Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 33177 September 2005

People’s Republic of : Songhua Basin Water Quality and Pollution Control Management – Summary Report

Prepared by SOGREAH Consultants / WL Delft Hydraulics

For Songliao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents.

PEOPLE REPUBLIC OF CHINA

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGLIAO RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES PROTECTION BUREAU

SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT

TA N° 4061-PRC

FINAL REPORT SUMMARY REPORT

SEPTEMBER 2005 2 340107.R4.V1

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGLIAO RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES PROTECTION BUREAU

SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT TA 4061 PRC

FINALREPORT: VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT IDENTIFICATION N° : 2340107.R4.V1 DATE : SEPTEMBER 2005

This document has been produced by the Consortium SOGREAH Consultants/Delft Hydraulics as part of the ADB Project Preparation TA (Job Number: 2340107). This document has been prepared by the project team under the supervision of the Project Director following Quality Assurance Procedures of SOGREAH in compliance with ISO9001.

APPROVED BY

Index DATE AUTHOR CHECKED BY (PROJECT PURPOSE OF MODIFICATION MANAGER)

A First Issue 29/09/05 BYN,SG,JW,PLU,GDM GDM GDM

Index CONTACT ADDRESS DISTRIBUTION LIST

1 SLRBWRPB (Mr LI Zhiquan, Ms Bai ) [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected]

The Asian Development Bank (Robert 3 [email protected], [email protected] Wihtol, Sergei Popov)

4 SOGREAH (Head Office) [email protected],

5 DELFT (Head Office) [email protected]

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS & TA PARTICIPANTS...... 3 1.2. SCOPE OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ...... 4 1.2.1. FOCUSSING OF THE TA ON GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES...... 4 1.2.2. POLICY DIALOGUE ...... 6 1.2.3. INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT...... 7 1.2.4. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION & PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 7 1.2.5. TA WORK PLAN & CONSULTANTS PERSONNEL SCHEDULE...... 8 1.3. PURPOSE & SCOPE OF THIS REPORT...... 8 1.4. LAYOUT OF THE REPORT...... 8

2. SITUATION AND TRENDS AT THE END OF THE TENTH FIVE YEAR PLANNING PERIOD ...... 11 2.1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES ...... 11 2.2. SOURCES OF POLLUTION...... 12 2.3. WATER QUALITY ISSUES ...... 13 2.3.1. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ...... 13 2.3.2. RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION ...... 15 2.4. KEY OBSERVATIONS & ISSUES...... 16 2.4.1. CONDITIONS AT THE END OF THE TENTH FYP ...... 16

3. INSTITUTIONAL & REGULATORY ANALYSIS...... 17 3.1. EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL & REGULATORY SYSTEM ...... 17 3.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY CONTEXT ...... 18 3.2.1. ADOPT AN INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT APPROACH...... 18 3.2.2. THE NEED FOR HARMONISATION OF ACTIVITIES AND EFFORTS...... 22 3.2.3. RELEASE THE EPBS FROM LOCAL ECONOMIC PRESSURES...... 22

4. STRATEGIC PLANNING...... 24 4.1. A VISION FOR WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE SRB24 4.2. THE INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL PLAN.. 24 4.2.1. EXISTING PLANS & LONG LIST OF INTERVENTIONS...... 25 4.2.2. DEVELOPMENT TRENDS , WATER RESOURCES UTILISATION AND POLLUTION LOADS ...... 25 4.2.3. POLLUTION CONTROL TARGETS & OBJECTIVES...... 27 4.2.4. STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THESE OBJECTIVES...... 28 4.3. THE STRATEGIC PLAN & IDENTIFICATION OF AN IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN ...... 30 4.3.1. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER ACTION PLAN...... 30 4.3.2. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL ACTION PLAN...... 31 4.3.3. NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION (AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION) & HEADWATER SOURCE CONTROL ...... 31 4.3.4. MONITORING & ASSESSMENT...... 32 4.3.5. TECHNICAL STUDIES & CAPACITY BUILDING...... 33 4.3.6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN...... 34

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4.3.7. FINANCING STRATEGY ...... 34

5. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN WITHIN THE 11TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING PERIOD ...... 37 5.1. PROPOSED MULTI-LATERAL LOAN STRATEGY...... 37 5.2. KEY ISSUES, RISKS & CONSTRAINTS...... 40

LIST OF TABLES Table 4-1: Proposed Objectives and Targets for Water Quality and Pollution Control in the SRB ...... 28 Table 4-2: Indicative Cost Estimates for Investment Projects...... 35

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Localisation of the Songhua River Basin in China and Within the Songliao River System...... 2 Figure 1-2: Implementation Arrangements for the Technical Assistance ...... 3 Figure 1-3: Conceptual Overview of Project Approach ...... 4 Figure 1-4: Overview of Strategic Approach Adopted During the Technical Assistance...... 6 Figure 1-5: Overview of Draft Final Report...... 10 Figure 2-1: Relative s Sources of Pollution (Point/Non Point) For the SRB...... 13 Figure 2-2: Trend of Average COD and Ammonia at the Outlet of the Songhua River Basin...... 14 Figure 2-3: Relative s Sources of Pollution (Point/Non Point) For the SRB...... 15 Figure 3-1: Existing Oranisational Linkages For Water Quality & Pollution Control ...... 17 Figure 3-2: Proposed Distribution of Responsibilities of Water Quality Management within the SRB ...... 21 Figure 4-1: Comparison Of Projected Water Use With Available Water Resources ...... 26 Figure 4-2: Key Elements of the Vision for Water Quality of the SRB ...... 29 Figure 4-3: Outline Implementation Schedule for the Strategic Plan including the Immediate Action Plan 36 Figure 5-1: Proposed Initial Loan to be Supported by ADB ...... 39

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Bibliography

Appendix B Technical Assistant Paper & Consultant Terms of References

Appendix C Final Work Plan & Manning Schedule

Appendix D Policy Matrix

Appendix E Logical Framework

Appendix F List of Proposed Domestic & industrial Projects for implementation in the 11th FYP

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ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank BH Bureau of Hydrology EA Executing Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPB Environmental Protection Bureau EU Environmental Unit FB Forestry Bureau GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System IRBM Integrated River Basin Management IMAR Autonomous Region MLR Ministry of Land and Resources MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOC Ministry of Construction MOF Ministry of Finance MoU Memorandum of Understanding MWR Ministry of Water Resources, PRC NPC National People’s Congress NPCC National People’s Consultative Committee PLG Project Leading Group PMO Project Management Office PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance PRC People’s Republic of China RRP Report and Recommendation to the President SDRC State Development and Reform Commission SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration SFA State Forestry Administration SLRB Song- Basin SRB Songhua River Basin

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SWRC Songliao Water Resources Commission SWRPB Songliao Water Resources Protection Bureau SRSPLG SongLiao River System Protection Leading Group TA Technical Assistance WRB Water Resource Bureau

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1. INTRODUCTION

The Songhua River Basin forms one of the seven major river basins of China and is the third longest in the PRC after the and Yellow . Situated in the north east region of China the river basin is part of the Song Liao river system and covers a territory of some 557,000 km2 within the Provinces of and and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (see Figure 1-1). The Songhua Basin is the major sub-basin of the Heilongjiang/ international river system; in this context it has an important bearing and impact on conditions downstream particularly in the Russian Confederation and in the Sea of Okhotsk.

