A CHINESI WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS • Rev

Vol. 32, No. IJ.^ March 131

-On Nogotiationa^rp With the Dalai The sound of a suona horn reverberates from theWess plateau. Photo by Shi Li BEIJING REVIEW VOL. 32, NO. 11 MARC&13-19, 1989

CONTENTS On Negotiations with the Dalai Lama • Observers here see that there still is a gap to cover NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 between the Dalai Lama and the central government Countering the Surge in before negotiations can begin. The Dalai Lama insisted Population on basing the nagotiations on his "new proposal" made last June, which claimed that Tibet had been an indepen• dent country; and the central government's position is EVENTS/TRENDS 5-8 that anything is negotiable except the independence of Forest Areas Shrink Sharply Tibet (p. 24). Waste Threatens Water Supply Lhasa Riot Causes Deaths Sending Students Overseas One Million Job Seekers • Yu Fuzeng, director of the State Education Commis• Huan Xiang Passes Away sion's Foreign Affairs Bureau, discusses the develop• Weekly Chronicle ment of China's overseas study prograinme with our staff (Feb. 26-Mar.4) reporter Wei Liming. As China opens its doors wider, he suggests national policy on sending students abroad will INTERNATIONAL grow increasingly liberal until it matches that of other Namibia; Independence in Sight 9 countries (p. 15). Also printed is a report on the role returned students play in China's socialist construction CHINA (P.19). Overseas Students: the World of Education 15 Population Landmark Serves as Warning Better Conditions for Returned • Since China first introduced family planning in the Students 19 1970s, an estimated 200 million births have been prev• On Negotiations With the Dalai ented. But with the population set to hit 1.1 billion this Lama 24 month and a birth rate on the rise since 1986, efforts A Village by the Lhasa River (I) must be redoubled if the country wants to keep within 26 its target of around 1.2 billion people by the year 2000 (p. 4). DOCUMENTS (Centrefold) Dwindling Forest Resources Arouse Nationwide Basic Law of HKSAR, PRC (Draft) Concern (Adopted by the Standing • China is a country poor in forests, and it's forest area Committee of the National per person is numbered 121st in the world. Yet, such People's Congress on February small resource is still reducing sharply. Experts urge to 21, 1989) take measures to control the situation. The Afforestation Committee set a medal system, encouraging people to make greater efforts in the country's afforestation cam• BUSINESS/TRADE 29-31 paign (p. 5). CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-34 Namibian Independence

COVER: Dr. Chen Zhangliang, aged • On April 1, after two centuries of colonization, Nami• 27, is an associate professor at Bei• bia is due to become the last African country to secure jing University and head of the its independence. However, once the initial euphoria of nationhood has passed, Namibians face a series of severe State Plant Genetics Work Office. challenges, particularly over relations with South Africa Chen Zonglie (p. 9).

Unless written by Beijing Review staff, ttie opinions expressed in signed articles do not necessarily reflect \he view of the Beijing Review editorial board. Director/Editor-in-Cfiief: Wang Youfen Published every Monday by Subscription rates (1 year): Tel; 893363 BEIJING REVIEW Australia A.$ 29.00 TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 New Zealand NZ.$39.00 FAX: 8314318 The People's Republic of China UK C14.50 Distributed by China International Book General Editorial Office Tel: 8314318 USA US$29.00 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) Englistt Dept Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 P,0.*Box 399, Beijing, China Canada Can.$25.00 THEIEDITORS

Countering the Surge in Population by Yang Xiaobing

uring the first quarter of 1989, China its vast population, its per-capita GNP lags far faces the grim prospect of its population behind the world average. Its grain production D hitting 1.1 billion. In response, a new is also high at 400 billion kg a year, but divided family planning publicity campaign is being among the population, this leaves just 370 kg launched across the country. per head. Similarly, the per-capita share of Chi• Since China first introduced its family plan• na's huge natural resources is small, and the ning programme in the early 1970s, an estimat• per-capita area of cultivated land, forest, grass• ed 200 million births have been prevented—a lands and water resources is not only beneath major contribution towards curbing the rapidly the world average but is continuing to drop. increasing population of Asia and the world. Under these circumstances, unless population But the future now looks none too optimistic. growth is curbed, China's increase in wealth Since 1986, China's birth rate has been rising. will be offset by the ever-larger number of peo• Last year, a sample survey put the figure at ple who have to share it. Simultaneously, as the 23.26 per thousand for 1987, and 20.78 per contradiction between population and resources thousand for 1988. Annually, the population grows, environmental deterioration will follow. has been growing by around 15 million people. If this happens, it will prove impossible to in• Originally China had planned to keep its po• crease national strength and difficult to raise pulation below 1.2 billion by the year 2000. living standards. Subsequently this was amended to around 1.2 To curb the rise in the birth rate, the state has billion. But even meeting this target will be no reaffirmed its current family planning policies: easy task, given the population growth of recent marriage and birth at a mature age, the one years. child family, and with fewer births, better China is now experiencing its third baby healthcare. Rural families facing genuine diffi• boom since 1949. The principal reason for the culties (including households with a single girl) rise in the birth rate is that 11-13 million wom• are permitted to have a second child after an en are reaching child-bearing age annually. interval of several years. But in no circumst• This peak will not decline until 1995. ances will a third be allowed. Family planning In addition, the implementation of family is also being encouraged among national minor• planning policies across China has been unev• ities, but with greater latitude and after paying en. In many places, particularly culturally due attention to local conditions and customs. and economically backward rural areas, deep- The government has stressed that the rele• rooted traditional ideas remain stubbornly en• vant departments must strengthen their public• trenched—especially the notion that "the more ity and educational work, and that campaigns sons, the more blessings." Some local authori• should be conducted patiently, painstakingly ties have also failed to take their family plan• and continually, especially in rural areas. ning responsibilities sufficiently seriously, and To control births among the floating popula• others have even adopted a "laissez-faire" atti• tion, the State Family Planning Commission, tude. the State Administration for Industry and Furthermore, since China began invigorating Commerce, and the Self-Employed Workers' its economy, the floating population has risen Association have joined forces to draw up a to around 50 million. And w.ith the difficulties series of measures which are now being tested of monitoring this group and effectively imple• in several localities. menting family planning, they have produced a Civil affairs departments are now starting to large number of over-large familes. check up on illegal marriages across the coun• A recent study revealed that some 3 million try, punishing people who have married and babies born in 1987 were unauthorized third or given birth under age. fourth children and around 2.5 million people Medical and health departments are expand• married below the legal age, putting them in the ing technical guidance on birth control into a position to give birth earlier than they should. wider area, as well as looking for simpler, safer, Although China's gross national product more effective and cheaper means of contracep• (GNP) has doubled over the past decade, with tion. •

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 EVENTS/TRENDS

t the Seventh Represen• and potassium lost with the er• —Alert the whole nation tative Conference of the oded soil each year is equiva• and all of society to the crisis A Chinese Association of lent to one year's supply of and let them know the value of Forestry in January this year, fertilizer used by the country. forests. Since 1949, the value more than 200 experts put for• Because of excessive lumber• of consumed timber tallies 800 ward a suggestion that govern• ing and a subsequent decrease billion yuan while the funds ments at all levels and relevant in water conservation, an av• seeding forests is somewhat departments of society take erage of 31.3 million hectares less than one-tenth the immediate measures to control throughout the country in the amount. So, the state should the sharp reduction of China's past 10 years have suffered carry out a policy of support• forest resources. ing forestry and China is a coun• help this construc• try poor in forests. Forest Areas Shrink Sharply tive investment Its forest area per obtain the funds deserved. person is so small that it —Measures should be ranks 121st in the world. taken to synthesize ad• According to statistics of ministration, economy the past 10 years, the and law for the protec• state-owned forest area tion of old forests in the has shrunk 23.1 percent, northeast and the south• and usable reserves, 22 west. In the meantime, • percent. Experts said that fast-growing and high- by the end of this centu• yielding forests should be ry, China's usable forest developed in the south reserves that are ap• and the northeast where proaching maturity will conditions are suitable, drop from the present 2.6 as well as short-period in• billion cubic metres to dustrial forests in the de• 1.248 billion cubic metres signated 13—17 million and that mature forests hectares of land there. will be entirely spent. Likewise, mountain Experts stressed that, greenery should always The price of camels is going up! CHEN SHAOMIAN compared with the econo• be insured. mic benefits derived from from draught and floods. This —Science and technology timber-felling, the forest's is an increase of 65 percent should be relied upon to pro• ecological function is more im• from the time when New tect forests and develop fores• portant. It has been calculat• China was founded in 1949. try. ed that its ecological benefit Experts said that the prob• Vice Premier of the State is eight to 25 times the profit lem of forest destruction has Council and head of the Af• of timber sales. When forests become acutely serious, yet forestation Committee Tian Ji- are all depleted and the land people are still not conscious yun said at the committee's becomes bare, draught, flood of it. At present, immediate eighth meeting held in Guang• and other natural disasters interests have taken priori• zhou on February 19 that in may occur. Due to the disap• ty: construction needs tim• the seven years since China pearance of many forest re• ber, government needs profit started the afforestation cam• sources and the decrease in taxes, enterprises need to exist paign, seven billion trees have quality, China's land area suf• and develop; and people need been planted. Yet there are fering soil erosion has in•to get rich. Forests have been still problems because only creased 400,000 square kilo• viewed as a rich resource one-third of the eligible people metres since 1949. The total for meeting these needs. Yet, took part in this campaign. In quantity of wasted soil equals forests are now facing a crisis some places, people lack an 5 billion tons, which means and their protection and devel• awareness about the country's an annual loss of a one- opment is a difficult task to afforestation programme. So centimetre layer of rich soil in accomplish. great emphasizes should be the country's cultivated land. Thus, experts put forth the placed on promoting this The nitrogen, phosphorous following urgent suggestions: work. •

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 5 EVENT. TRENDS and domestic sewage. The Waste Threatens Water Supply beautiful Taihu Lake has to endure each year 10 million ater pollution is be• What is more formidable is tons of sewage of which half is coming increasingly that the river accepts 700 mil• industrial waste water. serious. At present, lion tons of silt each year, For years, owing to an undue Wabout 34.9 billion tons of waste which will eventually clog the emphasis on the pursuit of eco• water are discharged annually river's arteries. nomic gains, people have done throughout the nation, result• It is not easy to find a virgin a lot to rivers and lakes that ing in an economic loss of 43.4 river. The Liaohe River Bas• should not have been done. billion yuan each year. in, where heavy industries are Since 1985, there have been A survey by the National concentrated, receives 7.07 more than 10 incidences in Bureau of Environmental Pro• million tons of waste water which fish and ducks in Weis- tection shows that 80 percent and sewage. Shenyang, one of han Lake were poisoned by in• of the nation's urban surface China's well-known heavy in• dustrial waste because more water sources are contaminat• dustrial and machine manu• than 300 nearby factories and ed and that the underground facturing cities, dumps 240 mines were carelessly discard• water sources in 21 out of 27 million tons of industrial ing 700,000 tons of pollutants cities surveyed are of poor waste water into the Hunhe into the lake every day. Hubei quality. River, making that part of the Province, once renowned as According to the monitor• river passing through the city a province of "one thousand ing, the Changjiang (Yangtze) a veritable escape canal. lakes," had only 309 left in River, which accounts for 36 Besides the above-mentioned 1981. percent of China's fresh water rivers, the Huanghe (Yellow) It is perhaps still remem• sources, has 40 kinds of pollu• River, Haihe River, Huaihe bered that a street in Wuhan tants. The contaminated zones River, Zhujiang River have al• City, the capital of Hubei along its banks add up to a ready sounded serious warn• Province, was suddenly swal• length of about 500 km. It has ings. Even the Songhuajiang lowed up by the earth in May, to endure the industrial waste River and Minjiang River, 1988. A few houses, trees and water and domestic sewage which impress most people as wire poles disappeared before of cities such as Chongqing, being clean, are no exceptions. one could blink an eye. Wanxian, Wuhan, Nanjing The fate of China's lakes This was caused by an over- and Shanghai. Overall statis• fares no better than that of the extraction of underground tics show that within the rivers. Dongting Lake, which water, instead of by an earth• Changjiang River Basin there used to be the largest fresh• quake. are more than 40,000 factories water lake in China, has had The rate of extracting un• and mines and 16,000 urban three-fifths of its total area derground water in North contamination sources that reclaimed for cultivation. Its China has reached 83.5 per• drain 36,000 tons of sewage volume has been reduced to cent, forming a funnel area away into the river every day. the present 17.8 billion cubic of 10,000 square kilometres. metres from 29.3 billion cu• Even Suzhou, Changzhou and A way to escape. Wuxi, which are known as a by Wei Qimei bic metres in 1949. As a re• golden economic triangle and sult, it has lost its ability to are located in a region of riv• serve as an overspill for ers and lakes, have formed the Changjiang River dur• a funnel of 7,000 square kilo• ing flood season. Man-made metres. Here the underground destruction plus silt deposi• water level has declined due to tion have robbed this fresh• an extended period of exces• water lake of its distinction sive siphoning. as China's largest. Further• An expert on international more, some experts predict water pollution has said, "The that it will disappear from pollution of fresh water in the map in 60 years. the world is getting more and Just like rivers, lakes have more serious. All fresh water suffered from the pollution will be polluted by early in of industrial waste water the next century." China's to-

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 tal volume of water sources Water is a source of life. It aders and they started throw• is 2,800 billion cubic metres, must be protected just as the ing stones at a police station in ranking sixth in the world; but the very air we breathe. • the Bargor Street. the volume per capita is only By 3:00 pm, over 600 rioters 2,380 cubic metres, ranking marched onto the East Beijing 88th. Lhasa Riot Road, smashing windows, loot• As population grows, so will ing more than 20 restaurants, the need for water increase. It Causes Deaths hotels and shops, and setting is estimated that the water de• leven people were killed fire to goods and furniture. mand will reach 7 billion cubic and over 100 injured in a The rioters made four at• metres by the year 2000 in Bei• E riot staged by Tibetan se• tacks on the office buildings of jing alone, a city that is cur• paratists on March 5. the Chengguan District gov• rently suffering a daily shor• At 12 o'clock, 13 monks and ernment and Communist Par• tage of 850,000 cubic metres. nuns began an illegal parade in ty Committee, breaking the Throughout China, there are the Bargor Street, flying ban• signboard of the district gov• 200 cities that lack a total of ners and shouting "Independ• ernment. They also smashed 12.4 million cubic metres of ence for Tibet!" Soon several traffic control posts and lights, water per day. hundred people joined the par- and damaged more than 20

One Million Job Seekers

ecently, more than one million people from Si• R chuan, Hunan, Henan provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region blindly poured into Guang• zhou, a southern city which is economically advanced, to look for jobs. This has caused great concern. The Guangdong provincial government has taken measures to disperse these people and persuade them to go back home. This woman joined the rush of job seekers with her three child• ren. CHEN XUESI

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 7 EVENT" TRENDS police vehicles. Weekly Chronicle news briefing. During the riot, the separ• atists fired at the policemen. (February 26-March 4) CULTURAL One policeman was killed and more than 40 were injured. POLITICAL February 26 u Chinese leader Deng Xiaop• Eleven of the injured police• February 27 ing, the honorary president of men are now in hospital. • China expresses regret that the Chinese Bridge Associa• The police were forced to some people have made an is• tion, is awarded the highest fire shots as no other means sue of the absence of asiro- honour b> the World Bridge could stop the rioters. physicist Fanf I.i/hi from a Federation (WBF). In the chaos, 10 were killed banquet hosted by visiting US Well known for his enthu• and over 60 injured among the President George Bush, says ; siasm in the game, Deng wins rioters and onlookers. a Chinese Foreign Ministry j the Order of Merit, Gold Div• When medical workers spokesman in response to re- • ision. It is a special award to rushed to the spot to rescue porters' questions. honour prominent personali• the injured, they were also at• President Bush hosted a ban• ties who contribute to the de• tacked by the rioters. An am• quet in honour of Chinese velopment of bridge. Deng is bulance was damaged and the leaders on February 2fi. i he the first person awarded by driver injured. spokesman says it is unaccept• WBF since it set up the honor- The rioters also smashed the able to the Chine.se side that ar\d in 1988. doors and windows of a pri• the US side sent invitation lo mary school. a certain individutil without Februar\7 Since February 13, some se• consulting the Chinese side be• n Researchers at the Chinese paratists have held four illegal fore the banquet. This act of University of Science and parades in Lhasa prior to the imposing one's will on others Technology in Hcfci, Anhui March 5 riot. Local govern• can only be interpreted as a Province, have scored a break• through in the development of ment departments have taken support to this kind of people | superconductors, a university pains to dissuade them from and disrespect for the host \ spokesman announces. making trouble and educated country. them as a measure for main• Results of an experiment On March 1, commenting on taining social order. • conducted on February 22 US official remarks on the shows that the new supercon• matter on February 28, the ductor's critical temperature Huan Xiang spokesman describes the L'S onset is above 130 Kelvin official remarks as "irrespon• (minus 143 degrees centi• Passes Away sible" and expressed his "su- grade), setting an internation• prisc" and "deep regret." al record. The superconductor uan Xiang, a noted is composed mainly of bis• Chinese expert on inter• muth, lead, antimony, stron• H national studies, passed • A symposium on the diplom• tium, calcium, copper and ox- away on February 28 at the atic theory and practice of the vgcn. It was developed by a age of 80. late Chinese premier Zhou Ln- group of researchers at the .11 Huan was a member of the 1 opens •! university headed by Liu Foreign Affairs Committee of the People in Beijing. It is held Hongbao. the Seventh National People's to mark the 91st anniver>ary Congress (NPC) and director of the birth of Zhou Lnlai, SOCIAL who is'regarded international• of the Centre of International March 1 ly as one of China's greatest Studies of the State Council. n About 57 percent of the dis• He was also a member of the statesmen and diplomats. abled people in China, ranging Sixth NPC Standing Commit• o China and Indonesia have in age from 15 to 59, are em• tee and vice-chairman of its reached a ihree-poinl agree• ployed, reports Renmin Rihao Foreign Affairs Committee ment on the 'issue of normaliz• (People's Daily). .According to and vice-president of the ing their relations, including a survey, there is a total of Chinese Academy of Social taking further measures to \ 51.64 million disabled in the Sciences. achieve the normalization, ; country. 70 percent of whom Huan Xiang was a consul• says Foreign Minislr> spokes• have full or partial ability to tant of Beijing Review, too. • man Li Zhaoxing at a \veckl> work. n

