to admit a certain Number, on Condition that they should not commit any Violence. A Detachment of about Forty accordingly passed the Drawbridge, which was instantly drawn up, and the whole Party massacred. This Breach of Faith, aggravated by so glaring an instance of Inhumanity, naturally excited a Spirit of revenge and Tumult not to be appeased. A Breach was soon made in the Gate, and the Fortress surrendered. The Governor, the principal Gunner, the Jailer, and Two old Invalids, who had been noticed as being more active than the Rest, were seized, and carried before the Council assembled at the Hotel de Ville, by whom the Marquis de Launay was sentenced to be beheaded, which was accordingly put in Execution at the Place de Grêve, and the other Prisoners were also put to Death. -
The Franco-Prussian War: Its Impact on France and Germany, 1870-1914
The Franco-Prussian War: Its Impact on France and Germany, 1870-1914 Emily Murray Professor Goldberg History Honors Thesis April 11, 2016 1 Historian Niall Ferguson introduced his seminal work on the twentieth century by posing the question “Megalomaniacs may order men to invade Russia, but why do the men obey?”1 He then sought to answer this question over the course of the text. Unfortunately, his analysis focused on too late a period. In reality, the cultural and political conditions that fostered unparalleled levels of bloodshed in the twentieth century began before 1900. The 1870 Franco- Prussian War and the years that surrounded it were the more pertinent catalyst. This event initiated the environment and experiences that catapulted Europe into the previously unimaginable events of the twentieth century. Individuals obey orders, despite the dictates of reason or personal well-being, because personal experiences unite them into a group of unconscious or emotionally motivated actors. The Franco-Prussian War is an example of how places, events, and sentiments can create a unique sense of collective identity that drives seemingly irrational behavior. It happened in both France and Germany. These identities would become the cultural and political foundations that changed the world in the tumultuous twentieth century. The political and cultural development of Europe is complex and highly interconnected, making helpful insights into specific events difficult. It is hard to distinguish where one era of history begins or ends. It is a challenge to separate the inherently complicated systems of national and ethnic identities defined by blood, borders, and collective experience. -
Enlightenment Walking Tour 4
France and Paris were changed dramatically by the Enlightenment and ensuing French Revolution. Likewise, many of the monuments and buildings you’ll see on this walk were “reinvented” during the 18th century. The Panthéon, where this walk starts, began as a church sponsored by an absolute monarch and ended the century as a monument to the country’s most famous Enlightenment figures. The place de la Concorde, where the walk ends, saw one monarch celebrated with a statue and another executed on the same site. Saint-Sulpice and Saint- Thomas-d’Aquin were transformed from churches to secular “temples” and back to churches again. And the Palais du Luxembourg, Hôtel de Salm, and Palais Bourbon, homes at the beginning of the century to royalty and aristocrats, ended the century as homes to the country’s newly created democratic institutions. In addition to showcasing neoclassical buildings and monuments, the walk also provides an opportunity to wander through part of the Saint-Germain des Prés quarter, one of the city’s most lively and interesting neighborhoods. Start: Panthéon (Métro: Maubert Mutualité) Finish: Place de la Concorde (Métro: Concorde) Distance: 3 miles Time: 3 - 4 hours Best Days: Any day Copyright © Ann Branston 2011 HISTORY Religion and Philosophy Politics and Economics The political and economic situation in 18th-century France provided fertile As the 18th century began, France’s monarchy and the Catholic church ground for Enlightenment philosophers (know as “philosophes”) who (known later collectively as the “ancien régime”) were at the apex of their believed that natural “scientific” laws could be applied to social, economic power and glory. -
Chapter Four Marriage During the Revolution
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 Revolutionary Marriage: Family, State, and Natalism from the Ancien Régime to the Napoleonic Era Allyce Smith Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES REVOLUTIONARY MARRIAGE: FAMILY, STATE, AND NATALISM FROM THE ANCIEN RÉGIME TO THE NAPOLEONIC ERA By ALLYCE SMITH A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2013 Allyce Smith defended this Thesis on March 28, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Rafe Blaufarb Professor Directing Thesis Darrin McMahon Committee Member Suzanne Sinke Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the Thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii I dedicate this Thesis to my sister, Madison. Your unwavering support and positivity made this entire process possible. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my committee members for their superior guidance throughout the writing process. Dr. Blaufarb, thank you for pushing me to become a better writer. Dr. McMahon thank you for enlightening me on current historiography. Dr. Sinke, thank you for believing in me as an undergraduate student in your Senior Seminar class. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ...............................................................................................................................