As per other river basins in China, the Songhua River is seriously polluted and is now acknowledged by SEPA as being one of the four most polluted basins in the PRC; levels of pollution are recognized as impairing both natural resources and economic development within the region. The importance of water pollution issues within the SRB, especially in relation to the protection of water resources for the Municipality of , has become part of a continuing policy dialogue between the ADB and the brought to the fore as part of the Harbin Water Supply PPTA (TA 3571).

To further deepen and to address water quality and pollution control management issues, the Asian Development Bank has provided funds for an Advisory Technical Assistance concerning the Songhua River Basin Water Quality & Pollution Control (TA 4061 –PRC). The overall goal of the TA is to contribute to the improvement of water quality and thereby public health and natural resources within the SRB. The TA as initially conceived (see Appendix B) had the following objectives: • to strengthen the capacity of TA stakeholders for policy analysis and pollution control management; • to assist in developing a long term vision and plan for pollution control in the Songhua River Basin. • to identify lines of institutional responsibility and develop basin-wide, regulatory enforcement and executing mechanisms; • to refine and prioritize existing government pollution control plans .

The TA was carefully designed and timed to focus on Government priorities for the Songhua River Basin in terms of water quality and pollution control management, both in terms of its content and implementation arrangements. Its relevance has been heightened by its concurrence with: • The development of government plans for the 11th Five Year Planning period; • The renewed focus of central government in the North East Region as promulgated by the North East Revitalization Strategy.

The present executive summary and the accompanying technical reports comprising five volumes in total has been written and produced by the Consultant Team consisting of both international and national experts in the sectors of water pollution control, environmental analysis and other related fields.

After a long period of consultation, it is recognized that the report broadly reflects the viewpoints, interpretations and agreements reached between the Consultants, the Executing Agency (the SongLiao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau) , the Implementation

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Units of the TA (the Provincial EPBs, the Provincial WRBs, etc. ), the Asian Development Bank and various other stakeholders involved in the development of the TA.

FIGURE 1-1: LOCALISATION OF THE SONGHUA RIVER BASIN IN CHINA AND WITHIN THE SONGLIAO RIVER SYSTEM

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1.1. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS & TA PARTICIPANTS

The Song Liao WRPB is the Executing Agency for the TA. A PMO, led by Mr Li Zhiqun, has been set up within the WRPB to assist, facilitate and monitor the progress of the TA. TA implementation units (TAIUs) have been created in the provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin and in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under the auspices of the Provincial Liaison Groups; the offices of these TAIUs are situated in the Provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus. During the course of the TA, these TAIUs have been expanded to include other government departments/stakeholders at the Provincial level.

At the Central Government Level a Project Leading Group chaired by MWR has been formed to serve as a steering committee on a central level involving MOF, NDRC, North East Office of State Council, MWR, SEPA and the Ministry of Construction (MOC), MOA and SFA amongst others.

At the river basin level the existing SongLiao River System Protection Leading Group (SRSPLG) acted as a Project Coordination Group together with the Song Liao Water Resources Commission (SWRC)

The ADB Project Officer for this TA, was Mr Sergei Popov, Project Specialist (Environment), Social Sectors Division, East and Central Asia Department. He has been assisted in providing guidance and review of outputs to the TA by Mr Joachim Bendow (International External Expert) and Mr Lu Changming (National External Expert).

Consultant services funded by a grant from ADB, have been provided by SOGREAH Consultants of France together with Delft Hydraulics of the Netherlands. National consultants have been employed from both SOGREAH’s subsidiary in China and from local institutes and consultant organisations. An overview of these arrangements is illustrated in Figure 1-2.

FIGURE 1-2: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Project Guidance ADB National Guidance Commission: representatives from MWR, SEPA, MOC, MOA, SDRC, MoF, Forestry, North East Office etc.

Project Coordination SRSPLG SWRC

International Executing Agency Consultants SongLiao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau Sogreah and (Secretariat of SongLiao River Delft Hydraulics System Protection Leading Group)

Jilin Heilongjiang Inner Mongolia Province Province Autonomous region TAIUs TAIUs TAIUs

staff from EPB, departments of staff from EPB, departments of staff from EPB, departments of water resources, urban water resources, urban water resources, urban construction, agriculture construction, agriculture construction, agriculture finance, planning, forestry, etc finance, planning, forestry, etc finance, planning, forestry, etc.

A major feature of this TA has been the close level of cooperation by all parties, especially at the river basin level. To strengthen and make permanent this cooperation as part of the joint

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management of the Songhua River Basin a number of recommendations have been made as part of the policy dialogue within this TA. These involve the setting up of a River Basin Board (founded on the SRSPLG), a River Basin Agency (founded on the SWRPB) and the setting up at the Provincial Level of Songhua Water Quality Leading Groups in which the TAIUs can have a permanent role; these policy initiatives are summarized in Chapter 3 of this report and detailed further in Volume 3.

1.2. SCOPE OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

The scope of the technical assistance has been defined both in the outline terms of references for the study (see Appendix B) and in the Consultants Proposal. The Technical Assistance as initially conceived was to be undertaken over three phases with a series of sub-tasks, as summarized in the following diagram.

Reports produced as part of this assignment include: • R1: Inception Report (Published in August 2004); • R2: Interim Report (Published in December 2004); • R3: Draft Final Report (Published in June 2005); • R4: Final Report (this report)

FIGURE 1-3: CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW OF PROJECT APPROACH

Phase 1: Phase 2: Development of Institutional & Phase 3: Development of Strategic Action Plan Situational Analysis Regulatory Mechanisms

Situational Institutional Institutional Water Quality Strategic Priority Analysis and Diagnostic Reform & And Pollution, Action Plan Investments Data Review • Institutional Strengthening Management • Action Plans • Least Cost and Collection • Human Res. • Institutions Plan ¾ Targets • Affordability • Regulations • WQ Impact • Counterparts • Monitoring • WQOs ¾ Institutions • Human Res. • Prioritisation • Baseline data Capabilities • Standards ¾ MWCAP • Institutions • Monitoring • Screening • Sectors ¾ IPCAP • Existing Plans • Equipment • Investment Plan ¾ Domestic • Assess data • Reporting ¾ APCAP • Economic & • GIS/Model ¾ Industrial • EMS • Financial ¾ Agriculture • Public Info. ¾ Livestock • Constraints • WTP

Workshops and Consultation

1.2.1. FOCUSSING OF THE TA ON GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES

As stated above the TA was carefully designed to focus on Government priorities concerning the control and management of pollution and water quality in the Songhua River Basin. Furthermore as part of the contract negotiations both ADB and the Consultant agreed to additional inputs to the TA as requested by the Government.

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The Inception Mission discussions with both central and local Governments concurred on the relevance and clarity of the TA’s goals and tasks and the timing of its implementation. The central and provincial governments informed the TA team on the Government’s focus on the Revitalization of the North East Region, and related heightened prioritization of environmental issues within the North East Region, supporting the concept of “close cycle” ecological development of the three SRB provinces. This coincides with the elevation of the SRB status as one of the four priority basins of the PRC, and recent technical data providing evidence of continued deterioration of the water quality of the basin.