8 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 INTERNATIONAL

Namibia: Independence in Sight

On April 1,1989, Resolution 435 on the independence of Namibia, adopted by the United Nations Security Council, is to take effect. Having been a colony for two centuries, Namibia is the last country on the African continent to win its independence. The issue has received international attention for a long time, but due to resistance from South Africa, it was not resolved until last spring, when a historical breakthrough was finally made. by Sun Qiaocheng here has never been an After the war, the land was gling to overthrow the colonial T established nation in the mandated to South Africa by rule. In 1959, the Ovambo area now known as Nami• the League of Nations. In people formed a revolutionary bia. Before the 15th century, 1945, when the United Na• group called the Ovamboland when Europeans invaded the tions was founded, former ter• People's Organization, which land, various black tribes were ritories under the mandate of changed its name to South scattered here. In 1793, the the League of Nations were West Africa People's Organi• South Africa-based Dutch then transferred to the trustee• zation (SWAPO) in 1960. In first occupied two bays. Two ship of the United Nations as a 1963, upon its founding, the years later, the British took step towards autonomy and in• Organization of African Unity over the bays from the Dutch. dependence. Namibia fell pre• (OAU) declared that SWAPO In 1882, a German purchased cisely into this category. is the representative of the Na• most of today's Namibian However, as a founder of the mibian people. SWAPO began coastal areas in deal with a United Nations, South Africa its armed struggle against native chieftain. Shortly after refused to accept this system South Africa's rule in 1966. In that, the Bismarck government and demanded the right to October 1966, at the strong be• announced that the area was formally annex Namibia. This hest of most member states, under the protection of the was naturally rejected by the the UN General Assembly German empire. In 1890, Ger• United Nations. Disagreement passed a resolution announc• many signed an agreement to over the fate of this land led to ing an end to South Afri• divide its sphere of influence a resolution by the United Na• ca's mandate over Namibia. with its rival in Southern Afri• tions in 1949 to submit the is• It called for the United Na• ca, Britain, and called its own sue to the International Court tions to take over the admin• sphere of influence — i.e. what for an opinion. In 1950, the istration. In 1968, the United is now Namibia — German court ruled that South Africa Nations changed the name of Southwest Africa, which was was not entitled to alter the the territory to "Namibia" in recognized by Britain. international status of South• accordance with the will of the west Africa but that South Af• local people. In 1973, the UN South African Rule rica was still obliged to admin• General Assembly recognized After the outbreak of World ister the territory. The United the SWAPO as the sole legiti• War I, the British South Afri• Nations accepted the verdict mate representative of the Na• can Federation, in the name of of the International Court in mibian people and decided to supporting Entente countries the same year, and thus it set August 26 of each year as against the German-Austrian came to be that Namibia re• the "United Nations Namibi• alliance, sent troops in 1915 mained under the mandated an Day" to commemorate the and occupied the area. At that rule of South Africa. armed struggle of the Namibi• time it was renamed "South- Since World War II, the Na• an people, which had begun on West Africa." mibian people have been strug• that day in 1966. BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 9 INTERf "TIONAL

The independence of Nami• South Africa orchestrated a pretext of Cuba's intervention bia thus was put on the agenda so-called constitutional con• in Angola's civil war, Angola's of the international commun• gressional election, which re• support for SWAPO's guerril• ity. sulted in a puppet congress. In la activities and South Afri• 1980, a Ministers' Council was ca's support for the National Freedom Talks set up with some executive Union for the Total Independ• The various UN General As• and legislative power. In 1985, ence of Angola, the United sembly sessions since 1966 South Africa further signed a States advocated that South have discussed the Namibian statement that proclaimed the Africa accepted Resolution issue and passed correspond• autonomy for Namibia. All 435 and Cuba pulled out of ing resolutions demanding these tricks, however, deceived Angola. Following this. South that Namibian people hold nobody. Africa issued a plan which free and fair elections under In 1981, the Reagan admin• linked the two separate issues the supervision of the United istration offered to help South together and, in reality, put Nations and declare independ• Africa out of the mire. On the Cuba's withdrawal as a precon- ence. The most famous of all was Resolution 435/78 passed Breakthrough: Cuba and Angola sign the agreement on Cuban troop withdrawal on September 29, 1978, which in New York. won widespread approval and became the recognized formu• la for the independence of Na• mibia. Resolution 435 called for the removal of illegal power or• ganizations stationed in Nami• bia by South Africa and the return of power to the Namibi• an people. It further called for the establishment of a tempor• ary, transitional group under the authority of the UN Secur• ity Council. This group, with a life span of up to 12 months, would help the Secretary- General's special envoy to en• sure the independence for Na• mibia through free elections under the supervision and con• trol of the United Nations. Re• solution 435 also noted with satisfaction that the SWAPO is willing to co-operate with the UN Secretary-General and sign a ceasefire pact. It there• fore urged South Africa to im• mediately co-operate with the Secretary-General to imple• ment the resolution. South Africa, however, re• fused to accept this resolution. Faced with mounting interna• tional pressure, it released an "internal resolution formula" in an attempt to resist the trend through so-called auton• omy. By the end of 1978, 10 J of State on Afri• can Affairs Ches• ter Croker and So• viet Vice Foreign Minister Anatoly Adamishin met in London. It was subsequently an• nounced that An• gola, Cuba, South Africa and the Un• ited States would hold talks on peace in Southwestern Africa in London at the beginning of May. The action, a first-time agree• ment by the four parties to hold joint talks under mediation of the United States and the Soviet Union, marked a major breakthrough on a peaceful settlement Eyewitness: a UN observer at the ceremony marking Cuba's troop withdrawal. of the Angolan and dition. Subsequent negotia• national situation. Soviel-L'S Namibian issues. tions were blocked by Preto• relations were improved, dis- On May 3-4, the four parties ria's obstinate stance towards amarment negotiations made held first-round talks in Lon• the issue. progress and international re• don and agreed to continue By the end of 1984, to break lations tended to change from the talks because progress was the deadlock, Angola put for• tension to relaxation and from realized. During the latter half ward a 4-point proposal in re• confrontation to dialogue. The of 1988, ten rounds of talks gard to the realization of peace negotiations on peace in were held in Cairo, New York, in Southwestern Africa, which Southwestern Africa, with Geneva and Brazzaville. An• in actuality accepted South positive promotion by the So• gola and Cuba met together Africa's linkage formula. This viet Union, the United States with the United States and package plan was a major con• and other parties concerned, then with South Africa to ne^ cession from Angola and eli• also made decisive headway. gotiate on some details and minated a big obstacle to On January 28-29 last year, technical problems. After 11 Namibia's independence. But Angola and the United States rounds of talks in seven South Africa was half-hearted continued their bilateral talks, months, agreements in princi• about resolving the Namibian which had been held off and ple on Namibian independence issue, and the negotiations did on. This time, however, Cu• and Cuba's withdrawal from not progress much. Instead, ba's reoresentatives took part Angola were finally reached in South Africa engineered in the talks upon invitation. It December last year. counter-proposals and set pre• was the first time Cuba had During the talks, rival par• conditions, thus dashing hopes agreed to attend negotiations ties sometimes had great dif• for any breakthrough by the concerning Angola's internal ferences and even broke up the end of 1987. peace and the presence of Cu• meetings in discord. However, ban troops in that country. neither side killed the talks The Breakthrough Therefore, the bilateral talks due to considerations of their Last year saw a major turn became trilateral. On April own interests. Both tried their of events in regard to the inter• 28-29, US Assistant Secretary best to bargain so as to win BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19. 1989 II INTERNATIONAL over maximum benefits. At Although Adamishin was not work. Every party will begin the same time, they also made a direct participant, he, too, its campaign for the presiden• some concessions so as to re• made great efforts. He met cy, including the SWAPO, duce differences and reach a Croker many times, jointly then to be recognized as a le• compromise. On December 22 promoting the negotiations. gal party. The election will be in UN headquarters, New The issue of peace in South• held seven months later under York, Angola, Cuba and South western Africa was also in• the control ^nd supervision of Africa officially signed a tri• cluded in Soviet-US summit the UN. The elected congress partite agreement on peace in talks, so the agreement was will draw up a constitution, Southwestern Africa, affirm• also one of the results of form a government and fix the ing the basic principles Soviet-US conciliation. date for independence. The reached in the four-party The Chinese people and gov• whole independence process is talks. Foreign ministers of An• ernment give warm support to scheduled for completion in gola and Cuba also signed a the signing of the agreement. one year, and the permament bilateral agreement on Cuba's From the beginning, China has members of the UN Security withdrawal according to the supported the Namibian peo• Council will play a role in three-party agreement. ple's just struggle for national guaranteeing the implementa• Major contents of the trian• independence and liberation tion of the agreement. gular agreement include the under the leadership of the The UN resolution and the following: 1) UN Security SWAPO. In various interna• tripartite agreement have only Council Resolution 435/78 is tional conferences, it also has set the basic principles and the to be implemented as of April general independence process. 1, 1989; 2) all military forces strongly condemned South Af• Many details and concrete of South Africa should be rica's unlawful occupation of questions are waiting to be withdrawn from Namibia; 3) Namibia and refusal to im• brought up by the UN and re• South Africa and Angola plement UN resolutions. The solved through consultations should co-operate with the UN Chinese people provided pol• among the parties concerned. Secretary-General to insure itical and material support to How to deal with these ques• Namibia's independence the Namibian people and sup• tions is of vital importance to through a free and just elec• ported many proposals put for• the process of carrying out the tion; 4) the two countries also ward by African countries. On agreement. should avoid any action that December 23 last year, the se• The first question is related may hinder implementation cond day after the signing of to the scale of the UN mission of the above-mentioned agree• the agreement, a Chinese assisting in the transition per• ments; and 5) all parties Foreign Ministry spokesman iod. According to Resolution should respect Namibia's terri• called the event "an important 435, the assisting mission is to torial integrity. step toward peace" in the re• be made up of 7,500 peace• For Namibian people who gion and said it is "in keeping keeping troops and 1,300 civ• have lived under the colonial• with the tide of our era and the ilian officials. However, be• ist rule for a long time, the popular will of this region." cause the UN has some finan• signing of the agreement was "We hope that all the parties cial difficulties, the Security a vital historical event. It concerned will implement the Council is planning to cut marked the start of their agreements in earnest so as to the number of peace-keeping course down a road of inde• ensure the sovereighty and se• troops. This situation has ar• pendence. Although none of curity of Angola and other oused concern among the Na• their own representatives par• southern African countries mibian people and some Afri• ticipated in the negotiation and the realization, as sched• can countries, who fear that that will determine their desti• uled, of the independence of this might invite violations of ny and future, they give gener• Namibia," the spokesman said. the agreements. al welcome and support to the The most important ques• agreement. Looking Ahead tion to be solved is about the The agreement was the re• After UN Resolution 435 is principles regarding the elec• sult of direct US mediation put into effect on April 1, the tion and drafting of a constitu• and behind-the-scenes promo• UN will hold main responsi• tion. This includes such mat• tion by the Soviets. Croker bility in Namibia. The admin• ters as universal adult suffer- joined in all the talks as a me• istrator of South Africa will age, election' procedures, the diator from beginning to end. send a delegate to help in the nature of the new state and

12 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 political system, and basic hu• ble for Namibia to gain inde• raised. The annual output of man rights to be guaranteed. It pendence in one year. sheepskins is more than 2 mil• also includes the question of lion pieces, and Namibia's how to deal with the white peo• New Challenges lamb skins are world re• ple and their positions and the The new country of Nami• nowned. There are 5,200 farms foreign companies which are bia, once established, will face in Namibia, and all of them controlling the country's eco• problems,both internal and ex• are owned by the whites. nomic lifeline. ternal, which will be more The railway is only, 2,350 The attitude of South Afri• complicated than those re• kilometres long and the high• ca, which is now, still controll• solved during its drive for in• ways are 42,000 kilometres ing Namibia's politics, econ• dependence. The most impor• long. There are two sea ports omy and defence, is another tant of these will be issues of and an international airport in important factor to consider in economic self-reliance, nation• Namibia. All these major com• implementing the agreements. al unity and political power munication and transportation Although Pretoria was forced facilities are somewhat con• to accept the UN resolution construction. trolled by South African rail• and sign the tripartite agree• First, at present, Namibia's way and navigation com• ment last year under the pres• economy is completely under panies. Of Namibia's export sure from the international the control of South Africa. goods, 50 percent are sold to community and its own econo• All the big companies in South South Africa, and 90 percent mic difficulties, it will not be Africa have subordinative and of its imports are from there. reconciled to giving up its rule branch companies in Namibia. South Africa also has a mono• in Namibia. It will try to find Mining and animal husbandry poly on sea and land transpor• every pretext to obstruct and are the two primary sectors of tation. sabotage the implementation the Namibia's economy. Its in• In finance and money mat• of the UN resolutions and dustry is not developed, and ters, all banks in Namibia are agreements. And this under• manufacturing is extremely South African, and up to now mining will carry with it the limited. Out of the gross it has had no money of its own. support of a handful of whites domestic products of 1987, Namibia's financial income is and pro-South Africa forces mining contributed 35 per• mainly dependent on the taxes in Namibia. South Africa may cent; animal husbandry, 15 from companies and customs also be expected to stir up percent; industry 10 percent; duties. But because of foreign troubles on the questions in• and tertiary industry, 40 per• companies' privileges and pre• volving the withdrawal of Cu• cent. Mineral products are dia• ferential treatment, its finan• ban troops, the reconciliation monds, uranium, copper, zinc cial income has not been en• among the Angolan parties and lead. The annual output of ough to meet expenditure. and the activities of the Afri• diamonds once amounted to One-third of the annual budg• can National Congress in An• 2 million carats and now has et expenditure has been com• gola. It will even probably de• dropped to 1 million carats. pensated by South Africa. lay the withdrawal of its The annual uranium output The above situation proves troops and the implementation currently stands at 4,000 tons, that economically, Namibia is of the agreements. and copper, zinc and lead out• dependent on South Africa. It is evident that there are puts are more than 10,000 tons After its independence, even if many difficulties involved in each. the SWAPO is at the state's the Namibian independence Namibia is world's chief helm, this situation can hard• process. The signing of the producer of diamonds and ur• ly change very quickly. That's agreement is only the first anium. The mineral produc• why some on the South Afri• step. It will need the contin• tion, however, is entirely un• can side say that they still will uous efforts of the Namibian der the control of foreign com• have the means to control any people and the parties con• panies. There are more than new government. cerned to put it into effect. But 200 of these and over half of How to handle its relations the move towards independ• them are South Africa's. The with South Africa after its in• ence cannot be turned back, animal husbandry mainly in• dependence is the primary is• especially in light of current volves cattle and sheep prod• sue that Namibia faces. In this world trends, which are fa• uction. Annually more than 2 respect there is something to vourable to the people of Na• million head of the former learn from others' experiences. mibia. So, it is entirely possi• and 4 million of the latter are For example, in 1986 Lesotho

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 1.V19, 1989 1.^ INTERNATIONAL

suffered from a grain crisis terests. Besides, there are more cal structure, establish new and the collapse of its gov• than 20 political parties based power and appoint new admin• ernment due to South Af• on the tribes. All this has istrative personnel to make rica's boundary blockade. caused many contradictions the new government become a Therefore, the new Namibian among the tribes and between strong ruling tool will be an government should adopt a them and SWAPO. The tribal arduous task. safe policy, i.e. gradually shed issue in Africa has been the The resolution of these three its dependence on South Afri• main impetus for the civil war issues is fundamental to the ca without causing any crisis and international conflict. It realization of Namibia's full and disorder. remains a thorny problem to independence and the guaran• The second issue is one of be dealt with and solved. How tee of a steady development. national unity. Namibia is a to co-ordinate the tribal in• Whether the new country can multi-tribal country, with a terests, as well as the relations properly deal with these prob• population of 1.7 million. More between the political parties, lems will be a decisive factor than 90 percent of the inha• and make various social and in regard to Namibia's future. bitants are black; whites only political forces unite and It is reported that the SWAPO make up 6-7 percent. There are strive to build a new country is prudently making policy de• 11 main tribes and the Ovambo are also the important matters cisions in order to set a steady tribe accounts for half of the for the new Namibian govern• and successful course of devel• country's entire population. ment to ponder. opment for its country as it wins its independence. • Although the whites are in the Third, in regard to the build• minority, under the shelter of up of political power, the pre• International Studies South Africa they assume a sent situation seems to indi• (A Quarterly in Chinese) position of authority, controll• cate that even if SWAPO is not ing all the farms, most of the the only one in power after in• Contents of Issue No. 1,1989 wealth and 80 percent of the dependence, it will be a lead• Pacific Economic Co• major posts of various admin• ing force in the new govern• operation: the Current Status istrative organs. In view of ment. However, because the and the Prospect Wang Lin such a situation, the new SWAPO has for a long time The Historical Develop• government must dexterously been outlawed and waged ment of International Human handle the two relationships struggle abroad, its members Rights Activities and Some - the relations between the are not many, and the organi• Controversial Issues. .Tian Jin blacks and the whites and the zation is loose. Lacking exper• Tough Road to Peace in relations between the tribes. ience and sufficient cadres, it Southwest Africa..Wang Yin- In regard to the treatment will surely rely on the original gying of these whites, Namibia has organs and administrative per• Challenges to the Bush a lesson to learn from Angola sonnel to run the country. Administration. .Pan Tongwen and Mozambique. After their Since these organs have been The Evolution of Japanese set up by the South African Defence Policy and self- independence, these countries Defence Forces Ge Genfu adopted some extremist poli• colonialists, they will not be entirely suitable to the new ad• A Comment on the Foreign cies and thus caused a large and Domestic Policies of the number of whites to flee, tak• ministration. And because the Thatcher Government..Jiang ing with them funds and tech• loyalties of many of the staff Jianqing and Qu Boxun nology. This outflowing crip• members lie with South Afri• The Single European Mar• pled the two countries' econ• ca, they vvill not fully accept ket in 1992: The Perspective omies. In light of these exper• the new leadership and follow of the Federal Republic of iences, Namibia will have to the new polices. Some of them Germany Qiu Yuanlun gradually change the situation will probably resist openly and Policy Orientation in the Se• in which the whites control ev• attempt to undermine the new cond Term of the Mitterrand erything, while guaranteeing government. If they choose to Government. ...Sun Qiancheng their legal rights and interests, flee en masse, this will sap the Problems Confronting Paris letting them live in peace so as life out of the administrative and Measures It May Take to avoid destroying production organs. Besides, the present in the South Pacific..Chang and disrupting society. systems in some tribes are not Hongming Namibian tribes differ in fundamentally government or• China's Foreign Relations: A Chronicle (September terms of population, degrees of gans, or democratic. There• 1988-November 1988) economic development and in- fore, to reform the old politi•

14 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 Overseas Students: the World of Education

Our staff reporter Wei Liming recently interviewed Yu Fuzeng, director of the State Education Commission's Foreign Affairs Bureau, on Chinese students studying overseas.