The tripartite meeting agreed that the TA TOR already envisaged most of the issues of Government concern, and that specific work items requested by the Government in securing efficient water and natural resources use and pollution control are within the scope of the TA TOR. The tripartite meeting concurred on including the issues highlighted by the Government within the deliverables of relevant TA phases/tasks, and the Consultant confirmed that it would carry out the tasks under the current contract. Detailed requests and comments abstracted from the Memorandum of Understandings associated with Tripartite Missions and Government Comments on Consultant Reports are provided in Appendix C of this report.

In response to these requests the Consultant has refined the framework of the Technical Assistance. Figure 1-4 summarizes the key aspects of the TA taking into account the key driving forces, key thematic areas of study and key outputs of the TA centred around the development of a common vision for the future of the Songhua River Basin.

A key new driving force, providing an impetus to the development of this vision has been the Central Government’s commitment to the Revitalization of the North East Region of the PRC. Key themes of this revitalization include: • Restructuring of State Owned Enterprises; • Increased agricultural yield and higher added value; • Environmental recovery and pollution prevention; • Encourage domestic and foreign direct investment; • Integration within North East Asia.

These themes together with the issue of grain security have underpinned and acted as a guiding framework for the development of the strategic approach to this TA.

The TA has been implemented at a key period at the end of the 10th Five Year Plan (FYP) and at the beginning of the 11th FYP. The Government has requested that Consultants review the situation at the end of the 10th FYP and provide guidance for the development of planning documentation for the 11th FYP. The results of these reviews are summarized in Chapters 2 and 5 of this report and detailed in Volumes 2 and 4 respectively.

The Government of China recognizes the need to further strengthen water quality and pollution control management within an Integrated River Basin Management framework. Consultants were requested to provide new recommendations in this area which could be piloted during the 11th FYP and could thereafter feed-back results into the ongoing dialogue concerning environmental and river basin management policies at the national level. The TA’s recommendations covering the joint management of water quality at the river basin level are summarized in Chapter 3 of this report and detailed in Volume 3.

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FIGURE 1-4: OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIC APPROACH ADOPTED DURING THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Socio-Economic Environmental & North East Region Development River Basin Revitalisation 5 Year Planning Management Policy

SRB Situation Pollution Control Strategy Analysis Water Resouces Protection

Regulatory Mechanism s Pollution Integrated Monitoring & Technical Institutional Policy & Control River Basin Capacity Research & Reform Regulations Projects Management Building Studies

Institutions

Monitoring

1.2.2. POLICY DIALOGUE

As described above the policy dialogue on water quality and pollution control management within the SRB between the ADB and the Government of China was first instigated as part of the Harbin Water Supply TA (TA 3571).

This policy dialogue has been deepened throughout this TA focusing in particular on the following issues: • Revitalization of the North East Region; • Integrated River Basin Management; • Cost recovery for wastewater services; • Public Private Partnerships; • Clean Development Mechanisms and Circular Economies; • Infrastructure Financing & Innovative Financing; • Affordability and Operation of Wastewater Services for small communities.

The results of the agreements reached with respect to the policy agenda, including initial achievements are summarized in the policy matrix in section 3.4.3 below.

Chapter 5 of this report further presents the proposals of the TA so that key agreements reached as part of this dialogue are implemented in combination with investment projects.

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1.2.3. INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT

Integrated river basin management comprises the institutional framework (legal, regulatory and organizational roles), management instruments (regulatory and financial), and the development, maintenance and operation of infrastructure (including reservoirs and conveyance, wastewater treatment, and watershed protection).

An integrated approach to river basin management focussing particularly on water quality issues has been a major theme of this TA. This approach has been fostered by: • Working together with key organisations responsible for water quality and pollution control in the SRB, notably the SWRC, the WRPB, and the Provincial EPBs and WRBs. By adopting a cross-cutting approach, the TA has enabled traditional barriers to be broken down and an integrated or joint approach to river basin management to be adopted. First steps in this approach consist in the development of a unique Water Functional Zoning and integrated pollution control planning at the Provincial Level; • Assisting and Strengthening the WRPB in the use of key planning tools to adopt a systematic approach at the river basin level, notably Geographic Information Systems and Water Quality Simulation Models. The Map Volume accompanying this report provides an illustration of the output from the GIS synthesising information never previously viewed at the SRB level. • The recommendation to “twin” the SRB and its river basin organisations with counterparts both at the regional and international level.

1.2.4. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION & PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Information dissemination and public consultation activities have been reinforced as part of the TA as summarised below: • Workshops & Seminars including: – Seminars at Central Government level during the Interim and Final Tripartite Missions – Inter-Provincial Workshops at all three tripartite missions (August 2004, December 2004 and September 2005); – Presentation of initial results of the TA to the ADB in Manilla in May 2005 – Presentations to both Central, Provincial & Municipal Government agencies and officials concerning the results and recommendations of the Draft Final Report (July 2005) • Report Dissemination: The Consultants contract allowed for the printing of 5 copies of the reports in English and 5 copies of the reports in Chinese. In order to broaden the readership of the reports, feedback from stakeholders and dissemination of key TA findings and recommendations, it has been agreed to provide 50 copies of the Interim, Draft Final and Final Reports in Chinese and approximately 20 in English. Prior to dissemination of this current report an extensive period of review of the draft versions of the report was undertaken with the EA. • Public Consultations: Public Consultations were undertaken during field visits to seven counties covering both poverty and minority counties in the three provinces/region during October and November 2004. Interviews were conducted with households and enterprises and have lead to the introduction of stakeholders views and suggestions into the strategic planning. Further discussions have been held with municipality and town level officials during March and April 2005. • Conferences: Initial dissemination of the TA results to a broader technical audience, notably at: – International Conference on Reservoir Operation and River Management, / September 2005;

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– PRC Ministry of Construction International Conference, October 2005; – ADB Water Week, China, 2006; – Network of Asian River Basin Organisations, February 2006; – International Water Association Conference, 2006 • Web Site: A restricted web site (www.songhuabasin.com) has been developed to disseminate results of the project to key stakeholders participating in the project. This web site has been upgraded to include a discussion forum permitting participants to share comments on particular subject areas of the TA.

1.2.5. TA WORK PLAN & CONSULTANTS PERSONNEL SCHEDULE

In response to government requests the Consultant has adapted both the TA Work Plan and the Personnel Schedule.

Final versions of these two schedules as of the publication of this report are included in Appendix D.

In accordance with demands of the workplan particularly as requested by the Government, the Consultant has necessarily adapted the initial manning schedule while remaining broadly within the initial limits of 20 man months of International Consultant time and 60 man months of National Consultant time. The agreement of the ADB to these changes has been a key element allowing the Consultant to respond positively to the requests of the Government.

1.3. PURPOSE & SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

This Final Report (R4) is the fourth document in a series of reports produced for the Songhua River Basin Water Quality & Pollution Control Management Technical Assistance (TA 4061 PRC).