Wei: Since 1979, China has dents abroad, so many of them departments. We are striving sent more than 60,000 people to are now studying overseas. hard to create better working study abroad, 22,000 of whom 2. To date, more than 90 and living conditions for their have returned. In your opinion, percent of government-funded return. We believe most of how should China's policy on students have returned on them will come back to serve overseas study be assessed, and completion of their studies. the motherland. has it been successful? Many countries share our view 3. Viewed in terms of the Yu: On the whole, I think our that this is a reasonably high roles students have performed policy has been successful and rate. on their return, China's over• should be continued. This suc• Looking back, our initial ex• seas study policy has proved cess has principally been man• periments in sending under• successful. A large number of ifested in three areas: graduate students abroad were the 22,000 returnees have be• 1. Since the implementation not quite as good. The first come a vital part of the state's of the open policy, an unpre• 1,000 or so have needed large production management and cedented number of students amounts of money and have scientific research pro• have been sent to study in stayed for a long time (usually grammes. Working in partner• Western countries. So far, about ten years) as after grad• ship with colleagues who have more than 60,000 have gone, uating they have stayed on for stayed at home, they have including those selected by postgraduate courses. As a re• helped close the scientific gap work units and studying at sult, they lack knowledge of between China and the devel• public expense and those fi• the present domestic situation oped countries, which widened nancing themselves, but ex• and what courses would be during the "cultural revolu• cluding students studying for• best suited to China's current tion." eign languages in remedial needs. In the future, we will In particular, returned stu• schools in Japan, Australia or not send any more students of dents have played a major role elsewhere. this type, and we intend to in establishing areas of study During the last decade, the send only a small number of and research new to China. kind of problems we have people to study foreign lan• Many have become leading fi- faced in establishing princi• guages. gpres in their subjects, and ples and policies for overseas Of the large numbers of 30-50 percent of all tutors of study have been which stu• postgraduates dispatched postgraduate courses are stu• dents to send abroad, which abroad since 1982, more than dents who returned in the last countries they should go to, 600 were awarded doctorates few years. and what channels they should last year or returned home af• Clearly, China's encourage• be sent through. There has also ter a period of advanced stu• ment of overseas study is prov• been the issue of how coun• dies following their acquisi• ing productive in terms of tries that admit Chinese stu• tion of a doctoral degree. both the state's overall in• dents view China. At present, the Chinese gov• terests and the local interests It's worth noting that pre• ernment is funding more than of specific departments. The cisely because the Chinese 7,000 people taking postgrad• development of the pro• government has pursued a con• uate courses overseas, with an• gramme, however, ihas.finot sistent policy of sending stu• other 5,000 sent from various been entirely smooth. As Chi-

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 15 CHINA

ber of students who re• fuse to return on com• pletion of their cours• es, I have the following things to say: 1. Since China in• troduced its open poli• cy it is normal that the number of students studying overseas has increased. 2. As a developing country, China has a great need for qual• ified personnel. The government hopes that once they have ac• quired knowledge of advanced scientific, technological and managerial tech• niques, students will Luosang (centre) and Yangzong (right) from Tibet University: the first two Tibetans to be return to serve their sent to study in the United States. TU DENG country. This, afterall, na's opening to the world has —we already know that some is the basic purpose of sending been gradual, so has the devel• have taken out foreign nation• people abroad. Therefore, we opment of its overseas study ality or have married foreig• expect people to return, wheth• policy. And as China opens its ners. er publicly-funded or self- doors wider, so its policy on In general, because post• financed. sending students abroad will graduates are working towards 3. It's inevitable that a con• become more liberal, until it's academic degrees, they need to siderable number of students identical with the practices of remain abroad for a relatively from developing countries sent other countries. Overall, the long time. Many of them also abroad to study do not return. number of people we have continue their studies after ob• Every developing country suf• been sending overseas has in• taining doctorates. It's not fers from this problem to a creased with time, although easy say when they will come greater or lesser extent. some years less have been sent back. Some people will remain As regards those students than others. away for five to six years, oth• who do not want to return to Wei: How many students do not ers for seven or eight years, or serve their country, especially return after completing their even longer. those studying at public ex• studies, and what's your opi• The state clearly demands pense, although they may have nion on this issue? that all those studying at publ• various reasons for doing so, Yu: Only a small percen• ic expense are obliged to re• it's not what we expect of tage, at most 10 percent, of turn to serve the country. As them. However, even after government-funded students for the 18,000 self-financing they have decided to remain have failed to return on com• students, only several hundred abroad, our policy is to keep pletion of their studies. These of them have returned. The in contact with them and hope are people who have remained governement has clearly sta.ted they may return some time in abroad without gaining per• that these people are not re• the future. We will not close mission from their work units. quired to come back and work our doors simply because a few Most postgraduates sent for their country, but they are fail to return. abroad, however, are still stu• welcome to return. In job as• Wei: With the increase in the dying. It's hard to predict how signments, they will be treated number of students studying many of them will not return. the same as students who stu• abroad, and bearing in mind It can be said with certainty died at public expense. that China is not so strong that they will-niot all come back Concerning the small num• economically^ can this expendi-

16 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 ture truly be justified? Is China things have seriously affected ment, not the recipients of its considering reducing the num• their work efficiency. How can benefits. Their task is active ber of students it will send ov• these kind of problems be over• participation in reform, not erseas? come? passive spectating. Yu: No, we dont't intend to do Yu: Whether returned students It's true that our working so. Although more students can fully utilize their newly- conditions and equipment are have been sent in some years acquired skills depends large• not as good as in the developed than in other over the past de• ly on how urgently the state countries. Even after ten or 20 cade, their numbers are on the needs them. For most people, years, China may still have not increase. It is certain that the however, the answer can be caught up. But it should be number of self-financing stu• seen in their experience: the noted that conditions for dents will increase in the fu• state has needed them and they scientific research have im• ture, and the number of have filled important roles on proved greatly over the last government-funded students their return. This is true for few years, particularly in in• will depend largely on the both government-funded and stitutions of higher learning. country's needs and resources, self-financing students. These places have received especially financial resources. Of course, some people have large sums in government in• Maybe many students should knowledge of extremely so• vestment and loans from the be sent abroad, but we can't phisticated matters which World Bank to acquire instru• send them without money. China cannot utilize at the mo• ments and equipment. Now Therefore, training students ment because we lack the ne• the task is to fully exploit overseas is not a matter of sim• cessary facilities. But these them, and this is exactly the ply reducing or raising num• cases are uncommon. Overall, time when professionals such bers, it's a matter of needs and I do not agree with the sweep• as the returned students are having the resources. We will ing statement that "returned most needed in China. send more if it is both neces• students have no place to exer• All Chinese who hope for sary and feasible. cise their abilities after their the existence of a powerful As sending visiting scholars return." China should be mentally pre• overseas has proved fruitful, As to the problems of an ir• pared to work under relatively we now intend to send more rational system, this is faced severe conditions. It is unreal• people in senior positions, in by all Chinese working in istic for people to want to re• general, those with doctorates China, and is by no means turn to the country only after or those with senior profes• unique to returned students. all the hard work has been sional titles and many years of China's reforms aim at chang• done. Take for example of one work experience behind them. ing irrational rules and regula• student who studied in Japan, With the development of the tions. Our students who have specializing in a subject badly Chinese economy, both de• studied abroad should be the needed in a Chinese universi• mand for qualified personnel initiators of China's develop- ty. Before he came back, he and funds for Zhang Fengbo, a Chinese student in Japan, explains micro-computer made careful pre• overseas training applications in economic analysis to teaching staff and postgraduates parations, buying should increase. at Kyoto University. XUQIXIN laboratory materi• Being able to af• als and so on. But ford the demand on his arrival, he will be the main discovered there factor in deciding was no department how many stu• for his subject in dents are sent this university. Ut• abroad in the fu• terly discouraged, ture. he wanted to leave Wei: Many re• immediately. How• turned students ever his univers• have said that an ity president ex• irrational system, plained how, be• shortages of adv• cause no one had anced equipment, ever worked in this and many other field before, no

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 17 CHINA equipment had ever been bought for it. The student had been specially invited back to de• velop this discip• line. Clearly, there• fore, students should be prepared to do arduous and enterprising work when they come back home. Some• times, this means they may have to engage in different areas of research from the ones they worked in overseas. But the point re• mains, research ability acquired abroad should be utilized directly to Chinese students in the United States at Professor Tsung-dao Lee's birthday party. serve the country. PANG WEILIANG Wei: Does China have preferen• dying abroad support this pol• year, however, the emphasis tial policies for returned stu• icy. However, where financial was switched to the treatment dents, and what does China do circumstances permit, we do of students on their return. It's to ensure people return? strive to create better working important to create better con• Yu: The Chinese government and living conditions for peo• ditions for those who have adheres to the principle of ple who studied overseas. been abroad, although, of treating all doctorates equally, From 1979-87, we concen• course we want them to work whether they were trained at trated largely on who was to hard and be enterprising any• home or abroad. Students stu- be selected to go abroad. Last how. At present, the state allo• students in Canada visit staff at the Chinese Embassy ZHANC; YUANTINC, cates 10 million yuan annual• HI ly to scientific research pro• HI grammes for returned stu• dents. This is to help overcome the difficulties people have ex• perienced applying for funds and getting projects started. Some researchers, for exam• ple, have had good pro• grammes but no equipment to work with. We also have the Fok Ying Tung (Henry Fok) Young Teachers' Fund, that both sup• ports outstanding young teach• ers with doctorates and sup• ports returned students, and many presidents in institutes of higher educations and di• rectors of research institutes

BEIJING REVIEW,, MA«.CH 13-19, 1989 Basic Law of HKSAR, PRC (Draft) (Adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on February 21,1989)

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to ex• The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Spec• ercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy exec• ial Administrative Region of the Peop• utive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication, in accordan• le's Republic of China (Draft) ce with the provisions of this Law. Article 3 Preamble The executive authorities and legislature of the Hong Kong has been part of China's territory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall since ancient times, but it was occupied by Britain be composed of permanent residents of Hong after the Opium War in 1840. On 19 December Kong in accordance with the relevant provisions 1984, the Chinese and British Governments signed of this Law. the Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Article 4 Kong, affirming that the Government of the Pe• The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ople's Republic of China will resume the exercise shall safeguard the rights arid freedoms of the of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 residents and other persons in the Region in accor• July 1997, thus fulfilling the long-cherished com• dance with law. mon aspiration of the entire Chinese people for Article 5 the recovery of Hong Kong. The socialist system and policies shall not be In order to uphold national unity and territorial practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrat• integrity and to maintain Hong Kong's prosperity ive Region, and the previous capitalist system and and stability, and taking account of the history of way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years. Hong Kong and its realities, the People's Republic Article 6 of China has decided that upon China's resumpti• The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, shall protect the right of private ownership of a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will property in accordance with law. be established in accordance with the provisions Article 7 of Article 31 of the Constitution of,the People's Republic of China and that under the principle of The land and natural resources within the Hong "one country, two systems," the socialist system Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the and policies will not be practised in Hong Kong. state property of the People's Republic of China. The basic policies of the People's Republic of The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• China regarding Hong Kong have been elaborated ministrative Region shall be responsible for their by our Government in the Sino-British Joint Dec• management, use and development and for their laration. lease or grant to individuals, legal persons, or In accordance with the Constitution of the Pe• organizations for use or developinent. The reven• ople's Republic of China, the National People's ues derived shall be exclusively at the disposal of Congress hereby enacts the Basic Law of the Hong the Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peop• ministrative Region. le's Republic of China, prescribing the systems to Article 8 be practised in the Hong Kong Special Adminis• The laws previously in force in Hong Kong, that trative Region, in order to ensure the implemen• is, the common law, rules of equity, ordinances, tation of the basic policies of the People's Repub• subordinate legislation and customary law shall lic of China regarding Hong Kong. be maintained, except for those that are inconsis• tent with this Law or have been amended by the legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• Chapter I: General Principles ive Region. Article 1 Article 9 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region In addition to the Chinese language, English is an inalienable part of the People's Republic of may also be used as an official language by the China. executive authorities, legislature and judicial or• gans of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Article 2 Region. The National "People's Congress authorizes the the Central People's Government. Article 10 Article 15 Apart from displaying the national flag and national emblem of the People's Republic of The Central People's Government shall appoint China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative the Chief Executive and the principal officials of Region may also use a regional flag and regional the executive authorities of the Hong Kong Spec• emblem. ial Administrative Region in accordance with the The regional flag of the Hong Kong Special provisions of Chapter IV of this Law. Administrative Region (to be drafted). Article 16 The regional emblem of the Hong Kong Special The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Administrative Region (to be drafted). shall be vested with executive power. In accordan• Article 11 ce with the relevant provisions of this Law it shall, In accordance with Article 31 of the Constitut• on its own, manage the administrative affairs of ion of the People's Republic of China, the systems the Region. and policies practised in the Hong Kong Special Article 17 Administrative Region, including the social and The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region economic systems, the system for safeguarding the shall be vested with legislative power. fundamental rights and freedoms of its residents, Laws enacted by the legislature of the Hong the executive, legislative and judicial systems, and Kong Special Administrative Region shall be rep• the relevant policies, shall be based on the provis• orted to the Standing Committee of the National ions of this Law. People's Congress for the record. The reporting No law enacted by the legislature of the Hong for record shall not affect the entry into force of Kong Special Administrative Region shall be in• such laws. consistent with this Law. If the Standing Committee of the National Pe• ople's Congress, after consulting its Committee Chapter II: Relationship between the for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Ad• ministrative Region, considers that any law enac• Central Authorities and the Hong Kong ted by the legislature of the Region is not in Special Administrative Region. conformity with the provisions of this Law regar• Article 12 ding affairs within the responsibility of the Cen• The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region tral Authorities or the relationship between the shall be a local administrative region of the Peop• Central Authorities and the Region, it may return le's Republic of China, which shall enjoy a high the law in question but it shall not amend it. Any degree of autonomy and come directly under the law returned by the Standing Committee of the Central People's Government. National People's Congress shall immediately ce• Article 13 ase to have force. This cessation shall not have The Central People's Government shall be res• retroactive effect, unless otherwise provided for ponsible for the foreign affairs relating to the in the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. ive Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Article 18 Republic of China shall establish an office in The laws of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• Hong Kong to deal with foreign affairs. trative Region shall be this Law, the laws previo• The Central People's Government shall author• usly in force in Hong Kong as stipulated in Article ize the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 8 of this Law, and the laws enacted by the legis• to deal with relevant external affairs on its own in lature of the Region. accordance with this Law. National laws shall not be applied in the Hong Article 14 Kong Special Administrative Region except for The Central People's Government shall be res• those listed in Annex III to this Law. The laws ponsible for the defence of the Hong Kong Special listed in Annex III to this Law shall be applied Administrative Region. locally in the Region by way of promulgation or The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• legislation. ministrative Region shall be responsible for the The Standing Committee of the National Peop• maintenance of the public order of the Region. le's Congress may make additions to or deletions Military forces sent by the Central People's from the list of laws in Annex III after consulting Government to be stationed in the Hong Kong its Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Special Administrative Region for defence shall Kong Special Administrative Region and the gov• not interfere in the local affairs of the Region. ernment of the Region. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• Laws listed in Annex III to this Law shall be ministrative Region may, in times of need, ask the confined to those relating to defence and foreign Central People's Government for assistance from affairs as well as other laws outside the limits of the garrison in the maintenance of public order the autonomy of the Region as specified by this and in disaster relief; Law. In addition to abiding by national laws, mem• In case the Standing Committee of the National bers of the garrison shall abide by the laws of the People's Congress decides to declare a state of war Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. or, by reason of turmoil within the Hong Kong Expenditure for the garrison shall be borne by Special Administrative Region which is beyond the control of the Region, decides that the Region the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. is in a state of emergency, the State Council may People from other parts of China must apply for decree the application of the relevant national approval for entry into the Hong Kong Special laws in the Region. Administrative Region. Article 19 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may establish an office in Beijing. shall be vested with independent judicial power, Article 23 including that of final adjudication. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of ive Region shall have jurisdiction over all cases in treason, secession, sedition or theft of state sec• the Region, except that the restrictions on their rets. jurisdiction imposed by Hong Kong's previous leg• al system shall be maintained. Chapter III: Fundamental Rights and Courts of the Hong Kong Special Asministrative Region shall have no jurisdiction over cases relat• Duties of the Residents ing to the acts of state. Courts of the Region shall Article 24 obtain a statement from the Chief Executive on Residents of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• questions concerning the facts of state whenever trative Region (hereinafter referred to as "Hong such questions arise in any legal proceedings. This Kong residents") shall include permanent resid• statement shall be binding on the courts. ents and non-permanent residents. Before issuing such a statement, the Chief Exec• The permanent residents of the Hong Kong utive shall obtain a certificate from the Central Special Administrative Region shall be: People's Government. (1) Chinese citizens born in Hong Kong before Note: This article was not adopted as it received or after the establishemenl of the Hong Kong only 35 votes, two votes short of a two-thirds Special Administrative Region; majority. (2) Chinese citizens who have ordinarily resided Article 20 in Hong Kong for a continuous period of no less The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region than seven years before or after the establishment may enjoy other powers granted to it by the Nat• of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; ional People's Congress, the Standing Committee (3) Persons of Chinese nationality born outside of the National People's Congress of the Central Hong Kong of those residents listed in categories People's Government. (1) and (2); Article 21 (4) Persons who are not of Chinese nationality Chinese citizens who are residents of the Hong but who have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for Kong Special Administrative Region shall be en• a continuous period of no less than seven years titled to participate in state affairs in accordance and have taken Hong Kong as their place of per• with law. manent residence before or after the establis• In accordance with the assigned number of seats hment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative and the election method specified by the National Region; People's Congress, the Chinese citizens among the (5) Persons under 21 years of age born in Hong Hong Kong residents shall locally elect deputies Kong of residents listed in category (4) before or of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special to the National People's Congress to participate in Administrative Region; and the work of the highest organ of state power. (6) Persons other than those residents listed in Article 22 categories( 1) to (5), who had the right of abode Departments of the Central People's Gover• only in Hong Kong before the establishment of the nment as well as provinces, autonomous regions, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. and municipalities directly under the Central The above-mentioned residents shall have the Government shall not interfere in the affairs wh• right of abode in the Hong Kong Special Admin• ich the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region istrative Region and shall be qualified to obtain, administers on its own in accordance with this in accordance with its law, permanent identity Law. cards which state their right of abode. If there is a need for departments of the Cen• The non-permanent residents of the Hong Kong tra! Government as well as provinces, autonomo• Special Administrative Region shall be persons us regions, and municipalities directly under the who, in accordance with its laws, shall be qualifi• Central Government to set up offices in the Hong ed to obtain Hong Kong identity cards but shall Kong Special Administrative Region, they must have no right of abode. have the consent of the government of the Region Article 25 and the approval of the Central People's Gover• All Hong Kong residents shall be equal before nment. the law. All offices set up in Hong Kong by the depar• Article 26 tments of the Central Government, or by provin• Permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special ces, autonomous regions, and municipalities dir• Administrative Region shall have the right to vote ectly under the Central Government and the per• and the right to stand for election in accordance sonnel of these offices shall abide by the laws of with law.