Figure 1-5 provides an overview of the Draft Final Report consisting of five volumes: • Volume 1: Executive Summary Report: • Volume 2: Situational Analysis • Volume 3: Institutional & Regulatory Mechanisms • Volume 4: Strategic Planning Report • Volume 5: Maps from GIS

1.4. LAYOUT OF THE REPORT

The ensuing chapters of this report deal with the following topics:

Chapter 2 Situation and trends at the end of the Tenth Five Year Planning period

Chapter 3 Institutional & regulatory mechanisms

Chapter 4 Strategic Planning & Proposed Immediate Action Plan Implementation of the Immediate Action Plan within the 11th Five Year Planning Chapter 5 period

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The report is accompanied by appendices covering the following topic:

Appendix A Bibliography

Appendix B Technical Assistant Paper & Consultant Terms of References

Appendix C Final Work Plan & Manning Schedule

Appendix D Policy Matrix

Appendix E Logical Framework

Appendix F List of Domestic and Industrial Pollution Control Projects

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FIGURE 1-5: OVERVIEW OF DRAFT FINAL REPORT

VOLUME 5:

MAPS & PLANS

DRAFT FINAL REPORT VOLUME 4: THE STRATEGIC PLAN

SONGHUA RIVER BASIN EXISTING PLANS & REPORTS STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION POLLUTION CONTROL CONTROL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS & POLLUTION LOADS VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT TARGETS & OVERALL BASIN WIDE SCENARIOS WATER QUALITY IMPACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE STRATEGIC PLAN & ITS IMPLEMENTATION INTRODUCTION SITUATION AND TRENDS AT THE END OF VOLUME 3: THE TENTH FIVE YEAR PLANNING PERIOD INSTITUTIONAL & INSTITUTIONAL & REGULATORY REGULATORY MECHANISMS MECHANISMS STRATEGIC PLANNING EXISTING INSTITUTIONS AND IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN FOR POLLUTION REGULATIONS CONTROL DURING THE 11TH FIVE YEAR STRENGTHS & PLANNING PERIOD WEAKNESSESS RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT & FINANCING MECHANISMS

VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION SOCIO ECONOMIC SITUATION SRB WATER RESOURCES SRB WATER QUALITY SITUATION & WATER QUALITY MONITORING POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION NON POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION

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2. SITUATION AND TRENDS AT THE END OF THE TENTH FIVE YEAR PLANNING PERIOD

Volume 2 of the Draft Final Report provides a detailed description of the background to the Songhua River Basin based on the data collected during the TA. The following paragraphs abstracted from Volume 2 provide a summary of the key background material; in relation to this chapter the reader is particularly referred to the accompanying map volume.

With a watershed area of approximately 560,000 km2 , the Songhua River Basin (SRB) is the third largest river basin in PRC after the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. The Songhua River originates from two main sources, the and the , which meet near to form the Main Songhua River. From this , the river flows in eastern/northern direction to join the Heilong (Amur) River on the boundary between Russia and PRC. About 54% of the watershed belongs to the Nen River, 13% to the Second Songhua and the remaining 33% is immediately adjacent to the Songhua River main channel.

2.1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES

Northeast China is an old industry base of China known as the “industrial cradle of China”, which played a vital role in the country’s industrial development from the 1950s to the early 1970s. During the 1st FYP, 58 of the total 156 key national projects were implemented in this region. The northeast region produced the country’s first steel, machine tools, locomotives and planes after the foundation of New China in 1949. However, many traditional industrial firms established in the 1950s under the planned economic system have become less competitive since the country shifted toward a market-oriented economy two decades ago. Revitalizing northeast old industry base has become an essential part of the Government reform strategy and is of major importance for the nation’s coordinated economic and social development. It is also fundamental for the environment as most of these old industries have limited or no pollution control facilities nor clean processes and are seriously contributing to the alteration of the river system water quality.

Besides the old industry base of China, the northeast also is a major agriculture production base. In 2002, there were 20.69 million ha of farmland in the three provinces, accounting for 15.91% of the country farmland area. The main crops are corn, bean and wheat. Food production in is restricted by water availability and water quality. Furthermore, the productivity of the black soils1 is affected by the erosion process which is estimated to reduce by 4 million tons food every year the potential production of the black soils. Excess chemical fertilizer use is observed in SRB, which increases production costs and decreases net income of farmland by 10% to 30%, and may limit in the future the capability to export agricultural products because of chemical residues in the products. Excess agrochemicals use results also in higher levels of non-point source pollution and eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs.

Scientific investigations carried out these last 20 years on toxic pollutants in Songhua river, raised issues related to the presence of micro-organic pollutants in the water and the possible effects on public health through urban water supply and the consumption of pollutant

1 The Songhua river basin supports the only black-soil belt in China, one of three such belts in the world. Black-soil is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients that lead to high ecological and agricultural productivity.

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concentrated river products. This situation identified in SRB is most probably widely replicated in China as well as in many other industrialized countries where limited industrial pollution control is enforced. Further investigations are required to confirm the findings of these initial studies.

2.2. SOURCES OF POLLUTION

Development and exploitation of natural resources within the river basin from a range of anthropogenic activities are continuing to exert stresses and leading to impacts on both surface waters and groundwaters in the basin.

Pollution sources can be considered at two levels: • Point Sources typically considered as – Urban wastewater – Industrial Wastewater • Non Point Sources, such as – Agricultural runoff – Urban Stormwater Runoff

Quantifying the relative importance of different sources is also difficult and prone to error, especially in light of the errors associated with monitoring equipment. Different approaches have been used in this study to quantify these sources based upon calculation of sources on the basis of driving parameters such as population, industrial output, agricultural yield, livestock densities, etc. This modeling approach is calibrated using measurements of pollution sources, generally only available for point sources.

Another approach used in this study is based upon the use of concomitant flow and water quality information, to establish mass balances. Such approximate methods have enabled the Consultant to confirm the relative importance of non-point and point sources of pollution.

The results of these balances for COD mn are presented in the following Figure. On a very broad basis it would appear that the organic load as measured by CODmn in winter represents approximately half of the total organic load during summer months. One can therefore very broadly conclude that point sources represent approximately half of the total organic load in the summer months, and almost all of the organic load in the winter months. There are of course different spatial relationships with not surprisingly non point sources being relatively more important in the Nen Jiang Basin than other parts of the river basin.

When compared with Point-Source Pollution estimate for the same year, it may be observed that NPSP is the dominant COD source in SRB (53%) and in the Nen watershed (78%). However, PSP is the dominant COD source in the 2nd Songhua and the Mqin Songhua Basins. Furthermore, it should be noted that PSP is the dominant source in winter, generally regarded as the critical period with regard to water quality in the SRB. Such findings are in line with those reported in more detailed studies of NPSP undertaken by ADB, and point to the growing importance of NPSP as PSP is gradually brought under control.

When comparing NPSP annual contribution from different sub-catchments, the Nen River Basin produced the highest load contribution (46%) in the total SRB, followed by the Main Songhua sub-catchment (39%) and the 2nd Songhua (15%). The low contribution of 2nd Songhua to the NPSP load may be justified by its large forest cover, its limited agriculture area and its high industrialization and high PSP contribution. On the contrary, the Nen sub-catchment with low industrialization, extended agricultural area and significant soil erosion is a major contributor to NPSP load and should therefore be a focus for any NPSP control project.

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FIGURE 2-1: RELATIVE S SOURCES OF POLLUTION (POINT/NON POINT) FOR THE SRB

Nen River CODMn Second Songhua River CODmn

Non- Non- point source Point point 78% source source 22% 30% Point source 70%

Non-Main Songhua River CODMn Non- Total SRB CODMn point point source source Point 46% 53% source 47% Point source 54%

2.3. WATER QUALITY ISSUES

2.3.1. SURFACE WATER QUALITY

The state of water quality and water quality trends have been analysed using a variety of data sources made available to the Consultant Team from the different organizations currently monitoring ambient water quality. Three broad forms of analysis have been undertaken: • Analysis of water quality classes based on the Chinese grid of water quality classes ranging from I (Good Water Quality) to V (Poor Water Quality) for the Year 2003. • Analysis of pollution trends over the last twenty years (using both water quality classes and average values) • Analysis of “long profiles” of pollution from upstream to downstream across the whole river basin for discrete months during 2003.

The use of this information provides the following broad diagnostic of trends and the current situation.

The trend in average values of COD and Ammonia as measured at the outlet of the SRB as illustrated below demonstrates the graphically how water quality has been decreasing over the period from 1994 – 2003.

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FIGURE 2-2: TREND OF AVERAGE COD AND AMMONIA AT THE OUTLET OF THE SONGHUA RIVER BASIN.

8 1.4

CODMn 7 Ammonia 1.2 6 1.0 5 0.8 (mg/l)

Mn 4 0.6 COD 3 0.4 2 Ammonia (mg/l) 1 0.2

0 0.0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 year

Maps depicting existing water quality using data obtained from both the WRB and the EPBs within the SRB have been developed by the Consultant. These are shown in the accompanying map volume for the Year 2003. These illustrate the differences in the spatial distribution of pollution; although in broad terms the results are often comparable, there are nevertheless significant discrepancies and inconsistencies which hinder the utility of the data set.

The behaviour of individual parameters currently regularly monitored in the SRB has also been examined. The following long profiles established using data for the Year 2003 illustrate graphically the relatively poor quality especially during the winter, ice-bound period.

Dissolved oxygen is a general indicator of the overall health of a river, illustrating the impact of a variety of substances (both carbonaceous and nitrogenous compounds) on the overall oxygen balance of a river. In general terms aquatic life requires oxygen levels higher than 3-4 mg/l to be able to survive in any particular river reach.

The long profile running from the Second Songhua at to the outlet of the Songhua at Tongjiang, shows a marked deficit in oxygen during the winter months (in this case February 2003) as compared to a typical summer month (August 2003). This deficit is particularly marked on the Yitong downstream of Changchun and on the Main Songhua downstream of Harbin over a stretch of approximately 400 km.

It should be noted that although the load of pollutants discharged during summer months is higher, the impact on the river system is generally more important in the winter periods due to: • The significantly lower flows occurring during the winter period thereby affording less dilution of discharged pollutants; • The lack of transfer of oxygen across the ice layer in winter, thereby preventing the natural replenishment of oxygen degraded (albeit at lower levels) during this period.

Other long profiles particularly of Ammonia illustrate graphically typical problems of the basin particularly during the winter months.

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FIGURE 2-3: RELATIVE S SOURCES OF POLLUTION (POINT/NON POINT) FOR THE SRB

DO concentration profile along the Yitong and main Songhua River (EPB) 14

12

10 Upstream Upstream Zhushuntun Tongjiang Kaoshan Zhaoyuan Mudan 朱顺屯 同 江 Bridge 肇 源 River 佳木斯上 8 Feb Dadingzisha Aug n

6 concentration (mg/l)

4

2

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Chainage (km)

The above discussions refer particularly to conventional pollutants generally monitored in the river basin. Micro-pollutants such as toxic organic chemicals are not routinely measured within the SRB. Specific measurement campaigns have been undertaken notably on the mainstream of the Songhua, particularly with financial and technical support of overseas aid.

Surveys carried out near the Sifangtai section in the Songhua revealed the presence of 191 kinds of micro organic pollutants in the river, 46 of which are recognized as toxic substances. These studies are still at the level of research works which need confirmation and further assessment prior to being considered for any specific action plan. Concerning the monitoring of these micro-organic pollutants, there are existing standards for water analysis but no relevant water environmental quality standards for toxic organic pollutants in China and nor systematic monitoring requirement, as observed also in many other countries. Additional investigations in this field should be considered as a priority for public health and safety reasons and could be best undertaken by the use of an integrating measure, such as a biological indicator.

2.3.2. RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION

Both point and non point sources discharge nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) into natural waters which can accumulate in lakes and reservoirs, with a consequent risk of eutrophication. These nutrients stimulate the growth of floating or suspended algae, attached algae and macrophytes. Excessive growths of these aquatic plants result in a significant deterioration in water quality for the use of the water for domestic and industrial water supplies, irrigation，fishery and recreation.

On the basis of a eutrophication index, more than 60% reservoir water in the whole SRB are classified as eutrophic with the remaining 40% mesotrophic. The situation is most serious in Main Songhua River Basin, with more than 80% reservoirs eutrophic. Fortunately, the long ice period in the basin limits NPSP inflow and biological activity in winter. A review of N/P ratio of 92 reservoirs in SRB for year 2000, in flood, non-flood and average period show that N limitation is observed in most reservoirs of the Nen and Main Songhua catchments, while P limitation is observed in most reservoirs of the 2nd Songhua.

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2.4. KEY OBSERVATIONS & ISSUES

2.4.1. CONDITIONS AT THE END OF THE TENTH FYP

The analysis conducted by this study indicates that: • pollution levels are high and create a serious threat for economical and ecological use of water including drinking water sources; • except for the upper reaches of the river system, which show reasonably good water quality levels, most of the river system hardly satisfies Water Quality Class IV and even Class V; • water use functions in the Songhua River Basin cannot be guaranteed in many parts of the river system; • over the Tenth Five Year Period there has been a degradation of water quality as measured by lengths of rivers not respecting their water quality objective and average water quality conditions at the outlet to the basin. This is in spite of significant government efforts to undertake pollution control measures.

Pollution in terms of organic matter is clearly most serious in winter periods; this indicates that to improve water quality in the SRB in terms of organic load at least, projects involving the control of point sources should be prioritized in comparision to projects involving non-point sources. This is not to negate the importance of non point pollution which has a clear impact on water resources especially in relation to the lakes and reservoirs, but provides a guiding element for the development of the strategic planning for the basin. Groundwater is also becoming seriously polluted and over-utilized in many large cities (especially those towns on the mainstream of the Songhua)

In terms of Domestic Pollution Control Sector, the treatment capacity has been raised from approximately 1 million m3/day at the start of the 10th Five Year Plan to almost 2.5 million m3/day by the end of the 10th FYP. However, overall levels of treatment still remain low in comparison to requirements. This is exacerbated by the observation that a significant number of the constructed plants are not operating (the consultants estimate approximately 30 % of the installed capacity is currently not operating).

Observations in the river basin indicate that there was in general during the 10th Fiver Year Planning Period insufficient funds to implement the approved plans and projects with private sector investment (either foreign or domestic) being especially low. Whereas wastewater tariffs had been introduced in many communities, these are generally significantly lower than operation costs.

In terms of Industrial Pollution Control, there would appear to have been continued improvements in this sector; this is ascribed primarily to the closing down or process transformation of main industries, rather than the impact of pollution control measures. There still remains nevertheless a large number of « persistent » polluters, particularly associated with SOEs.