/// Article 27 Hong Kong jesidents shall have freedom of spe• Article 36 ech, of the press and of publication; freedom of Hong Kong residents shall have the right to association, of assembly, of procession and of social welfare as prescribed by law. The welfare demonstration; and the right and freedom to form benefits of the labour force shall be protected by and join trade unions and to go on strike. law. Article 28 Article 37 The freedom of the person of Hong Kong resid• The freedom of marriage of Hong Kong resid• ents shall be inviolable. ents and their right to raise a family freely shall No Hong Kong resident shall be arbitrarily or be protected by law. unlawfully arrested, detained or imprisoned. Ar• Article 38 bitrary or unlawful search of the body of any Hong Kong residents shall enjoy the other rights resident or deprivation or restriction of his/her and freedoms safeguarded by the laws of the Hong freedom of the person shall be prohibited. The Kong Special Administrative Region. torture of any resident or arbitrary or unlawful Article 39 deprivation of his/her life shall be prohibited. The provisions of the International Covenant on Article 29 Civil and Political. Rights, the International Cov• The homes and other premises of Hong Kong enant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights residents shall be inviolable. Arbitrary or unlawf• and international labour conventions as applied to ul search of, or intrusion into, a resident's home Hong Kong shall remain in force and shall be or other premises shall be prohibited. implemented through the laws of the Hong Kong Article 30 Special Administrative Region. The freedom and privacy of communication of The rights and freedoms enjoyed by Hong Kong Hong Kong residents shall be protected by law. No residents shall not be restricted unless prescribed department or individual may, on any grounds, by law. Siich restrictions shall not contravene the infringe upon the residents' freedom and privacy provisions of the preceding paragraph of this Ar• of communication except that the relevant auth• ticle. orities may censor communication in accordance Article 40 with legal procedures to meet the needs of public The legitimate traditional rights and interests of security or of investigation into criminal offences. the indigenous inhabitants of the "New Territori• Article 31 es" shall be protected by the Hong Kong Special Hong Kong residents shall have the freedom of Administrative Region. movement within the Hong Kong Special Admin• Article 41 istrative Region and the freedom of emigration to Persons in the Hong Kong Special Administrat• other countries and 'regions. They shall have the ive Region other than Hong Kong residents shall, freedom to travel and the freedom of entry and in accordance with law, enjoy the rights and fre• exit. Unless restrained by law. Hong Kong resid• edoms of Hong Kong residents prescribed in this ents who hold valid travel documents shall be free Chapter. to leave the Region without special authorization. Article 42 Article 32 Hong Kong residents and other persons in Hong Hong Kong residents shall have the freedom of Kong shall have the obligation to abide by the conscience. laws in force in the Hong Kong Special Adminis• Hong Kong residents shall have the freedom of trative Region. religious belief and the freedom to preach and to carry out and participate in religious activities in Chapter IV: Political Structure public. Section 1: The Chief Executive Article 33 Article 43 . Hong Kong residents shall have the freedom of choice of occupation. The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Article 34 Administrative Region shall be the head of the Hong Kong residents shall have the freedom of Hong Kong 'Special Administrative Region and academic research, of literary and artistic creati• shall represent the Region. on, and of other cultural pursuits. The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Article 35 Administrative Region shall be accountable to the Hong Kong residents shall have the right to Central People's Government and the Hong Kong confidential legal advice, access to the courts, and Special Administrative Region in accordance with choice of lawyers for timely protection of their the provisions of this Law. legitimate rights and interests, and for represen• Article 44 tation in the courts, and the right to judicial The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special remedies. Administrative Region shall be a Chinese citizen Hong Kong residents shall have the right to of no less than 40 years of age who is a permanent institute legal proceedings in the courts against resident of the Region and has ordinarily resided the actions of the executive organs or their person• in Hong Kong for a continuous period of 20 years. nel. Article 45 The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special IV Administrative Region shall be selected by electi• regarding revenues or expenditure to the Legislat• on or through consultations held locally and be ive Council; appointed by the Central People's Government. (11) To decide, in the light of security and vital The method for selecting the Chief Executive public interests, whether government officials or shall be specified in the light of the actual situat• other personnel in charge of government affairs ion in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Reg• should testify or give evidence before the Legislat• ion and in accordance with the principle of grad• ive Council or its committees; ual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim shall (12) To pardon persons convicted of criminal be the selection of the Chief Executive through offences or commute their penalties; and general election. (13) To handle petitions and complaints. The specific method for selecting the Chief Ex• Article 49 ecutive is prescribed in Annex I: "Method for If the Chief Executive considers that a bill pas• the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong sed by the Legislative Council is not compatible Kong Special Administrative Region". with the overall interest of the Hong Kong Special Article 46 Administrative Region, he/she may return it to The term of office of the Chief Executive of the the Legislative Council within three months for Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall reconsideration. If the Legislative Council passes be five years. He/she may serve for no more than the original bill again by no less than a two- two consecutive terms. thirds majority, the Chief Executive must sign Article 47 and promulgate it within one month, or act in The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special accordance with the provisions of Article 50 of Administrative Region must be a person of integ• this Law. rity, dedicated to his/her duties. Article 50 The Chief Executive, on assuming office, shall If the Chief Executive refuses to sign the bill declare his/her assets to the Chief Justice of the passed by the Legislative Council for a second Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special time, or the Legislative Council refuses to pass an Administrative Region. This declaration shall be appropriation bill or any other important bill in• put on record. troduced by the government and if consensus still Article 48 cannot be reached after consultations, the Chief The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Executive may dissolve the Legislative Council. Administrative Region shall exercise the follow• The Chief Executive shall consult the Executive ing powers and functions: Council before dissolving the Legislative Council. (1) To lead the government of the Region; The Chief Executive may dissolve the Legislative (2) To be responsible for the implementation of Council only once in each term of his/her office. this Law and other laws which, in accordance with Article 51 this Law, apply in the Hong Kong Special Admin• If the Legislative Council refuses to pass the istrative Region; appropriation bill introduced by the government, (3) To sign bills passed by the Legislative Coun• the Chief Executive may apply to the Legislative cil and to promulgate laws; Council for temporary appropriations. If approp• To sign appropriation bills passed by the Legis• riation of public funds cannot be approved bec• lative Council and report the budgets and final ause the Legislative Council has already been accounts to the Central People's Government for dissolved, the Chief Executive may approve tem• the record; porary short-term appropriations according to the (4) To decide on government policies and to level of the previous fiscal year's expenditure pri• issue executive orders; or to the election of the new Legislative Council.- (5) To nominate and to report to the Central Article 52 People's Government for appointment the follow• The Chief Executive shall have to resign under ing principal officials: Secretaries and Deputy any of the following circumstances: Secretaries of Departments, Directors of Bure• (1) When he/she loses the ability to discharge aus, Commissioner Against Corruption, Director the functions of his/her office due to serious ill• of Audit and Commissioner of Police; and to ness or other reasons; propose to the Central People's Government the (2) When, after the Legislative Council was dis• removal of the above-mentioned officials; solved because he/she twice refused to sign the bill (6) To appoint or remove judges of the courts at it passed, the new Legislative Council has again all levels in accordance with legal procedures; passed by a two-thirds majority the original bill in (7) To appoint or remove public office bearers dispute, but he/she still refuses to sign it; and in accordance with legal procedures; (3) When, after the Lagislative Council was (8) To implement the directives issued by the dissolved because it refused to approve an approp• Central People's Government in respect of the riation bill or any other important bill, the new relevant matters provided for in this Law; Legislative Council still refuses to pass the origin• (9) To deal with, on behalf of the Government al bill in dispute. of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, ex• ternal affairs and other affairs authorized by the Article 53 Central Authorities; If the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is not able to discharge (10) To approve the introduction of motions his/her duties for a brief period, such duties shall V temporarily be assumed by the Administrative Executive of the Region. Secretary, Financial Secretary or Secretary of Jus• Department of Administration, Department of tice in this order of precedence. Finance, Department of Justice, bureaus, divisi• In the event that the office of Chief Executive ons and commissions shall be established in the becomes vacant, a new Chief Executive shall be Governmrent of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• selected within six months in accordance with the trative Region. provisions of Article 45 of this Law. During the Article 61 period of vacancy, his/her duties shall be assumed The principal officials of the Hong Kong Speci• according to the provisions of the preceding par• al Administrative Region shall be Chinese citizens agraph. who are permanent residents and have ordinarily Article 54 resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of The Executive Council of the Hong Kong Spec• 15 years. ial Administrative Region shall be an organ for Article 62 assisting the Chief Executive in policy-making. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• Article 55 ministrative Region shall exercise the following Members of the Executive Council of the Hong powers and functions: Kong Special Administrative Region shall be ap• (1) To formulate and implement policies; pointed by the Chief Executive from among the (2) To manage administrative affairs; principal officials of the executive authorities, (3) To manage the external affairs authorized members of the Legislative Council and public by the Central People's Government under this figures. Their appointment or removal shall be Law; decided by the Chief Executive. The term of office (4) to draw up and introduce budgets and final of members shall not exceed that of the Chief accounts; Executive who appoints them. (5) To draft and introduce bills, motions and Members of the Executive Council of the Hong subsidiary legislation; and Kong Special Administrative Region shall be (6) To designate officials to sit in at the meet• Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of ings of the Legislative Council. the Region. Article 63 The Chief Executive may invite other persons concerned to sit in at meetings of the Council as The prosecuting authority of the Hong Kong he/she deems necessary. Special Administrative Region shall handle crim• Article 56 inal prosecutions independently, free from any The Executive Council of the Hong Kong Spec• interference. ial Administrative Region shall be presided over Article 64 by the Chief Executive. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• Except for the appointment, removal and discip• ministrative Region must abide by the law and lining of officials and the adoption of measures in shall be accountable to the Legislative Council of emergencies, the Chief Executive shall consult the the Region in the following respects: implemen• Executive Council before making important dec• ting laws passed by the Council and already in isions, introducing a bill to the Legislative Coun• force; presenting regular reports on its work to the cil, enacting subsidiary legislation, or dissolving Council; answering questions raised by members the Legislative Council. of the Council; and obtaining approval from the If the Chief Executive does not adopt a majority Council for taxation and public expenditure. opinion of the Executive Council, he/she shall put Article 65 his/her specific reasons on record. The previous system of establishing advisory Article 57 bodies by the executive authorities shall be main• A Commission Against Corruption shall be es• tained. tablished in the Hong Kong Special Administrat• ive Region. It shall function independently and be Section 3: The Legislature accountable to the Chief Executive. Article 66 Article 58 The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Spec• A Commission of Audit shall be established in ial Administrative Region shall be the legislature the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It of the Region. shall function independently and be accountable Article 67 to the Chief Executive. The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Spec• ial Administrative Region shall be constituted by Section 2: The Executive Authorities election. The method for forming the Legislative Council Article 59 shall be specified in the light of the actual situat• The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• ion in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Reg- ministrative Region shall be the executive author• in and in accordance with the principle of gradual ities of the Region. and orderly progress. The ultimate aim shall be Article 60 the selection of all the members of the Legislative The head of the Government of the Hong Kong Council through general election. Special Administrative Region shall be the Chief The specific method for forming the Legislative

VI Council is prescribed in Annex II: "Method for for investigation, give a mandate to the Chief the Formation of the Legislative Council of the Justice of the Court of Final Appeal to form Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". and chair an independent investigating commit• Article 68 tee. The committee shall be responsible for carry• The term of office of the Legislative Council of ing out the investigation and reporting its findings the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to the Council. If the committee considers the shall be four years, except the first term which evidence sufficient, the Council may pass a moti• shall be two years. on of impeachment by a two-thirds majority and Article 69 report it to the Central People's Government for If the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong decision; and Special Administrative Region is dissolved by the (10) To summon, as required when exercising Chief Executive in accordance with the provisions the above-mentioned powers and functions, the of this Law, it shall, within three months, be persons concerned to testify or give evidence. reconstituted by election as prescribed by Article Article 73 67 of this Law. Members of the Legislative Council of the Hong Article 70 Kong Special Administrtive Region may introd• The President of the Legislative Council of the uce bills in accordance with the provisions of this Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall Law and legal procedures. Bills which do not rel• be elected from among the members of the Legis• ate to public expenditure or the structure and lative Council. operation of the government may be introduced The President of the Legislative Council of the individually or jointly by members of the Council. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall Written consent of the Chief Executive shall be be a Chinese citizen of no less than 40 years of age, required before bills relating to government polic• who is a permanent resident of the Region and has ies are introduced. ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous Article 74 period of 20 years. The quorum for the meeting of the Legislative Article 71 Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative The President of the Legislative Council of the Region shall be no less than one half of its mem• Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall bers. exercise the following powers and functions: Unless otherwise provided for in this Law, the (1) To preside over meetings; passage of any bill or motion in the Legislative (2) To decide on the agenda, giving priority to Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative bills introduced by the government for inclusion Region shall require the votes of more than one in the agenda; half of its members present. The rules of proced• (3) To decide on the time of meetings; ure of the Legislative Council shall be established (4) To call special meetings during the rec• by the Council on its own, but they shall not be ess; and inconsistent with this Law. (5) Other powers and functions as prescribed in Article 75 the rules of procedure of the Legislative Council. A bill passed by the Legislative Council of the Article 72 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Spec• take effect only after it is signed and promulgated ial Administrative Region shall exercise the foll• by the Chief Executive. owing powers and functions: Article 76 (1) To enact, amend or repeal laws in accordan• Members of the Legislative Council of the Hong ce with the provisions of this Law and legal proc• Kong Special Administrative Region shall not be edures; legally liable for speeches made at meetings of the (2) To examine and approve budgets submitted Council. by the government; Article 77 (3) To approve taxation and public expenditure; Members of the Legislative Council of the Hong (4) To hear and debate the policy addresses of Kong Special Administrative Region shall not be the Chief Executive; subjected to arrest when attending or on their way (5) To raise questions on the work of the gover• to a meeting of the Legislative Council. nment; Article 78 (6) To hold debates on any issue concerning The President of the Legislative Council shall public interests; declare that a member of the Council is no longer (7) To endorse the appointment and removal of qualified for the office under any of the following the judges of the Court of Final Appeal and the circumstances: Chief Judge of the High Court; (1) When he/she loses the ability to discharge (8) To receive and deal with complaints from the functions of his/her office due to serious ill• Hong Kong residents; ness or other reasons; (9) If a motion initiated jointly by one-fourth of (2) When he/she, with no valid reason, is absent the members of the Legislative Council accuses from meetings for three consecutive months with• the Chief Executive of serious breach of law or out the consent of the President of the Legislative dereliction of duty and if he/she still refuses to Council; resign, the Council may, after passing a motion (3) When he/she loses or renounces his/her stat-

vn us as a permanent resident of the Hong Kong les previously applied in Hong Kong and the Special Administrative Region; rights previously enjoyed by the parties to the (4) When he/she accepts government appoin• proceedings shall be maintained. tment and joins the public service;. Anyone who is lawfully arrested shall have the (5) When he/she is bankrupt or fails to comply right to a fair trial by the judicial organs without with a court order to repay debts; delay and shall be presumed innocent until con• (6) When he/she is cdnvicted and sentenced to victed by the judicial organs. imprisonment for one month or more for a crim• Articles? inal offence committeed within or outside the Judges of the courts of the Hong Kong Special Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and is Administrative Region shall be appointed by the relieved of his/her duties by a motion passed by Chief Executive on the recommendation of an two-thirds of the members of the Legislative Co• independent commission composed of local jud• uncil present; and ges, persons from the legal profession and other (7) When he/she is censured for misbehaviour or eminent persons. breach of oath by a vote of two-thirds of the Article 88 members of the Legislative Council present. A judge of a court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may be. removed for inab• Section 4: Judicial Organs ility to discharge the functions of his/her office, or Article 79 for misbehaviour, by the Chief Executive on the The courts of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• recommendation of a tribunal appointed by the trative Region at all levels shall be the judicial Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal and organs of the Region, exercising the judicial pow• consisting of no fewer than three local judges. er of the Region. The Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal Article 80 of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region The Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, may be investigated for inability to discharge the district courts, magistrates' courts and other spec• functions of his/her office, or for misbehaviour, ial courts shall be established in the Hong Kong by a tribunal appointed by the Chief Executive Special Administrative Region. The High Court and consisting of not fewer than five local judges and may be removed by the Chief Executive on shall comprise the Court of Appeal and the Court the recommendation of the tribunal and in accor• of the First Instance. dance with the procedures prescribed in this Law. The judicial system previously in practice in Article 89 Hong Kong shall be maintained except for those changes consequent upon the establishment of the The Chief justice of the Court of Final Appeal court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special and the Chief Judge of the High Court of the Administrative Region. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall Article 81 be Chinese citizens who are permanent residents The power of final adjudication of the Hong of the Region. Kong Special Administrative Region shall be ves• In addition to the procedures prescribed in Ar• ticles 87 and 88 of this Law, the appointment and ted in the Court of Final Appeal of the Region, removal of judges of the Court of Final Appeal Which may as required invite judges from other and the Chief Judge of the High Court of the common law jurisdictions to sit on the Court of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall Final Appeal. be made by the Chief Executive with the endor• Articles! sement of the Legislative Council of the Region The structure, powers and functions of the co• and reported to the Standing Committee of. the urts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative National People's Congress for the record. Region at all levels shall be prescribed by law. Article 90 Article 83 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Regi• The courts of the Hong Kong Special Admimin- on shall maintain the previous system of appoin• istrative Region shall decide cases in accordance tment and removal of members of the judiciary with the laws applicable in the Region as prescrib• other than judges. ed in Article 18 of this Law and may refer to Article 91 precedents of other common law jurisdictions. Judges and other members of the judiciary of Article 84 the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region The courts of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• shall be chosen by reference to their judicial and trative Region shall exercise judicial power indep• professional qualities and may be recruited from endently and free frorii any interference. Mem• other common law jurisdictions. bers of the judiciary shall be immune from legal Article 92 action in respect of their judicialfunctions. Judges and other members of the judiciary ser• Article 85 ving in Hong Kong before the establishment of the The principle of trial by jury previously practis• Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may ed in Hong Kong shall be maintained. all remain in employment and retain their senior• Article 86 ity with pay, allowances, benefits and conditions In criminal or civil proceedings in the Hong of service no less favourable than before. Kong Special Administrative Region, the princip• The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad-