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3. INSTITUTIONAL & REGULATORY ANALYSIS

3.1. EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL & REGULATORY SYSTEM

As described in Volume 3 of this report, there are many actors involved in water quality management and pollution control in the Songhua River Basin. These include, amongst others: • The provincial departments and bureaux, in particular the provincial EPBs and WRBs; • The river basin based organisations such as – The SongLiao Water Resources Commission (SWRC), one of the seven dispatched river basin institutions of MWR – The SongLiao River System Protection Leading Group (SRSPLG) created in the 1970s as an interprovincial leading agency for water resources protection of river systems and water pollution prevention and control – The Songliao River Basin Water Resource Protection Bureau (SWRPB). SWRPB is led by the SWRC in administrative affairs and personnel management, and should technically report to both MWR and SEPA (but mainly reports to MWR in reality). It also stands as the executing Office of the Songliao River System Protection Leading Group

Links between central, provincial and basin institutions involved in water quality and pollution control are displayed in the following figure.

FIGURE 3-1: EXISTING ORANISATIONAL LINKAGES FOR WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL

Governments of Jilin, Heilongjiang, MWR SEPA Provinces and IMAR

SWRC SRSPLG

SWRPB Office of SRSPLG

Water Resources and Environmental Sub-Basin Water Pollution Control Departments of Provinces/Region Leading Group

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Within China the above system is unique and is often referred to as the “SongLiao Mode”. Although the system has many attractive features and of those developed in China would appear most akin to a river basin management approach, it cannot be said to be functioning well in light of the poor and deteriorating conditions of the river basin.

As described in Volume 3 of this report, there are a number of distinct deficiencies in this system notably: • The different actors and organisations operate independently of each other, there is no concept of joint management of the river basin nor little or no cooperation in monitoring, assessment and planning; • The SRSPLG (and WRPB) mandates have been mainly associated with interprovincial/transboundary problems; in reality the problems are such that these organisations need to have the recognition and mandate over the whole river basin; • The role of the municipal and county level EPBs is hampered by being part of the local government structure; their independence in controlling pollution is restricted by local economic considerations especially in this region given the importance of State Owned Enterprises

Since 1980s, China has established a relatively complete legislative framework system in environmental management, which can be divided into the Constitution, the national environmental protection laws and regulations and local laws and regulations. The Constitution of the PRC stipulates that the country should protect the environment in an ecological balance approach, and promote harmonization of human and sustainable nature development.

In addition, in the water sector, China has three kinds of existing permits: water abstraction permit, sewage discharge permit, and treated wastewater discharge permit. Of the three kinds of permits, water permit system has been widely applied and plays a strong role, while sewage permits and treated wastewater discharge permits are implemented or under pilot application in some areas and cities and have relatively weak efficiency to date.

Main improvements in the permitting system can be advocated including linking water abstraction and treated wastewater discharge permits with the targeted environmental water quality objectives, widening the application of the permits to all stakeholders and compelling a more stringent enforcement of the permits (including strengthening the penalty system). Permits should also be closely linked to the existing water resource fees detailed in the local laws and regulations of the three provinces (region). However, a major feature of the current system especially in relation to the sewage permit (discharge levy) is poor implementation.

3.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY CONTEXT

3.2.1. ADOPT AN INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT APPROACH

Based on the diagnosis of the existing situation, recommendations have been formulated for improving the institutional and regulatory context of water quality management and pollution control in the Songhua River Basin.

It has been first recognised that integrated water management should be strengthened at the river basin level. At present, Songhua River Basin is confronted with double challenges from rapid economic development and degrading environmental conditions. Combining international experience and Chinese situations shows that integrated river basin management is an efficient tool for managing simultaneously economic development and environmental protection.

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Principles of integrated river basin management should therefore be applied to the Songhua River Basin: • Songhua (or Songliao) River Basin should form the geographical basis of the water management system • Joint management should be developed: central and local authorities should share the responsibilities of water quality management and pollution control. It would result in combining top-down and bottom up approaches: ministerial and local governments’ representatives and water stakeholders should therefore develop a joint management system. • Water users should be involved in decision-making and have access to key river basin information. • Water management should be based on sound planning techniques that make water management objectives based and strive to make protection and restoration measures as cost-effective as possible • The water management system should be based on cost-recovery principles and financial incentives for measures that would contribute to reaching the river basin objectives.

To support integrated water resources management in Songhua River Basin, various options aiming at upgrading the existing institutions have been considered. The proposed institutional setting would be to strengthen and legitimize the SRSPLG (“Leading Group”) and the WRPB (“Protection Bureau”) by providing: • the SRSPLG with a legislative mandate enacted at the State Level and passed into Provincial Regulations to stand as a participatory River Basin Board, coordinate water quality monitoring actions and develop river basin plans. • the SRSPLG with an operational and executing body: the existing WRPB as a River Basin Agency.

To further enhance the legitimacy of this organisation within the Provincial Government structure, it is proposed to develop water quality leading groups at this level and involving potentially representatives from municipalities. This leading group would be lead by the vice governor participating in the SRSPLG and the could involve a representative from the WRPB. The existing PIUs of this particular technical assistance could be given a permanent status by becoming the secretariat of this leading group.

The development of sub basin boards should be additionally fostered as means to encourage cooperation between municipalities and local authorities.

It is proposed to improve and enforce institutional reform in two stages within a period of 15 years. The focus point of this reform would be water quality management. The first stage would target: • To clearly distribute the responsibilities in water quality and pollution control between the MWR, the SEPA, the River Basin Leading Group and the Water Resources Protection Bureau. Delimitation of responsibilities should be made clear especially in terms of planning, licensing and monitoring. • To define process and obligations of free data exchanges between MWR, SEPA and the Leading group and the Water Resources Protection Bureau (and the water users). • To confirm the legal status of the Leading Group. Procedures for selecting water stakeholders representatives should also be detailed (including the quota of representatives from national or regional institutions and water users). The Ministry of Water Resources and the State Environmental Protection Administration should validate the relationship of the Songliao River Basin Water Resource Protecting Bureau with the Leading Group. Funding procedures of the River Basin should also be detailed.

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The second stage (around 2011) would aim at applying the national policy and legal framework for river basin management to the Songhua River Basin. This stage would strengthen the integrated management features in Songhua River Basin. The foreseen national river basin management law or relative River Basin management policy may confirm the establishment of the Leading Group (River Basin Board) and the Protection Bureau as the related executing agency (River Basin Agency).