VIII ministratjve. Region shall pay to judges and other Article 100 members of the judiciary who retire or leave the The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• service in compliance with regulations as well as ministrative Region may employ British and other to those who have retired or left the service before foreign nationals previously serving in the public service in Hong Kong, or those holding permanent the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Ad• identity cards of the Region, to serve as public ministrative Region, or to their dependants, all servants at all levels, but only Chinese citizens pensions, gratuities, allowances and benefits due among permanent residents of the Region may fill to them on terms no less favourable than before, the following posts: the Secretaries and Deputy and irrespective of their nationality or.place of Secretaries of Departments, Directors of Bure• residence. aus, Commissioner Against Corruption, Director Article 93 of Audit and Commissioner of Police. Ori the basis of the system previously operating The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• in Hong Kong, the Government of the Hong Kong ministrative Region may also employ British and Special Administrative Region may make provis• other foreign nationals as advisers to government ions for local lawyers and lawyers from outside departments and, when required, may recruit qu• Hong Kong to work and practise in the Region. alified candidates from outside the Region to Article 94 professional and technical posts in government The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region departments. These foreign nationals shall be em• may, through consultation and in accordance with ployed only in their individual capacities and law, maintain judicial relations with the judicial shall be responsible to the government of the Reg• organs of other parts of the country, and they may ion. render assistance to each other. Article 101 Article 95 The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• With the assistance or authorization of the Cen• ministrative Region shall pay to public servants tral People's Government, the Government of the who retire or leave the service in compliance with Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may regulations as well as to those who have retired or make appropriate arrangements with foreign stat• left the service in compliance with regulations es for reciprocal judicial assistance. before the establishment of the Hong Kong Spec• ial Administrative Region, or to their dependants, Section 5: District Organizations all pensions, gratuities, allowances and benefits due to them on terms no less favourable than Article 96 before, and irrespective of their nationality or District organizations which are not organs of place of residence. political power may be established in the Hong Article 102 Kong Special Administrative Region, to be con• The appointment and promotion of public ser• sulted by the government of the Region on district vants shall be on the basis of their qualifications, administration and other affairs, or to be respon• experience and ability. Hong Kong's previous sys• sible for providing services in such fields as cul• tem of recruitment, employment, assessment, dis• ture, recreatiof! and environmental sanitation. cipline, training and management for the public Article 97 service, including special bodies for their appoin• The powers and functions of the district organ• tment, pay and conditions of service, shall be izations and their composition shall be prescribed maintained, except for any provisions for privil• eged treatment of foreign nationals. by law. Article 103 The Chief Executive, principal officials, mem• Section 6: Public Servants bers of the Executive Council and of the Legislat• Article 98 ive Council, judges of courts at all levels and other Public servants serving in all government dep• members of the judiciary in the Hong Kong Spec• artments of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• ial Administrative Region must be sworn in accor• ive Region must be permanent residents of the ding to law when assuming office. Region, except where otherwise provided for in Article 100 regarding public servants of foreign Chapter V: Economy nationalities in this Law and except for those Section J: Public Finance, Monetary below a certain rank as prescribed by law. Public servants must be dedicated to their duti• Affairs, Trade, Industry and Commerce es and be responsible to the Government of the Article 104 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Article 99 shall, in accordance with law, protect the right of Public servants serving in all Hong Kong gover• individuals and legal persons to the acquisition, nment departments, including the police depar• use, disposal and inheritance of private property tment, before the establishment of the Hong Kong and their right to compensation for lawful depriv• Special Administrative Region, may all remain in ation of their property. employment and retain their seniority with pay, Such compensation shall correspond to the real allowances, benefits and conditions of service no value of the property concerned and shall be fre• less favourable than before. ely convertible and paid without undue delay. IX The ovviT-rship of enterprises and the inves• Region. The Hong Kong dollar shall be freely tments fro,-) Outside the Region shall be protected convertible. by law Markets for foreign exchange, gold, securities Article 105 and futures shall continue. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• shall liave independent finances. ministrative Region shall safeguard the free flow The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of all caphal within, into and out of the Region. shall use its financial revenues exclusively for its Article 112 own purposes, and they shall not be handed over The Exchange Fund of the Hong Kong Special to the Central People's Government. Administrative Region shall be managed and con• The Central People's Conernment shall not levy trolled by the government of the Region, primar• ia.\e» in the Hong Kong Special Administrative ily for regulating the exchange value of the Hong Region. Kong dollar. Article 106 Article 113 Ihe Hong Kong Special Administrative Region The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall follow the principle of keeping expenditure shall maintain the status of a free port and shall within the limits of revenues in drawing up its not impose any tariff unless otherwise prescribed budget, strive for a fiscal balance, avoid deficits by law. and ensure that ihe budget is commensurate with Article 114 ihe growth laie of its gross domestic product. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Article 107 shall pursue the policy of free trade and safeguard The Hong K'^ag Special Administrative Region the free movement of goods, intangible assets and shall practise an independent taxation system. capital. The Kong Kong Special Administrative Region Article 115 shall, taking the low tax policy previously pursued The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Hong Kong as reference, enact laws on its own shall be a separate customs territory. concerning t> pes of taxes, tax rates, tax reductions The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and exemptions and other matters of taxation. may, using the name "Hong Kong, China", partic• Article 108 ipate in relevant international organizations and The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• international trade agreements, including prefer• ministrative Region shall create an appropriate ential trade arrangements, such as the General economic and legal environment for the mainten• Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and arrangem• ance of ihe status of Hong Kong as an internati- ents regarding international trade in textiles. oijai fniiijicial centre. Export quotas, tariff preferences and other sim• Article 109 ilar arrangements, which are obtained by the The ivio:u-[-<

XII ministrative Region shall continue to recognize ons. They may, as required, use the name "Hong the professions and the professional organizations Kong, China" in the relevant activities. recognized prior to the establishment of the Reg• ion, and these organizations may, on their own, Chapter VII: External Affairs assess and accredit professional qualifications. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• Article 149 ministrative Region may, as required by develop• Representatives of the Government of the Hong ments in society and in consultation with thp Kong Special Administrative Region may partic• parties concerned, recognize new professions and ipate, as members of delegations of the Govern• professional organizations. ment of the People's Republic of China, in neg• Article 142 otiations conducted by the Central People's Gov• The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• ernment at the diplomatic level and directly aff• ministrative Region shall, on its own, formulate ecting the Region. policies on sports. Article 150 Non-governmental sports organizations may The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region continue to exist and develop in accordance with may, on its own, using the name "Hong Kong, law. China," maintain and develop relations and con• Article 143 clude arid implement agreements with states, reg• The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• ions and relevant international organizations in ministrative Region shall maintain the policy the appropriate fields, including the economic, previously practised in Hong Kong in respect of trade, financial and monetary, shipping, commun• subventions for non-governmental organizations ications, tourism, cultural and sports fields. in fields such as education, medicine and health, Article 151 culture, art, recreation, sports, social welfare and Representatives of the Government of the Hong social work. Staff previously serving in subventi- Kong Special Administrative Region may partic• oned organizations in Hong Kong may remain in ipate, as members of delegations of the Govern• their employment in accordance with the previous ment of the People's Republic of China, in system. \ international organizations or conferences in Article 144 appropoiate fields limited to states and affecting On the basis of the previous social welfare sys• the Region, or may attend in such other capacity tem, the Government of the Hong Kong Special as may be permitted by the Central People's Gov• ernment and the international organization or Administrative Region shall, on its own, formul• conference concerned, and may express their ate laws and policies on the development and views, using the name "Hong Kong, China." improvement of this system in the light of the The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region economic conditions and social needs. may, using the name "Hong Kong, China," partic• Article 145 ipate in international organizations and conferen• Voluntary organizations providing social ser• ces not limited to states. vices in the Hong Kong Special Administrative The Central People's Government shall take the Region may, on their own, decide their forms of necessary steps to ensure that the Hong Kong service, provided that the laws of the Region are Special Administrative Region shall continue to not contravened. retain its status in an appropriate capacity in Article 146 those international organizations of which the The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• People's Republic of China is a member and in ministrative Region shall formulate labour laws which Hong Kong participates in one capacity or and policies on its own. another. Article 147 The Central People's Government shall, where The relationship between non-governmental or• necessary, facilitate the continued participation ganizations in fields such as education, science, of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region technology, -culture, art, sports, the professions, in an appropriate capacity in those international medicine and health, labour, sofcial welfare and organizations in which Hong Kong is a participant social work as well as religious organizations in in one capacity or another, but of which the Peo• the Hong K^qng Special Administrative Region ple's Republic of China is not a member. Article 152 and their counterparts on the mainland shall be The application to the Hong Kong Special Ad• based on the principles of non-subordination, non• ministrative Region of international agreements interference and mutual respect. to which the People's Republic of China is or Article 148 becomes a party shall be decided by the Central Non-governmental organizations in fields such People's Government, in accordance with the cir• as education, science, technology, culture, art, cumstances and needs of the Region, and after sports, the professions, medicine and health, lab• seeking the views of the government of the Reg• our, social welfare and social work as well as ion. religious organizations in the Hong Kong Special International agreements to which the People's Administrative Region may maintain and develop Republic of China is not a party but which are relations with foreign countries and other regi• implemented in Hong Kong may continue to be ons and with relevant international organizati• implemented in the Hong Kong Special Adminis-

XIII trative Region. The Central People's Government terpret on their own, in adjudicating cases before shall, as necessary, authorize or assist the govern• them, the provisions of this Law which are within ment of the Region to make appropriate arrang• the limits of the autonomy of the Region. ements for the application to the Region of other The courts of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• relevant international agreements. trative Region may also interpret other provisions Article 153 of this Law in adjudicating cases before them. The Central People's Government shall author• However, if the courts of the Region, in adjudic• ize the Government of the Hong Kong Special ating cases before them, need to interpret the Administrative Region to issue, in accordance provisions of this Law concerning affairs which with law, passports of the Hong Kong Special are the responsibility of the Central People's Gov• Administrative Region of the People's Republic of ernment, or the relationship between the Central China to all Chinese citizens who hold permanent Authorities and the Region, and if such interpret• identity cards of the Region, and travel docum• ation will affect the judgments on the cases, the ents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative courts of the Region shall, before making their Region of the People's Republic of China to all final judgments which are not appealable, seek an other persons lawfully residing in the Region. The interpretation of the relevant provisions from above passports and documents shall be valid for the Standing Committee of the National People's all states and regions and shall record the holder's Congress through the Court of Final Appeal of the right to return to Hong Kong. Region. When the Standing Committee makes an The Government of the Hong Kong Special Ad• interpretation of the provisions concerned, the ministrative Region may apply immigration con• courts of the Region, in applying those provisions, trols on entry into, stay in and departure from the shall follow the interpretation of the Standing Region by persons from foreign states and regions. Committee. However, judgments previously ren• Article 154 dered shall bot be affected. The Central People's Government shall assist The Standing Committee of the National Peo• or authorize the Government of the Hong Kong ple's Congress shall consult its Committee for the Special Administrative Region to conclude visa Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• exemption agreements with states or regions. ive Region before giving an interpretation of this Article 155 Law. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Article 158 may, as necessary, establish official or semi-offic• The power of amendment of this Law shall be ial economic and trade missions in foreign coun• vested in the National People's Congress. tries and shall report the establishment of such The power to propose amendments to this Law missions to the Central People's Government for shall be vested in the Standing Committee of the the record. National People's Congress, the State Council and Article 156 the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The establishment of foreign consular and oth• Amendment proposals from the Hong Kong Spec• er official or semi-official missions in the Hong ial Administrative Region shall be submitted to Kong Special Administrative Region shall require the National People's Congress by the delegation the approval of the Central People's Government. of the Region to the National People's Congress after obtaining the consent of two-thirds of the Consular and other official missions established deputies of the Region to the National People's in Hong Kong by states which have formal dip• Congress, two-thirds of all the members of the lomatic relations with the People's Republic of Legislative Council of the Region, and the Chief China may be maintained. Executive of the Region. According to the circumstances of each case, Before a proposal for an amendment to this Law consular and other official missions established in is put on the agenda of the National People's Hong Kong by states which have no formal dip• Congress, the Committee for the Basic Law of the lomatic relations with the People's Republic of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall China may be permitted either to remain or be study it and submit its views. changed to semi-official missions. No amendment to this Law shall contravene the States not recognized by the People's Republic established basic policies of the People's Republic of China may only establish non-governmental of China regarding Hong Kong. institutions in Hong Kong. Chapter IX: Supplementary Provisions Chapter VIII: Interpretation and Amendment of the Basic Law Article 159 Upon the establishment of the Hong Kong Spec• Article 157 ial Administrative Region, the laws previously in The power of interpretation of this Law shall be force in Hong Kong shall be adopted as laws of the vested in the Standing Committee of the National Region except for those which the Standing Com• People's Congress. mittee of the National People's Congress declares The Standing Committee of the National Peo• to be inconsistent with this Law. If any laws are ple's Congress shall authorize the courts of the later discovered to be inconsistent with this Law, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to in• they shall be revised or cease to have force in accordance with the procedure as prescribed by XIV this Law. 8. If it is decided by the above-mentioned rclcrc-iiduni thai Documents, certificates, contracts, and rights the Chief Executive shall be selected by general election, general election shall be held from the fourth term onwards and obligations valid under the laws previously in If it is decided otherwise by the referendum, referendum force in Hong Kong shall continue to be valid and shall be held every ten years in accoi-dancc wnh the provis• be recognized and protected by the Hong Kong ions of Item 7 of this Annex. Special Administrative Region, provided that 9. Apart from the provisions of Items 7 and X of ihis they are not inconsistent with this Law. Annex, if there is a need to make other amendments to the method for selecting the Chief Executive, such amendnienls may be made with the endorsement of a two-thirds majoniy of the members of the Legislative Council and the consent of the Chief Executive, and shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. Annex II: Method for the Formation of the Legislative Coun• Annex I: Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of cil of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 1. The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special 1. The Chief Executive shall be elected by a broadly Administrative Region shall be constituted as follows for the representative Election Committee and appointed by the first four terms: Central People's Government. First Term 2. The Election Committee shall be composed of 800 Total number of members of the Legislative Council: 55 members from the following sectors: (1) District representatives 15 Industrial, commercial and financial sectors 200 (2) Representatives from the industrial, commercial The professions 200 and financial sectors 16 Labour, social services, religious communities and (3) Representatives from the professions i 2 other sectors 200 (4) Representatives from the labour, social services, Legislative Councillors, members of district organiz• religious communities and other sectors 1 2 ations. Hong Kong deputies to the National People's Second Term Congress, Hong Kong members of the National Total number of members of the I.cgisla! uc i.cuncii: 65 Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consul• (1) Representatives selected by disirici geueiai elec• tative Conference 200 tion 2 ,S 3. The delimitation of the various sectors and the number (2) Representatives from the industrial, comnicrcial of Election Committee members returned by individual and financial sectors 16 organizations in each sector shall be prescribed by the elec• (3) Representatives from the labour, social services, toral law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. religious communities and other sectors 12 Third and Fourth Terms Corporate bodies in various sectors shall, in accordance Total number of members of the Lcgislativ e Council: .SO with the number of seats allocated and the election method (1) Representatives selected by district geneiai elec• as prescribed by the electoral law, elect members of the tion 40 Election Committee. (2) Representatives from the industrial, eoninicrcial Members of the Election Committee shall vote in their and financial sectors 16 individual capacities. (3) Representatives from the professio: 11 4. Candidates for the office of Chief Executive may be (4) Representatives from the labour snci.il ser> ices, nominated jointly by no less than 100 members of the religious communities and other scctor> 1 2 Election Committee. Each member may nominate only one 2. The division of constituencies, voting .ncttio.'. delimit• candidate. ation of various sectors and corporate bodies ihe.em, alloc• 5. The Election Committee shall, in accordance with the ation of seats, election method, etc. shall be specified b> the list of nominations, elect the Chief Executive designate by electoral law of the Hong Kong Special Adtninistiative Reg• secret ballot on a one-person-one-vote basis. The specific ion. election method shall be prescribed by the electoral law. Eech voter shall have one vote only, 6. The Election Committee shall be dissolved after the 3. the first Legislative Council shall be consiiluted in appointment of the Chief Executive by the Central People's accordance with the "Decision of the ,Naiional People's Government. Congress of the People's Republic of China on the Method 7. The first Chief Executive shall be selected in accordance for the Formation of the First Governmen! and the First with the "Decision of the National People's Congress of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special \dministrat People's Republic of China on the Method for the Formation ive Region". of the First Government and the First Legislative Council of The Legislative Council of the first foui lerins sh:ill he the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". constituted in accordance with the provisions of this Annex. The second and third Chief Executives shall be selected in During the term of office of the fourth Legislative Council, accordance with the method specified in this Annex. the Legislative Council shall formulate a specific method to During the term of office of the third Chief Executive, the decide, through a referendum in the Region, wh.eiher all Legislative Council shall formulate a specific method to members of the Legislative Council shall be selected by decide, through a referendum in the Region, whether the general election. The result of the referendum shall be Chief Executive shall be selected by general election after reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's nominations are made by a broadly representative nominat• Congress for the record. ing committee in accordance with democratic procedures. The above-mentioned referendum shall onl) be held with The result of the referendum shall be reported to the Stan• the endorsement of the majority of members of the Legislat• ding Committee of the National People's Congress for the ive Council, the consent of the Chief Fxeculive and the record. approval of the Standing Committee of the National People's The above-mentioned referendum shall only be held with Congress. The result of the referendum shall only be valid the endorsement of the majority of members of the Legislat• and effective with the affirmative vote of more than 30 per ive Council, the consent of the Chief Executive and the cent of the eligible voters. approval of the Standing Committee of the National People's 4. If it is decided by the above-mentioned referendum thai Congress. The result of the referendum shall only be valid all members of the Legislative Council shall be selected h\ and effective with the affirmative vote of more than 30 per general election, general election shall be held from the fifth cent of the eligible voters. term onwards. If it is decided otherwise b> the referendum.

XV referendum shall be held every ten years in accordance with National People's Congress) the provisions, of Item 3 of this Annex. 1. The first Government and the first Legislative Council 5. Apart from the provisions of Items 3 and 4 of this of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be Annex, other amendments shall require the endorsement of formed in accordance with the principles of state sovereignty a two-thirds majority of the members of the Legislative and smooth transition. Council and the consent of the Chief Executive, and shall be 2. Within the year of 1996, the National People's Congress reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's shall establish a Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Congress for the record. Special Administrative Region, which shall be responsible for preparing the establishment of the Region and shall Annex III: National Laws to be Applied in the Hong Kong decide on the specific method on the formation of the first Special Administrative Region government. The Preparatory Committee shall be composed The following national laws shall be applied locally by the of mainland members and of Hong Kong members who shall Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by way of prom• constitute no less than 50 percent of its membership. Its ulgation or legislation from 1 July 1997: chairman and members shall be appointed by the Standing 1. Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem Committee of the National People's Congress. and National Flag of the People's Republic of China 3. The Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special 2. Resolution on the National Day of the People's Repub• Administrative Region shall be responsible for preparing the lic of China establishment of the Election Committee for the First Gov• 3. Order on the National Emblem of the People's Republic ernment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China Proclaimed by the Central People's Government (hereinafter referred to as the "Election Committee"). Attached : Design of the national emblem, notes of ex• The Election Committee shall be composed entirely of planation and instructions for use permanent residents of Hong Kong and must be broadly 4. Declaration of the Government of People's Republic of representative. It shall include Hong Kong deputies to the China on the Territorial Sea National People's Congress of the People's Republic of 5. Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China China, representatives of Hong Kong members of the Nati• onal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultat• 6. Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concer• ive Conference, persons with practical experience who ning Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities served in Hong Kong's executive, legislative and advisory 14 January 1989 organs prior to the establishment of the Hong Kong Special The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Administrative Region, and persons representative of all After the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Adminis• strata and sectors of society. trative Region takes effect, an institution will be needed to The Election Committee shall be composed of 400 mem• study questions concerning the implementation of certain bers from the following sectors: articles of the Basic Law and to submit its views to the Industrial, commercial and financial sectors 25 percent Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Hen• The professions 25 percent ce, we recommend that upon the coming into force of the Labour, grass-roots and religious Basic Law, a working committee under the Standing Com• organizations 25 percent Former political figures, Hong Kong deputies mittee of the National People's Congress be established. The to the National People's Congress, and rep• working committee shall be composed of mainland and resentatives of Hong Kong members of the Hong Kong members appointed by the Standing Committee National Committee of the Chinese People's of the National People's Congress. Enclosed is a detailed Political Consultative Conference 25 percent plan for your consideration and decision. 4. The Election Committee shall recommend the candidate The Drafting Committee for the Basic Law of for the first Chief Executive through local consultation or the Hong Kong Special Admixiistrative Region through local election after consultation, and report the recommended candidate to the Central People's Government Proposal by the Drafting Committee for the Basic Law of for appointment. The term of office of the first Chief Exec• the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Estab• utive shall be the same as the regular term. lishment of the Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong 5. The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Admin• Kong Special Administrative Region of the Standing Commit• istrative Region shall be responsible for preparing the for• tee of the National People's Congress. mation of the first government of the Region according to 1. Name: The Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong this Law. Kong Special Administrative Region of the Standing Com• 6. The first Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special mittee of the National People's Congress. Administrative Region shall be composed of 55 members, 2. Affiliation: A working committee under the Standing with 15 district representatives, 16 from the industrial, com• Committee of the National People's Congress. mercial and financial sectors, 12 from the professions, and 3. Function: To study questions concerning the implemen• 12 from labour, social services, religious communities and tation of Articles 17, 18, 157 and 158 of the Basic Law of other sectors. Former members of the last Hong Kong Leg• the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and submit islative Council who support the Basic Law of the Hong its views thereon to the Standing Committee of the National Kong Special Administrative Region, are willintg to loyally People's Congress. serve the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and 4. Composition; Twelve members, six from the mainland meet the requirements set forth in the Basic Law will, upon and six from Hong Kong, including persons from the legal confirmation by the Preparatory Committee, become mem• profession, appointed by the Standing Committee of the bers of the first Legislative Council of the Region. Any National People's Congress for a term of office of five years. vacancy therein shall be filled through election conducted by Hong Kong members shall be Chinese citizens who are the Election Committee. permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• The term of office of members of the first Legislative ive Region and shall be nominated jointly by the Chief Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Executive, President of the Legislative Council and Chief shall be two years. Justice of the Court of Final Appeal of the Region for 7. The first Chief Executive and members of the first appointment by the Standing Committee of the National Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrat• People's Congress. ive Region shall be sworn in to office on 1 July 1997. Decision of the National People's Congress of the People's The first Government and the first Legislative Council of Republic of China on the Method for the Formation of the the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be in• First Government and the First Legislative Council of the augurated simultaneously on 1 July 1997. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Drafted for the •

XVI Better Conditions for Returned Students

As increasing numbers of students go to colleges and universities overseas, the Chinese government strives to create better living and working conditions for their return. At the same time, it calls on the returnees to make special efforts to readapt to working in China. by Our Correspondent Wei Liming

uring August 1987, more supplied information about guistics. With China sending than 100 students study• the kind of people they were increasing numbers of people D ing for doctoral degrees looking for. As a result of this to study abroad, and about in Japan received question- two-way consultation, more 1,000 returning annually, the aires from the State Educa• than 90 percent of the students centre was established to help tion Commission asking about secured jobs they desired on students both before they left their job preferences on their their return. and on their return. return. When the forms were The organization linking the According to Zhang Yuqing, returned, the commission students and the universities an official at the centre, its passed them on to 100 univ• is the Chinese Returned Stu• major task is arranging place• ersities around China. Two dents Service Centre, located ments for returnees by finding months later, the universities in the Beijing Institute of Lin• work units that require their direct funds towards academi• ing an outwards looking econ• cial capacities, for example to cally capable returnees. omy, some will be encouraged attend international confer• As many postgraduates have to start up in the coastal citiesi. ences. been abroad for a long period 2. Students specialized in 3. A government department of time, they often experience sophisticated subjects which is now tackling the question of difficulties in ^everyday life cannot be applied in China at balancing the number of re• when they come back. Because present because of a lack of turned students accepted by of this, many institutes and facilities can work both at work units with their quotas of research units try everything home and abroad. They will be senior professioned titles. possible to help tliem, allotting encouraged to continue study• 4. A service centre has been suitable housing fbr example. ing overseas while establishing established specially to serve The state tries to help as well. their discipline at home. students overseas and arrange To accommodale returned The state intends to draw suitable work for them on students properly, the follow• up terms of service for their return. It operates a dual ing tasks remain to be done: government-funded students system of supplying infor• 1. Give them more chances on their return. People have mation on students studying to select their own job. Some expressed fears after they have abroad to employers while giv• will be encouraged to work been abroad once they will not ing information about work in companies, including be permitted to leave the coun• unit vacancies to people due to collectively-owned businesses, try again. These fears are un• return. Sino-foreign joint ventures, necessary: once returned stu• Finally, we hope that all the co-operative enterprises and dents have fulfilled their relevant departments across solely foreign-owned firms. terms of service, they can go the country will mobilize their They can also start their own overseas again. During their resources to make proper ar• companies, and, in line with term of service, they also have rangements for returned stu• the state's strategy of develop• chances to go abroad in offi• dents this year. •

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 19 CHINA

ple to all those who do not stress work efficiency." The centre, how• ever, does not res• trict itself to find• ing jobs. It contin• ues to maintain an interest in returned students after they start work. Last October, for exam• ple, 100 letters were posted out to discover how peo• ple were faring in their new posts. According to Zhang Yuqing, the answers they re• ceived indicated that the returned Back from Japan, Dong Min (centre) at a fashion show of her designs. DAI JIMING students could be divided into two categories. skills—preferably before they dent who has benefited from First, there were those with return. He said the centre's the centre's work. Before re• doctorates now living in large guiding principle was "to help turning from Japan, he ap• cities. For the most part, these talents flow through reason• plied for a post at Beijing's people were satisfied with able competition so that stu• Agricultural University or their working conditions: dents and units can mutually its Agricultural Engineering their laboratories were well- choose each other," while its University, but neither of equipped and readily available staff always bear in mind the them had vacancies. Faced reference material kept them motto of "speed, accuracy, with the prospect of no work abreast of the latest develop• friendliness and satisfaction." and the added difficulty of ments in their subjects. There A wide variety of opportun• getting city residence registra• were some complaints about ities are open to returned stu• tion for his wife who lived in shortages of money for study• dents, from central or regional the countryside, he turned to ing basic theory, and although government posts and interna• the centre for help. It discov• most of them had been allocat• tional organizations, through ered suitable positions at the ed flats with two rooms, hous• higher education and scientif• Nanjing Agricultural Mach• ing problems remained out• ic research units to Chinese or inery Research Institute and standing with some of them. foreign-funded companies ac• the Northwest Agricultural Finaljy, some people had diffi• ross the country, and even in University. Guo was imme• culties gaining city residence mainland-owned businesses in diately informed, and finally registration for their spouses Hong Kong and Macao. opted for the latter of the two. living in the countryside. By October 1988, the centre Zhang Xiang, another stu• Second, there were those as• had helped 109 students with dent who studied in Japan and signed to medium-sized cities. advanced degrees find jobs received aid from the centre, This group was almost univ• —60-plus of them had secured is fulsome in his praise of its ersally dissatisfied with their a placement before they re• work. After being assigned to working conditions, although turned. Now it receives sever• Shanghai's prestigious Fudan their accommodation was bet• al dozen letters from overseas University he wrote, "I am ter than in Beijing, Shanghai each month inquiring about deeply impressed by the and other big cities. Many of possible, job. vacancies. warmth and efficiency of your these people had been appoint• , Guo KangQuan is one stu• service. Your unit is .an exam• ed to high-level posts and were

20 BEIJING REVIEW,.MARCH 13-19, 1989 responsible for important and help them adapt to domes• ganizational ties with their scientific work, which com• tic conditions when they leave work units and remained on pensated to a certain extent for these research stations." their payrolls, or were publicly their working conditions. Because students studying funded or self-financed. overseas often find it hard to Li said the government in• Research Stations judge which unit offers the tended to grant returned stu• best conditions for them to ap• dents further preferential A recent development in ply their knowledge, the gov• treatment this year. There Chinese science has been the ernment has stipulated that re• would be no limits on the num• establishment of special post- search stations can only be es• ber of overseas-trained docto• doctorate research stations. tablished when an institute rates for the research stations, Since 1985, altogether 145 can attract at least one and if the stations had prob• of these stations have been overseas-trained doctorate. lems with housing or special opened in 89 institutes across All students with doctorates subjects they could apply di• the country. Spread across 21 awarded overseas enjoy the rectly for aid to the Ministry branches of science, they now right to be post-doctorate of Personnel's Commission for house 40 percent of all stu• researchers—regardless of the Administration of Post- dents who gained their docto• Doctorate Researchers. rates abroad (130 whether they maintained or- students in total). Subject to ap- After studying in the United States, Dr Wu Shiming (left) "o«w°'-ksat proval, the stu• Wang Xinding, China's Civil Engineering Research Institute. CAI ZHIPEI dents could choose 38, is one of them. to work in any re• After a year's post- search station or doctorate research conduct post- in Canada he re• doctorate research turned to the re• at any unit with• search station at• out a station. Each tached to the of these students Shanghai Plant would qualify for Physiology Re• 15,000 yuan to search Institute to fund scientific re• study the biology search, 25 percent of wheat develop• of which could be ment, writing a used to subsidize thesis on the phy• living costs siology and bioch• —which would be emistry of its cell further subsidized formation in its by a direct grant of embryonic stage. 100 yuan a month Li Lianwei, de• for living expen• puty section chief ses. with responsibility Post-doctorate for post-doctorate researchers would researchers at the also be free, Li Ministry of Per• said, to move to sonnel, said that any other unit one of China's with their spouses most crucial tasks and children, as was ensuring stu• any unit taking dents returned them on would from overseas, be responsible for "We must do our finding a place• best to create a ment for their better environ• spouses. ment for their In addition, the scientific research j'State has esta- BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19. 1989 21 CHINA blished the Post- Commission and Doctorate Re• the State Educa• searchers Science tion Commission, Foundation. This Chen still met with can supply fund• many difficulties. ing in two catego• Because his labor• ries: Class-A, with atory building had 10,000 yuan and no elevator, with US$2,000, and his colleagues he Class-B, with had to carry equip• 5,000 yuan and ment weighing 300 US$1,000. The kg up four floors foundation al• and install his own ready provides plug sockets. economic support Then much time to 125 researchers, was spent ordering most of whom are Armed with an American doctorate in socioiogy, IWIa Rong (left) delivers a instruments and returned students, paper at an international conference in Hong Kong purchasing other Any equipment necessities. The bought with this money be• ity's youngest associate profes• chemical reagents they bought comes the researcher's own sor. In 1987, he was awarded from abroad had to be stored personal property, and so can his doctorate by the biological in refrigerators. But in the two be transferred if he or she and biomedical department of or three days it took Chen to takes up a new position. America's Washington Univ• complete all the airport and Recently, the State Planning ersity. There, he had studied customs formalities, the dry Commission allocated funds to several theoretical and applied ice preserving them melted: build apartment buildings spe• matters concerning the tech• the consignment was useless. cial for post-doctorate re• nology of genetic engineering, Chen says, "These kinds of searchers. Already, blocks accomplishing what are best things happened again and have been completed in Shang• described as "forward experi• again—they really were a pairt hai and Tianjin, and others are mental results." in the neck." under construction. Like some others studying The subsequent success of To date, a dozen or so re• abroad, Chen considered re• his work has somewhat eased turned students with doctorate maining in the United States. his complaints of the lack of degrees have completed their Indeed, several American rationality in organization. post-doctorate research pro• companies and universities of• The close co-operation of all grammes and been employed fered him jobs or post- laboratory's members has re• as researchers; professors, as• doctorate studies in comfort• sulted in substantial progress. sociate researchers or associate able conditions. The synthesis of two kinds of professors in domestic re• However, Chen then heard viral genes for the first time search institutes, while a few that China planned to esta• worldwide has drawn the at• have been sent abroad again to blish a high-tech laboratory tention of Chinese and for• work on co-operative research for plant gene engineering. eign specialists. Technological programmes. Considering China's lack of transfer agreements should development in this field and soon be finalized with foreign Gene Engineer its potential role in the growth companies to sell some of their of the national economy, Chen results. Excited, Chen says A four-storey building be• decided to return. He says, "Before, we always purchased side Weiming Lake at Beijing "This was a challenge. I want• technology from other coun• University houses Associate ed to prove I had the ability tries. Now, we have something Professor Chen Zhangliang's to achieve results even under to sell back to them." Recent• plant gene engineering labor• harsh conditions." ly, several American compan• atory. Already his group has Despite the support of Bei• ies have expressed a desire to realized some major achieve• jing University, the State send people to his laboratory ments.- - .., ; Planning Commission, the to do post-doctorate research. Chen, 27, is Beijing Univers- State Science and Technology "This is my biggest consola- 22 BEIJING REVIEW. MARCH 13-19, 1989 CHINA tion," Chen said. "It shows we at the Karl Marx University in unintentionally suppress their are now preeminent in some the Gerrhan Democratic Re• growth. "In fact," Li says, "all areas." public. In 1988, he founded people should compete under Chen thinks he has been one and was appointed director of equal conditions no matter of the fortunate returned stu• the Research Institute of Soft whether they gSined their doc• dents. He gives full credit to Science at the Chinese People's torates abroad or at home." the support of Ding Shisun, University. Like Chen Zhangliang, Li president of B.eijing Universi• Since returning from owes much of his success to ty. For example, when the abroad, Li has completed a support from the older genera• State Planning Commission al• 200,000-word book titled The tion, particularly his univers• located his laboratory a special New Analysis of Marxism, and ity president. Yuan Baohua, fund to build a greenhouse, written a series of essays to• who, he says, has frequently there was no obvious place to talling 100,000 words. He has inspired him with his inex• put it. Ding, however, consent• also participated in the compi• haustible strength. ed to their proposal to erect it lation of the 1.5 million-word As Li points out, coming to on the laboratory's roof. Chen A Dictionary of Soft Science. terms with Chinese working says that the attitude of lead• Now he would like to write conditions and re-establishing ers determines whether pro• more books, but finds his time ties with colleagues can cause jects succeed or fail. "Without is limited. problems. It took some time •htir support at all levels, a Although his own experi• for Wang Zhibin to realize lelurned student can accom• ence has followed a smooth up• this on his return from Japan. plish nothing," he concludes. wards trajectory, Li pays a lot When Wang received his doc• of concern to the fate of other torate from Tsukuba Univers• Philosophical Progress returned students. He is now ity in 1984, he learnt that Bei• secretary-general of the Bei• jing had opened a modern In 1979, Li Zhongshang be• jing Council for the Prom• hospital, the Sino-Japanese came a post-graduate student otion of Academic Studies for Friendship Hospital. Imme• in the Philosophy Department Young and Middle-Aged Doc• diately he applied to work of the Chinese People's Univ• torates, which helps returned there, declining the invitation ersity. The following year, he students resolve problems in of his former tutor to work at embarked on a doctorate at their academic studies. In De• the Shenyang Medical College. Bonn University in the Fed• cember 1988, when representa• Unexpectedly, he was as• eral Republic of Germany. In tives of returned students met 1984, his 200,000-word The signed to study how diseases Zhao Ziyang, Li Tieying and could be diagnosed from the Marx-Reception of Early Mar- other Party and government cuse was published in Federal tongue instead of his special• leaders, Li said the returnees ity, blood. He was also fre• Germany, with The Historical were not looking for comfort• Development of the Notion of quently asked to work as an able living conditions and high interpreter for visiting Ja• Alienation and Historical Ma• posts, but the facilities to use terialism coming the year af• panese colleagues. Although their learning to serve the he has now been back for more ter. He became a foreign mem• motherland. ber of the Deutsche Philosoph• than four years, he has never ical Society in October 1984, He added that returned stu• been inside the hospital's la• and was later made a presi• dents must adapt themselves boratory. While working hard dium member of the Interna• to the environment at home, in at his present post, he hopes he tional Feuerbach Society. particular, they must strive to can resume studying his spe• readjust their relations with ciality soon. In October 1984, he returned people around them. Some of to China, confident he could them had failed to do so and Complaints contribute to the country with angrily gone abroad again. his learning. He was appointed Because returned students At the Chinese Academy of director of the Research De• often bring back new know• Sciences' Institute of Biophys• partment of Contemporary ledge, techniques and theories, ics, three recently returned Marxism at the Chinese Peo• some people in domestic aca• scholars gave voice to some ple's University, and was made demic circles either feel threa• complaints. an associate professor at the tened or fail to understand Ma Xingqi, who specializes end of 1985. In 1986, he was these new things. Consequent• in studying the crystal struc• invited to be a guest professor ly, they often intentionally or ture of Trichosanthes Kiri-