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FIGURE 3-2: PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITIES OF WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE SRB Regional Pollution Prevention and Control Agencies Public River Basin Leading Group (Provincial/Regional Pollution Participation Management Agency Prevention and Control Leading / Society Group) Separate Water Specialist Office Agency Resources PDRC, Provincial Provincial (River Basin Consultatio (SWRPB (SWRPB Managemen etc EPB WRB or Region) n Society ) ) t River Basin Protection Policy and Regulations L L Pollution Source/Emission Monitoring L Ambient Water Quality Monitoring P P L Provincial/National Boundary Water Environmental L Monitoring River Flow and Water Abstraction (Flow) Monitoring L P Total Load Control (Flow, Water Environmental Capacity, L P P Pollutant Discharge Integrated Control) Regional Integrated Report L P P Water Environmental Data Management L P P Crisis Management (including water pollution accident L P P P management) River Basin Diagnosis L P P Water Function Zoning and Monitoring and Supervision L P P P (including Drainage Outlet Management) River Basin Planning—Water Quality objective Definition L L P P Pollution Discharge Limit (carrying capacity identification) L P P and Allowable Water Abstraction Estimates Water Abstraction Permit P L Treated Wastewater Discharge Permit P L River Basin Tariff and Management (Pollution Discharge L P P P P and Water Resources) Project EIA P L Identification and Implementation of River Basin Action L P P P P Plan Monitoring and Evaluation on River Basin Action Plan L P P P L= Leading institution responsible for the task P: Participate to this responsibility

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3.2.2. THE NEED FOR HARMONISATION OF ACTIVITIES AND EFFORTS

There is no effective coordination between agencies in charge of water quality monitoring, assessment and planning over the SRB (WRPB, WRBs and EPBs). In the case of water quality monitoring sections are unevenly distributed in the basin, with overlapping monitoring sections in some river reaches while other parts of the river network are devoid of any monitoring. This is particularly true for wetland areas which have a recognized international value for biodiversity and where water quality is seldom monitored. The current absence of data sharing between agencies results in limited contribution to the planning process at provincial and basin level. Moreover, the available monitoring results that could be compared showed significant differences that have to be analyzed to full extent. Also, the confidential character attributed to Water Quality and Water Quantity data strongly limits their interpretation and thus their full utilization for Water Quality Management. Duplication of efforts results in useless multiplication of laboratories over the basin, whose capabilities are limited by the agencies financial capacity to invest in appropriate equipment and to support operation and maintenance costs. As a consequence, key strategic sections for Water Quality monitoring are not benefiting from appropriate equipment and financial support, and do not provide the required accurate information. Monitoring focuses principally on simple and typical parameters as BOD5, CODMn, DO but does not cover toxic and hazardous pollutants such as micro-organic compounds.

Directions for Harmonization & Improvement: • Full data sharing between Water Quality and Water Resources monitoring agencies is the first and compulsory step towards improvement of the observed situation. • The creation of a Water Information Center concentrating and storing all monitoring results is a crucial measure to make this information accessible to all agencies involved in Water Quality Management. • Strengthening of cooperation between Water Quality monitoring agencies is required in order a) to optimize water quality monitoring networks and thus reduce the number of sections and to improve section distribution in SRB, b) to optimize role and equipment of laboratories, c) to establish unique Water Quality monitoring planning documentation (a first step already done with a unique functional zoning). • The capability of key stations (such as Tongjiang for example) must be improved and upgraded in terms of comprehensiveness of parameters monitored and of international standards for acceptability and reliability. • Capabilities for monitoring of organic pollutants on a routine basis should be developed in the Songhua river, mainly for micro-organic pollutants. This is also related to the optimization of role and equipment of laboratories. • Improved assessment methods of water quality should be introduced, based on a broader set of parameters; • Integration of water quality assessment, functional zoning, water quality objectives and planning is required at the river basin level; this integration should be fed back into provincial level practices.

3.2.3. RELEASE THE EPBS FROM LOCAL ECONOMIC PRESSURES

At present the role of the local EPB’s is hampered by their dependence on the local government whose region they are policing and the pollution levy as a source of financing. Not only therefore is the polluter policing himself, but the policing organisation depends on the continued high levels of pollution for its funding.

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This has long been recognized as a major deficiency in the effective policing of pollution at the local level. Two clear measures are required to remedy this system: • Disconnect local EPBs from the local administrations: recommendations to this effect have been made by recent ADB funded Transjurisdictional Water Environment Management TA. • Reform the pollution levy system, so that all dischargers pay for the right to pollute and that the levy is based on the pollution load and not concentration exceedance.

It is understood that progress has already been made in this are by disconnecting the financial dependence of the local EPBs from local governments and also the reform of the pollution levy system. This should be accompanied by reinforcing the managerial and administrative role of the Provincial EPB in directing the activities of the local EPBs. Furthermore, it may prove unnecessary to have an EPB office for every local authority. Economies of scale are likely to be achieved once the EPB is considered as a unique entity across one province.

Funding of the EPB should be increased to support increased activities notably in relation to monitoring and control of pollution sources; their remit should be extended to cover all pollution sources (including TVEs, agricultural point sources such as livestock farms, WWTP, etc).

As a summary and complement to the proposed recommendations, the policy matrix in Appendix D has been developed.

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4. STRATEGIC PLANNING

4.1. A VISION FOR WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE SRB

As reported in the China Daily, March 22nd 2020, World Water Day and on the Songhua River Basin Agency Web Site:

“Many important steps for restoration of the Songhua River Basin were achieved last year marking the culmination of a program launched during the 11th Five Year Planning Period. For the first time residents in Harbin are able to drink clean tap water from the Songhua Jiang without fear of contamination from both acute and chronic pollution. Aquatic populations and diversity are increasing, with fish kills being a thing of the past. Nature reserves are thriving with biodiversity increasing and tourist levels have increased significantly per year. Exports of green food have increased steadily. Industrial restructuring and the successful completion of the 3R’s policy through the final phases of the North East Revitalization has lead to reduced resource utilization and further possibilities for economic growth. All major cities are now equipped with functioning wastewater treatment facilities.

This situation contrasts sharply with that at the beginning of the century in which water in the main stream of the Songhua was unfit for use as a potable supply, many rivers were no more than open sewers, aquatic and natural resources were being depleted and questions were being asked of future economic growth. These improvements testify to the overall success of China’s Agenda 21 which marked the first step along the path to a non-threatening sustainable development in which a holistic approach to population, economy, society, natural and environment was implemented

Development of a strategy requires the clear identification of goals and objectives through the development of a vision for the future. The above vision developed by the Consultant Team and presented to both river basin and central government stake holders is hoped to represent a common vision for the future of the SRB.

4.2. THE INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL PLAN

The approach adopted within this study analyses the proposed interventions from a strategic viewpoint at the river basin level; this provides a rationale and justification for the identification and prioritization of the various pollution control projects.

The focus of the planning is on pollution control and thereby on improvements in overall river basin water quality. However, to be effective this must be set in the broader context of water resource management. The planning therefore considers elements of water resources strategy impinging on pollution control. This involves notably: • Water use reduction through both policy and tariff based controls; the active pursuit of such policies (which are promulgated by Central Government policies and

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4.2.1. EXISTING PLANS & LONG LIST OF INTERVENTIONS

During the 10th FYP a number of planning documents were developed such as: • The Tenth Five-Year Planning And 2015 Planning For Water Pollution Prevention And Control In The Songhua River Basin (Jilin) • Nen River Basin Water Pollution Integrated Control Plan • SRB Heilongjiang Integrated Plan • SRB Water Resource Protection Planning Report (MWR PLAN) • Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Prevention & Control Plan (SEPA PLAN)

As of yet there has not been a planning document which could be identified as an integrated plan of the SRB. Many of the pollution control investments defined as part of different plans (such as the SEPA plan and the various provincial plans) would appear to be the collected list of individual interventions proposed by the municipalities within the river basin and can therefore be considered as solutions to rather localized problems.