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 23 On Negotiations With the Dalai Lama

by Hua Zi

ore than eight months willing and ready to talk with of "independence of Tibet." have passed since the the Dalai Lama, and that it Third, the central government M Dalai Lama brought will never receive any delega• is ready to negotiate with the forth his "new proposal" in tion or visiting group sent by Dalai Lama in person either Strasbourg, France, which he the "Kasha government" since in Beijing, Hong Kong or a considered to be the basis for the central government has Chinese diplomatic compound negotiations with the central never recognized such a in any place in the world. government. Responses have government-in-exile. Second, If the Dalai Lama still feels been made from both sides to• the Dalai Lama's "new propos• uneasy in any of these places, wards these proposals. al" cannot be regarded as the he is free to choose another The central government has basis for negotiations since it location, as long as no foreig• made it clear that, first, it is has not relinquished the idea ners are present.

lowii, said he was not appoint• affairs. Li said that in other of the research institutes, such ed an associate professor be• countries it was common prac• vacancies will be filled. This is fore he went abroad because of tice not to reserve posts for the only feasible method quota limits. While away, he those who did not return on for both respecting personal was informed that people stu• time. In dealing with concrete choices and the normal work dying overseas would not be matters, of course, the result of the research institutes." Li given the title. Now he has re• should be acceptable and not thought Zhou's words quite reasonable. turned, only to be told that he viewed as a kind of punish• will have to wait until the next ment. As for the professional titles of some returned students, Li round of appraisals. Clearly, Li also quoted a letter writ• said the quota limits were a he has been quite dissatisfied ten by Zhou Guangzhao, the problem. But, consideration with this system. academy's president, to a re• should also be given to the aca• Wu Bomu, who studied the search fellow who was dis• demic level of the applicants. crystal structure of viruses in missed for not coming back on He added that those who the United States, has discov• time. It runs, "Currently, we could find no suitable condi• ered that his institute has no are conducting reforms in the tions to continue their scientif• such subject, and there is no scientific and technological ic research at home would be suitable job for him elsewhere system aimed at eliminating allowed to do so in co• in China. He now plans to go the life-tenure system and operation with other countries abroad again. egaiitarianism (everybody eat• abroad. Lou Meizhen, back from ing from the same big pot). An Since 1978, the China Aca• Britain, said she dared not stay appointment system has been demy of Sciences has sent more than 6,000 people to stu• abroad longer because she had introduced here for all staff, including those who have gone dy in 35 countries and regions, signed a contract with her unit half of whom have returned. and would have faced dismis• abroad. It will generally be as• sumed that staff who have ex• Another 600 doctorates are ex• sal. pected to come back in the These expressions of dissa• ceeded the time limit on their next couple of years. The aca• tisfaction were put to Li Zhix- sabbatical leave have left their demy plans to establish a re• ian, a China Academy of jobs of their accord, and their turned students service centre Sciences official in charge of personal choices will be res• to help arrange their work and overseas and returned student pected. But, to ensure the work life. •

24 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 19S4 Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai celebrating the Tibetan New Year with the Dalai Lama dnd the Panchen l^ma in Belling in 1955. The Dalai Lama hastily pub• decades. And two, it has be• tiations in the first place. The lished the name list of the ne• come a trend in the world to Dalai Lama insisted on basing gotiation group, although he peacefully solve both interna• the negotiations on his "new has been unable to recruit un• tional and domestic disputes. proposal," whereas the central animous support from his fol• It is a wise choice for the Dalai government is against it. The lowers for the "new proposal." Lama to follow suit. stand of the latter is that any• Once the central government Part of the consideration of thing is negotiatable except gave him the choice of venue the central government to ne• the independence of Tibet. Al• and time for the negotiations, gotiate with the Dalai Lama is though the Dalai Lama did not he announced that the negotia• the religious feeling of the Da• use such a phrase as "inde• tions would be held in Geneva lai Lama's believers in Tibet. pendence of Tibet" in his pro• in January 1989. However, the The policy of the freedom of posal, he emphasized that Ti• central government, the se• religion has been reintroduced bet had been an independent cond party to the negotiations, gradually since 1979. The cen• country which was lattr "in• was not informed of the deci• tral government has openly ex• vaded" by China. He said that sion until after the announce• pressed its welcome for the re• Tibetans have the right to res• ment was made. turn of the Dalai Lama for the istance and "national self- Moreover, the Dalai Lama sake of the unification of determination" and that Tibet delivered two speeches to the the motherland, national un• should be restored as an "inde• world between September 1987 ity and socialist construction. pendent country." It has been and June 1988. This he did When the Dalai Lama ex• a hard fact that ever since the despite the fact that Tibet is pressed his willingness to ne• Yuan Dynasty exercised its a domestic issue and that the gotiate, the central govern• sovereignty over Tibet in the central government had main• ment responded not only with mid-13th century, it has al• tained contact with the Da• a welcome but also offered ways been a part of China, lai Lama since 1979. Naturally him the privilege of choosing even during the Qing Dynasty the Dalai Lama's propaganda the time and location for the (1644-1911) and the rule of efforts in the world scene have negotiations, thus showing the the Kuomintang. So there is no given rise to suspicions of his good will of the central gov• concession to be made by the honesty in negotiating with the ernment. central government as regards central government. However, as many observers China's sovereignty over Ti• Observers here think that see it, there still is a gap to bet. there are two purposes for the cover between the Dalai Lama Another obstacle to the ne• Dalai Lama's negotiation pro• and the central government gotiations is the interference, posals, which were brought before the negotiations, which of foreigners. This is, indeed, forth thirty years after he fled are sure to take place someday, an issue of concern. Imperial• the country. One, politically can begin. Both parties have ists have had their eyes on Ti• he has not gained anything to not agreed on the substantial bet for over a century. They be proud of in the last three issue of the basis for the nego• even fostered a handful of pro-

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 25 CHINA

A Village by the Lhasa River (I)

Thirty years have gone by since the 1959 democratic reform in Tibet. What changes have taken place for the farmers and herdsmen there? To get a first-hand view, two of our reporters visited a village in the suburbs of Tibet's capital of Lhasa. Following is one of a series of reports on this visit.—Ed. by Our Staff Reporters Yang Xiaobing and Zhang Wei e paid a visit to Lhasa, Zhuoma Yangjin. making it difficult for the vil• capital of Tibet, be• Under the jurisdiction of lagers to visit the city. Taking W tween late January and Caigongtang Township, advantage of this natural bar• early February. We told the Xiangga Village now has 69 rier for several hundred years, hospitabje local officials the households tilling about 46 lords of various generations in instructions of our editor in hectares of land. Thanks to re• the village had ordered their chief at Beijing Review and laxed government policies, vil• chaba to set up ferries on the asked them not to show us mo• lage production has developed river, using cattle-hide boats, del, wealthy villages, but rath• very fast. Now one third of the and they had profited from the er, very ordinary ones. Our village households have trac• transactions. While the lord's hosts readily accepted our re• tors or trucks. This forms a family made a fortune from quest and arranged for us to sharp contrast to the tragic si• this business, the chaba led a visit Xiangga Village, eight tuation 30 years ago. Under hard life. kilometres southeast of Lhasa. the rule of serfdom, the vil• A 44-year-old woman, The village is skirted by the lage then had 17 households, Langjie Zhuoga, said her fath• Lhasa River on the north and including one lord who owned er was one of the ferrymen; he is screened by towering Painbo more than 80 percent of the was carried away by a flood Mountain to the southwest. It village land, and two chaba while rowing the boat. is cut into southern and north• (serfs), whose economic posi• In the late 1950s, Xiangga ern halves by. the Lhasa- tion was in comparatively bet• Village was stirred by a group Chengdu Highway. After a ter, shape. Many households of engineers who began build• survey we. discovered that had neither land nor any ing a bridge over the Lhasa Xiangga Village is really lit• means of production. River at a point only two kilo• tle known, just as we wanted. Although Xiangga Village is metres from the village. This Seeing the satisfaction on oiir only eight kilometres from sent the villagers on the south• faces, our hosts sent two inter• Lhasa, it was isolated from the ern bank of the river into ec• preters, Kangna Meiduo and capital by the Lhasa River, stasy. Suolang Luobu, now 63, imperialists among the reac• tionists in Lhasa, the local trust. He will have to be res• tionary Tibetan upper class af• capital in Tibet. According to ponsible for the results if ter their armed occupation of some of the participants of Tibet. And this kind of in• these riots, they were instigat• the current situation is un• terference and instigation has ed by the Tibetan separation- checked. never stopped even after the ists in exile. Although the Da• More efforts will have to be founding of the People's Re• lai Lama has denied any con• made before both parties can public of China. nection with these incidents, finally sit down at the negotia• For honest negotiations, a the Tibetan Youth Congress in favourable atmosphere should exile has never denied their tion table. be created and maintained. involvement. Hence the Dalai (This article first appeared However, a number of riots Lama's honesty towards the in China's Tibet quarterly were initiated by a few separa- negotiations is difficult to issue No. 1, 1989.) 26 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 stiJl cherishes the memory of "The Lhasa Bridge opens lord's family often found it the event. He recalled how the not only for good people," said hard to keep the wolf from the workers, wearing diving suits, Suolang Luobu, whose wrin• door. Most of the chaba, like dived into the river to work. kled face lent credence to his Suolang Luobu, had not an "Many of the workers were of knowledge of the history of the inch of land nor any means of the Han nationality, and the bridge. production. They subsisted by bridge was hence built by both In March 1959, he said, he toiling for the lord. Hans and Tibetans," said the and his fellow villagers heard Suolang Luobu's family had old man. "People from the oth• gunshots from the direction of a dozen members and he was er villages often lent the build• Lhasa and then saw a dense the only able-bodied labourer. ers a helping hand." crowd swarming across the He often drove ten yaks be• The completion of the bridge bridge, fleeing eastward; the longing to the lord to the Shan- put an end to the ancient situa• lord of Xiangga Village was nan area after trekking several tion in which people from both among them. They were later days to get firewood. He gave sides of the river found it hard informed of the armed rebel• nine loads of firewood to the to visit each other. The Xiang- lion that attempted to oppose lord in return for less than 30 ga villagers and local Tibe• "the Han people's exploitation kg of highland barley. He also tans decorated the bridge with and oppression of Tibet." A bartered his load of firewood hada (silk scarves used as democratic reform was con• on the market for some food. blessing gifts among the Tibe• ducted under the leadership of This is how his family made a tan and Mongolian national• the Communist Party of China living. During the democratic ities). Some even sang, "The after the rebellion was quelled, reform, his family was given bridge built across the river, and he understood that it was half a hectare of land, a cow just like a paper strip seal put a good thing the rebellion was and some farm tools. Gradual• on the mouths of ferrymen." put down. ly their lives became better. "I This meant that they no longer Prior to the democratic re• don't think we Tibetans are ex• would be extorted by the lord form, all the 17 families in ploited and oppressed by the for crossing the river. Xiangga Village except the Hans," said the old man. BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 1 CHINA

In 1962, another con• On March 5, 1988, a tingent of engineers riot hit Lhasa. The riot• came to Xiangga Vil• ers shouted slogans de• lage. And two years la• manding independence ter, a concrete bridge for Tibet. Talking about was built to replace the this, all the villagers wooden one. The work• who spoke to us ex• ers on the project in• pressed their opposition. cluded 700 people of Ciren Wangjie, now the Han nationality, who richest person in Xiang• came from other parts of ga Village, said, "It is the country. These Hans quite baffling what they got along well with the (the rioters) are up to." Xiangga villagers. According to the One of them was Li Xiangga villagers, the Jinyong from Yanqing Communist cadres in in the suburbs of Bei- Li Jinyong, his wife and son. YANG XIAOBING the early 1960s were ex• jinj. During the work, cellent. Sent to the vil• he fell in love with a local girl, along very well with.the vil• lage to help with work, they Luobu Quezhen. Upon com• lagers and never hesitated to were always solicitous for the pletion of the bridge, his fel• help the others with tasks, welfare of the villagers, prov• low workers returned, but he such as building houses. She ing themselves to be very help• chose to marry the Tibetan also said that the villagers in ful. With the introduction of girl, making his home in return often invited him to at• the contracted production res• Xiangga Village. tend wedding feasts. Last year. ponsibility system, life has im• Li Jinyong is now nearly 70 Ding had an operation at proved, but some of the cadres years old. Holding his five- Lhasa Hospital and almost all became less helpful. Very of• year-old granddaughter, he the families in the village ten when the villagers told told us that no Xiangga villa• sent people to visit him there, them of problems, they would evade their responsibility by gers opposed his making his bringing along delicious foods saying that "we'll study these home there. "One who does not for him. problems" or "we'll report perpetrate any evil won't have During our stay in Xiangga these to our superiors." But no people to oppose," Li said Village, we discovered that the result was seen. And the high• while his wife, Luobu Quezhen villagers are very objective. er authorities seldom came to listened and smiled. Li has Talking about emancipation, inspect or help with the vil• five children who, unlike Han some Tibetans have said they lage work. They came only af• children, who take their names have been living there for ter the autumn harvest to urge from their fathers, have only many generations and would the villagers to sell their sur• given names, names consi• be leading a better life if the plus grain to the state. When dered to be lucky, just like the Hans had not come. But Suo- people complained, they local people. lang Luobu said that the Tibe• would say, "Right, we're sorry In Xiangga Village there is tans won emancipation under for not having shown enough another family in which the the leadership of the Com• concern for you. We'll correct husband. Ding Xuenian, is of munist Party of China and the it later." The following year Han nationality, and the wife, Hans also won their freedom would again see no changes. under the same leadership. Langjie Zhuoga, 44, is Tibe• Suolang Luobu told us that tan. They got married 22 years The old man said that it is to have one of his sons trans• ago. Unfortunately, while we not bad to have Han leaders in ferred to work at a unit close were there. Ding was out of the Tibet. According to a Tibetan to the village, he gave one of village working in a fuel ware• saying, anyone who is able to the local cadres a basket of house for a nearby construc• help people lead a happy life eggs. "He accepted my eggs but tion team. Unlike the Lis, the can be an emperor. "Just like has not helped me in this re• Dings fell in love in a differ• the Lhasa Bridge, which was gard," Suolang Luobu said ent way. Langjie Zhuoga fell built by both the Hans and the with a sigh, adding, "Cadres in love with Ding and "asked Tibetans," he said, "unity be• like him will only mar the Ding's hand" herself. Langjie tween the Hans and the Tibe• prestige of the Communist said that her husband got tans is very important." Party and the government." •

28 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 19H9 BUSINESS/TRADE

Beijing to Sell Off Land n a bid to improve Bei• jing's investment environ• ment, the municipality's Iauthorities have drawn up plans to sell three plots of land in the city's suburbs to for• eign companies. According to Zhang Ming, director of the Beijing Foreign Economic Re• lations and Trade Commis• sion, each plot covers 1-2 ,A square kilometres. Assembly work in the Beijing Yinyan Electronic Flash Co. Ltd. XUE CH ,0 Sales of land to foreigners tages of raw materials. Zhang dustries over the next few have already been conduct• Ming said the city had al• years. ed in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, ready decided to expand im• Fuzhou, Xiamen and Shang• port rights for foreign-funded by Yue Haitao hai. enterprises and would pay Zhang was quick to point more attention to the develop• Far North out that there were essential ment of major joint ventures, differences between these sales ensuring their supplies of steel Expands and the territorial concessions products and other raw mater• forced on the Chinese govern• ials. Sino-Soviet Ties ment between the late 19th Zhang also said the muni• hina has negotiated doz• century and the 1940s. He said cipality would give new joint ens of construction and it was only land use rights that ventures support and priority labour service agree• were being sold: in accord• in the supply of materials and Cments with the Soviet Union, ance with China's Constitu• energy resources to enable Liu Guojian, director of the tion, land ownership remains them to go into operation rap• Harbin Foreign Economic Re• with China. idly. Recently, the city's au• lations and Trade Commis• He added that foreign busi• thorities have concentrated sion, reported recently. nesses would be allowed to de• on soliciting suggestions from They mainly cover co• velop and resell any land foreign investors. operative projects to develop bought, and that laws and re• Beijing now has 409 foreign- Soviet forestry, processing and gulations detailing the rights funded enterprises with a total light industry in cities near the of buyers were now being investment of US$900 million. border, and include a plan to drafted. Zhang said nothing Most of their general man• send some 10,000 textile work• about land management rights agers are foreign employees. ers and technicians to work for foreign buyers. And some of them have recent• in the USSR. Chinese work• According to this senior of• ly complained to the Chinese ers will enjoy the same wages ficial responsible for foreign government of interference as local workers. economic relations and trade, in routine management from Liu said that Harbin's trade many problems currently ex• Chinese board chairmen. Ac• with the Soviet Union had ist in Beijing's investment en• cording to Zhang, regulations doubled over the last few years vironment. He said the mun• are in the pipeline to guaran• with the normalization of re• icipal authorities would soon tee managerial rights for ge• lations between the two coun• be drafting a series of policies, neral managers in foreign- tries. laws and regulations covering funded enterprises. To date, some 60 agreements foreign investment in the cap• Zhang said Beijing would be on co-operative projects have ital. concentrating on developing been signed. In 1988, bilater• Among the difficulties fac• its automobile, electronics, al trade totalled 105 million ing foreign investors in Beijing foodstuffs, building materials, Swiss francs, of which Chinese have been the nationwide shor- textiles, printing and light in• exports accounted for more

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 29 BUSINE: '/TRADE

US$700 Million Spent on Update he largest steel complex in northeast T China, the Anshan Iron and Steel Co., has attracted US$700 million in foreign funds for its modernization pro• gramme in the last three years. According to Liang Yaohao, deputy di• rector of the company's planning divi• sion, it was originally decided to invest US$340 million of foreign currency be• tween 1986 and 1990. But by the end of last year, around US$300 million had been spent importing 35 items of equip• ment. And this figure excluded US$400 million spent on Italian seamless steel tube machinery. Already the company has met annual production targets of 7 million tons of pig iron and 8 million tons of steel two years ahead of time. By 1990, it plans to be producing 8 million tons of steel an• nually, rising to 10 million tons in 1995 and 15 million tons by the end of the century. The newly-modernized hot-rolled steel production line at the An• The imports of advanced technology shan Iron and Steel Complex. ZHENG RONGJI and equipment have both increased and diversified production. The plant's semi- Liang said that the company had so far im• continuous rolled steel output meets inter• ported machinery or secured funding from a national standards, and production of rolled dozen countries including the United States, plates increased by 270,000 tons last year, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ita• earning profits of nearly 100 million yuan ly and the Soviet Union. more than before. He said the only way the Anshan complex Although the company has a 70-year histo• ry, it could not produce colour-clad plates could meet its ambitious targets and become a until it imported from Japan a slab-caster and modern iron and steel production centre was some colour cladding equipment from the Un• by utilizing foreign capital to update technol• ited States and built a wire rod factory with ogy and machinery and quicken the pace of an annual output of 500,000 tons. technological transformation. •

than 50 million Swiss francs. the 1950s. China's largest city. Through The Soviet Union's principal After sending a delegation history, 170,000 Russians have exports have been steel prod• to the Soviet Union, China's lived there, engaging in indus• ucts, chemical fertilizers, tim• State Council Port City Office try and commerce. ber and cement, which China and the Ministry of Commun• A city leader said that be• has exchanged with light in• ications have negotiated a na• cause of the long suspension dustrial goods and labour. vigation agreement for in Sino-Soviet trade relations, The Soviet Union has also Chinese cargo ships to trav• people were eager to expand started to send technicians, el along the Songhua River economic ties rapidly. He machinery and spare parts to through Khabarovsk to the Sea predicted a bright future for help renovate and update the of Okhotsk. co-operation between the two large-scale factories China Harbin, capital of Hei-countries. constructed with Soviet aid in j j longjiang Province, is north by Liu Jianjun

30 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 the programme, more than 65 for Scientific and Technolog• Sino-Polish percent of the planned trade ical Development, said both has been realized, and last China and Poland were in• Trade Expands year contracts for another 1.4 terested in further expanding billion Swiss francs were ad• economic and technological ince the establishment of S the Sino-Polish Commit• ded. links. tee of Economic and Despite this progress, trade He said prospects for furth• Scientific Technological Co• officials from both countries er growth in Sino-Polish ties operation in 1985, bilateral said the pace of development largely depended on devel• trade and economic ties have in industrial co-operation re• opments in scientific- made China one of Poland's mained low. Last year, each technological and industrial largest trade partners. supplied the other only 30 mil• co-operation. He voiced the Long-term agreements pro• lion Swiss francs worth of in• hope that these would particu• posed bilateral trade valued at dustrial goods. larly involve government de• 6.5 billion Swiss francs for Zbigniew Grabowski, the partments and enterprises in 1986-90. After three years of head of Poland's State Office areas of new technology. •

invented by general manager pan's Overseas Economic Co• Galaxy Inc. Gets Lu Shiqin, is particularly suit• operation Fund. able for use with the noble When fully completed, the Off the Ground metals. Compared with direct project will have six berths. current electroplaters, it offers The first two went into opera• he Galaxy Development 30 percent savings of gold and tion in 1977, and the final two Inc. is one of the latest T silver, and has reached inter• should be finished by the end companies to join the national norms of reliability. of 1990. ranks of China's rapidly ex• panding electronics industry. Zhu said the company plans • The Jiangsu Foreign Econo• Established towards the end to unveil its products to inter• mic Co-operation and Trade of last year in Beijing's Zhong- national customers at an exhi• Symposium will be held in guancun "electronic street," bition to be held from April Nanjing from February the company now employs 20-30. He added that Galaxy 27-March 8. Its main aim is to nearly 300 scientists and hopes to establish co-operative discuss import-export trade, technicians, mainly drawn links with companies from projects for local process• from the Chinese Academy of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan ing industries, compensato• Sciences. Some of them have and overseas countries, who ry trade and other forms of won patents and invention are also welcome to participate economic co-operation. awards both from China and in the exhibition. Some 23 trade delegations other countries. by Han Baocheng will attend the symposium: a Zhu Weiheng, vice- comprehensive trade delega• chairman of Galaxy's board of tion from 18 local foreign directors, said the company's News in Brief trade companies, a delegation aim was promoting the esta• representing more than 50 blishment of a knowledge- and • The annual cargo handling foreign-funded enterprises, de• technology-intensive structure capacity at Qinhuangdao Har• legations from Suzhou, Wuxi, for China's industry, as well as bour increased by 600,000 tons Nantong and Nanjing, and se• developing foreign trade and when two 15,000-ton berths on parate delegations for textiles, co-operation in high technol• the C and D wharves were put cotton knitwear, garments, ogy. into operation on December 27 silk, cereals, edible oils and Production of the company's last year. foodstuffs, native produce and QD-500A pulse electroplating Designed to handle a wide animal by-products, light in• power source and its 2D range of cargos, the wharves dustrial goods, arts and crafts, energy-saving lamps has al• were solely Chinese-designed health products, hardware, ready commenced, and both and built. Finance for the pro• minerals, non-ferrous metal• products have readily found ject's principal building ma• lurgy, chemicals, electronics, customers. terials and machinery came and machinery and equip• The OD-500A power source, from a loan provided by Ja- ment. •

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 31 Harbin Hosts Ice Festival

t night, hundreds of out• val time ap• door ice sculptures in proached, people A different styles and would light up shapes, illuminated by colour• lanterns. Some ful lights, attract thousands of thought that it guests from China and abroad. would be more in• People step on to the magni• teresting to en• ficent Great Wall built with case the lights in thousands of ice bricks, im• ice, so they began merse themselves in a fairy carving ice blocks land palace and enjoy seeing into various some abstract art works. shapes. Gradual• This once-a-year ice and ly this practice snow festival in Harbin, Hei- developed into an longjiang Province brings an art of magnifi• air of vitality to northern Chi• cent ice sculp• na's first large city. Known as tures. Moreover, an "Ice City," Harbin, which the scope and var• is covered with ice up to 199 iety of such a Arabian Castle. days a year, has temperatures Ice Sculpture GUO JIANSHE that plunge to more than 30°C display grew and below zero. With its world- continues to do famous ice sculptures as a so. are such themes as the legend centrepiece, Harbin's various Today, in this great ice- of Eight Immortals Crossing local customs and activities sculpture art world, one can the Sea, The Shanhaiguan provide a rich and colourful see the intermingling of Pass, the first pass from the culture that may be exper• Chinese and Western cultures, east end of the Great Wall, ienced throughout the winter. with both traditional and mod• and the Tripitaka-Master of At the most recent festival, ern styles. One can also en• the Tang Dynasty and his dis• ice-sculpture artists from the joy the reproduction of var• ciples in the Journey to the United States, Japan, Canada ious domestic and foreign West. and France participated in a scenic spots and legends. Visitors may also get a view two-day competition here. A Thousands of local people and of other activities that occur in husband and wife from the artists moved ice blocks from this brisk and festive climate. American team carved a dol• the Songhua River to carve In the early morning, the cold• phin figure with an electric scenes from everyday life, re• est time in a day, hundreds of saw. Their unrestrained spirit collections and dreams into old men and women do exer• was like that of a couple of vivid figures. cises on the frozen surface of lumberjacks, while the work of In addition to ice sculptures, the river, sometimes as thick the French team was more re• this festival offers a taste of as one metre, to the accompan• fined. At last, the work other cultural delights. ying beat of disco music. Ploughing Girl and the Sun, Coloured lanterns are anoth• Later in the morning, a win• a French creation, won first er festive feature. People use ter swim team composed of old place in the competition. paper and other materials to people and children aged from Such a display of beautiful, make various figures, build• ten to 70 may come to the riv• well-done ice lanterns was first ings and scenes, and decorate er, jump into its icy water and initiated in the 1960s. As festi- them with lanterns. Depicted paddle about. One lady, who

32 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 CULTURE/SCIENCE has done this for years, said Harbin and Canada have joint• tion. She enjoys singing songs that it has cured her arthritis ly established a centre dedicat• that are both sentimental and and a chronic disease. ed to the development of ice thematically meaningful, such Besides, there are also mo- and snow art and are expected as Search for Love, which was torboat races on ice and even to hold an ice-sculpture ex• written and composed by Guo wedding ceremonies to enjoy. hibition in the United States Feng. This song is sweet, mild Recently, 50 couples from all next winter. and has a two-octave range. parts of China came to Harbin Although not an easy piece, to exchange their vows. by Liu Jianjun Wei Wei sings it perfectly with Locals also use the ice and her rhythmic voice, expressing snow to create a unique ice freely its sentiments. She in• banquet. Foods such as froz• toxicates both her foreign and en pears, frozen persimmons, Singer Wei Wei Chinese fans with delight. frozen jiaozi (dumplings), Wins Acclaim Wei Wei, gifted with a good fried popsicle and ice cream voice, has enjoyed singing are served. According to the ei Wei, one of China's since childhood. When she was local tradition, to constantly top pop music stars to• in primary school, she spent eat cold food can prolong one's W day, has recently won almost all her free time sing• life. It can eliminate the "in• international acclaim as well. ing, dancing and acting on ternal heat" (symptoms such In December 1988, she sung stage. At the age of 14, this as constipation, inflamation of Search for Love, which was Zhuang nationality girl was the nasal and oral cavities, then popular in China, at the admitted to the Guangxi conjunctivitis, etc.) referred to Fifth Yugoslav Mesam Inter• Liuzhou Song and Dance En• in traditional Chinese med• national Music Festival, host semble where she formally be• icine. to more than 20 singers from gan her singing career. A year Besides, festival goers and later, she was admitted to the other visitors can get a taste of 17 countries, and was awarded more exotic, local dishes. In a a special perform• village of Korean nationality ance prize. In ear• Wei Wei performs at tiie 1989 Spring Festival celebra• in the city's suburbs, dog meat ly 1987, Wei Wei tions. and white liquor is offered to was first given a guests, accompanied by plenty special prize at of singing and dancing. the 24th Sopot In• Another permanent attrac• ternational Popu• tion is one of historical signif• lar Song Festival icance. Outside the city, there held in Poland. is the old homesite of Jin- After that she wushu, forefather of the Man- won the gold chu people who later founded prize at the Bei• the Qing Dynasty. In the Song jing 1988 World Dynasty, he once fought with Ten Cities Inter• the famous Han General Yue national Popular Fei. Eventually the Manchu Song Invitational people were to capture Beijing Tournament. Pre• and entered into the annals of sently, she is a the Palace Museum. Chinese mainland Hence, Harbin's winter festi• singer awarded val offers a unique blend of the most prizes at local culture, national history, international po• and international exchange. pular song com• According to Zhao Xichen, petitions. director of the city's Travel Wei Wei has a and Tourist Bureau of the city, wide voice range preparations are being made that is rich in to launch Harbin's concept tone, pure and of ice-sculpure art into other beautiful, and she parts of the world. To this end. sings full of emo•

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 13-19, 1989 33 CULTURL/SCIENCE China Railway Cultural of them actually accepted the an easy job to produce an en• Troupe in fulfilment of her job in haste and not every one tertainment movie. His Code wish to further her study of them was skilful at direct• Name "American Leopard" in Beijing. She sang mezzo- ing these movies. gives one the impression that it soprano in the chorus and be• Xu Lei of the Beijing Film was a routine effort. The epi• gan to learn bel canto style Studio, who won a TV film sodes are handled loosely and singing from Cen Bing, in• prize in 1986 for his Looking far from memorable beyond structor at China's Music Con• for the Lost World, admitted the movie's 80 minutes. No servatory vocal department. frankly that it was against his wonder a critic said, "Zhang Once, she was the lead singer free will that he did the Girls in a chorus and unexpected• of Revenge, although the mov• Yimou has disappeared." ly received highly enthusias• ie was a No. 1 record-breaker The above-mentioned at tic praise from the audience. in regard to copies sold last least reveals the following: 1) Many sent in requests on slips year. Xu was originally partial An accomplished director or of paper asking for the lead to a script entitled The White artist should never drift with singer to sing solo. Horse, an artistically sound the tide; 2) like other kinds of In 1985, Wei Wei prod• piece, yet the studio director movies, entertainment films uced successively two solo- asked him to produce a money• have their own laws. It is no performance tapes and began maker first. easy task to produce a good to sing at various concerts. She After director Li Shaohong entertainment movie. ''' was also voted one of the top produced the Silver Snake Some people think that Chi• 12 pop singers in China. Murder Case, predicted to be a na's film industry can only de• In early 1987, Wei Wei was best-seller, she found it very pend on entertainment fea• transferred to the China Light embarrassing and told others: tures to pull it out of its eco• Music Trouppe where she was "The movie may damage my nomic strain. In fact, the sa• able to give free rein to her image. I'll not do it again. I did turation point of the film mar• talent as a solo singer. n it this time to make money for ket is rather limited; and low- the studio." quality movies for entertain• Some other directors, how• ment are by no means wel• ever, are making entertain• comed. Money Motions ment movies willingly. Liu Critics think that entertain• Guoquan is one among them. ment movies produced nowa• Film Trend In her Crazy Girl-Singer, she enlisted singing-star Mao Ah- days lack imagination and ast year saw China's film min to play the leading role. depth in regard to life experi• L industry producing a lot The movie has been very suc• ence. They are nothing but co• of entertainment movies, cessful, stimulating Liu to pies of oriental kungfu films about 60 percent of all the produce more good entertain• or Western adventure pictures. films made. This is unprece• ment movies. Regarding such Some artists think that enter• dented in the film history of movies as an artistic challenge, tainment films can be done at New China. Even director she said: "The more entertain• will and that flashy techniques Zhang Yimou, who has gained ing a movie is, the more diffi• and skills are required instead fame from his Red Sorghum, cult it is to produce and the of realism and-a presentation produced Code Name "Ameri• more work it creates for the of social contradictions. This can Leopard," an action- director." kind of confused thinking al• packed film centred on anti- It is true that Chinese direc• lows many films to lose their hijacking efforts. tors are still unfamiliar with fresh contents and lively de• Other well-known directors films for entertainment. A tails. Hence they become ster• also joined the ranks of those noted director, after doing eotypic, mediocre pieces. It is producing movies for enter• such a movie, said, "The tech• expected that more movies for tainment, with flicks such as niques I was familiar with entertainment will be shown in Tian Zhuangzhuang's Young were of no use here, and the China's cinemas this year. Peo• Breakers, Zheng Dongtian's production required lots of ple are looking forward to Stealthily Entering the Golden what I didn't know." Even for seeing better movies to amuse Triangle, Yan Xueshu's Mur• Zhang Yimou, one who has themselves. derer's Sentiment and Xu won many prizes for his new Lei's Girls of Revenge. Many ideas in film creation, it is not by Wei Liming 34 BEIJING REVIEW. MARCH 20-26, 1989 The Girl and Donkey.

Hair-Bun Baby.

ART PACE

A Fairy Riding a Tiger. Papercuts by Han Jiuxiang Han Jiuxiang was born in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, in 1920. She is a folk papercut artist. Her papercuts voice the traditional bold and elegant styles of the papercuts from the north western areas in China. Her works convey an inheritance of ancient folk customs and traditional decorative patterns. For example, a papercut of a baby, used as a hair-bun decoration is a sign of new life and wards off evil according to ancient legends. Cock Fighting. Fujian Provinc An Seng Rattan Ware Enterprise Limi

The An Seng Rattan Ware Enter• prise is a joint venture between the Lianyi Development Co. of Anxi County, Fujian Province, and Hong Kong's Chan Seng Yee Estates, Ltd. We sell rattan furniture and arts and crafts both within China and overseas. We also offer artificial flowers made from silk and plas• tic, garments and plastic ware.

Address: Anxi, Fujian Province, China Tel: 0595-20998 Cable: 2502 Telex: 93123 ASRWE CN Fax: 0595-20988

Chairman of the Board of Direc tors: Chen Qiu Ju Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors: Chan Seng Yee Managing Director: Chen Qing He

Sales Office: 218 Lu Jiang Road, Xiamen, Liason Office: Room 2702-2709, Hong Kong Plaza, Fujian Province, China 186-191 Connaught Road V.'est, Hong Tel: 23799 Kong Cable: 3799 Tel: 5-593961 Cable: PRAWNSCO GUANMPORT Fax: 5-471473 Telex: 83631 PRAWN HX