4.2.2. DEVELOPMENT TRENDS , WATER RESOURCES UTILISATION AND POLLUTION LOADS

4.2.2.1. DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

China is undergoing a dual transition from a rural to an urban/industrial society and from a command to a market economy as part of its strategy to promote economic growth. Macroeconomic reforms in relation to State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), finance, decentralization, government and trade are having impacts on social trends including: • Changes in population growth and urbanization; • Rising income and income disparities; • Rising consumption of goods and services.

As per other areas of China, the urbanization rate is projected to rise dramatically, from a little under 50% for the whole of the SRB to almost 70% overall. This represents an increase of about 1.4% per annum, or a rural depopulation of 1.1%. The projections indicate a higher overall urbanization rate for the Second Songhua and the Main Stream sub-basins as compared to the Nen River Basin, rising to 70% in the former two cases and to 60% in the latter case.

4.2.2.2. WATER USE PROJECTIONS

Water demand projections developed as part of the 11th Fiver Year Planning have been made available to the consultant team for use in this study. The following figure provides a comparison of these projections with estimates of total water resources in the SRB for the year 2000. The overall trend indicates that total water consumption is approaching the total available water resources for the 1 in 20 year return period. Given that the hydrological records indicate that perhaps droughts are becoming more frequent and that there are planned inter-basin transfers (in which water is transferred from the Songhua Basin to the Liao Basin), it can be concluded that there is a significant risk of

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 25 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT water shortages in the future should water consumption continue to increase as projected in these calculations.

The results clearly call for a thorough analysis of the water demand for agriculture and the savings that can be achieved with changing of production methods and crops. At present it is expected that the water demand will continue to increase, both in absolute values and in percentages. Curbing agricultural water use and industrial water use will have a greater impact than urban wastewater reuse schemes in relation to conserving water resources.

FIGURE 4-1: COMPARISON OF PROJECTED WATER USE WITH AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES

1000

900

800

700

Domestic 600 Industry Agriculture 500 Total 1 in 2 year

10^8 m3/year 1 in 4 year 400 1 in 20 year

300

200

100

0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Year

Of interest from a pollution viewpoint is the comparison between total industrial and domestic water consumption and low flows during the winter period. In total for the year 2000 total industrial and domestic (urban) water use approaches 280 m3/s. This value is close to the 1 in 10 year low flow recorded at Jiamisu near the outlet of the SRB. It can be appreciated in this context just how little dilution there exists in the SRB and the importance of recycling, reuse and reduction initiatives.

As discussed in Chapter 5 of Volume 4 respecting the intrinsic value of and benefits from ecosystems implies leaving water in the ecosystem to maintain its function (the ecological minimum flow). This together with the water needed to meet basic human requirements should be reserved as a priority. Only water resources in excess of these basic needs should be thought of as available for allocation to other uses.

4.2.2.3. POLLUTION LOADS

As part of the production of the strategic plan for the SRB, the TA has developed a waste load model to predict future pollution loading rates and discharges from point and non-point sources in the SRB.

The model predicts loading rates from the Base Year (2000) through to 2030. Two broad scenarios have been considered:

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• “Business as Usual” – in which observed existing trends in water use and pollution discharge are used to project future conditions; • “Reduction, Recycling, Reuse” – in which policy reforms encouraging reduction, recycling and reuse are implemented together with other policy reforms such as cost recovery, etc.

In particular for point sources, the use of this approach has demonstrated that the implementation of the existing proposed projects will not lead to a marked reduction in pollution load and therefore improvements in water quality over the SRB. In fact pollution loads are likely to increase significantly in the former scenario.

A further point raised by the use of this tool has been the impact of providing sewerage for a number of small communities. Today many of these communities use individual/small scale sewage disposal such as septic tanks. With the increasing pace of urbanization, groundwater is increasingly under threat from these discharges. It should be noted in this context, that in many of these communities shallow ground water without treatment is the current water source. Providing sewerage will clearly act to protect groundwater but will divert larger wastewater flows to surface waters in the SRB.

4.2.3. POLLUTION CONTROL TARGETS & OBJECTIVES

Existing pollution control plans (such as the SEPA plan) call for the achievement of water quality objectives by the Year 2010 in the SRB. As evidenced in the situation the current situation since the establishment of these plans and objectives, the situation has deteriorated. It would seem extremely unlikely that these objectives can be now achieved by 2010, the end of the 11th FYP.

However, before considering how authorities in the Songhua River Basin might set objectives and implement them as part of a strategic plan, it is essential to understand and accept one fundamental principle of strategic planning: there is absolutely no point in producing strategies and action plans for river water quality unless the Government is prepared to make adequate budgetary provision in regard to their fulfilment. Another way of looking at this is to say that if the State is prepared to allocate only a small budget for river quality planning and management, then it is not realistic to set objectives that cannot be achieved within the limitations of that budget. Strategic planning is about reality and making things happen in reality. It is not about committing to something that has no expectation of being achieved.

This fundamental principle provides the key to the use of the recommendations of this report, because it defines the point from which basin level authorities must start.

In the short-term, communities in the SRB can afford to spend very little on improving the state of its aquatic environment. Therefore the basin authorities should assign short-term surface water quality objectives in relation to the existing quality in its rivers at present and implement a policy of maintaining or slightly improving river quality, with respect to the present situation. Each river section should be assigned a short-term quality objective. This is an approach which has been successful in European countries, particularly in the UK and France.

In the meantime, the basin authorities should consider which of its river sections should be prioritised for improvement in the long-term. Once this has been done, long-term quality objectives should be assigned to each of these priority river sections. The setting of these latter objectives should relate to the Water Functional Zoning which is the basis for the implementation of the Water Law, and for the monitoring and management of water resources, as it determines for a specific water body area its proposed dominant use and its corresponding water quality objectives.

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This is an important planning tool for water resources protection and managemen; due to strengthened coordination between agencies on this subject these last few years, the Function Zoning process coordinated by WRB was approved by each Province or Region Government concerning their respective jurisdiction. The 3 Provincial/Regional Function Zoning Divisions have been aggregated at River Basin level by the Songliao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau and submitted to the Ministry of Water Resource for eventual approval. However, the establishment of water quality objectives on the basis of this zoning requires significant additional analysis.

Volume 4 of this report has developed a number of overall objectives for the river basin which are believed to be feasible. The following table provides a summary of some of the major objectives and targets. As illustrated later in this report, the investments required to achieve these objectives are considerable and in excess of current investment rates.

TABLE 4-1: PROPOSED OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS FOR WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE SRB

Parameter Short Term Target Medium Term Long Term Target (2010) Target (2015) (2020)

Water Quality Slight Improvement Achieve Water Achieve water Objectives of Current Quality Objectives quality objectives Conditions (eg. on important water for the SRB Class IV on the resources mainstream)

Urban Waste Water 70% in major 80% in major 90% in major Treatment Rates cities/50 % over the cities/70% over the cities/80% over the basin basin SRB

Waste Water 10% - 30% Recycling

Industrial COD 4 - 2 intensities (base 2000) kg/10000 RMB

As discussed above, it is not considered feasible to achieve water quality objectives over the entire basin in the next five years. As a result it is strongly recommended that investments and actions should be prioritized to protect water resources, such as the Fengman and Nierji Reservoirs.

4.2.4. STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THESE OBJECTIVES

This various actions and strategies to achieve the policy “Clean Water for All” in the SRB are illustrated in the following diagram. While improving and expanding investments in pollution control facilities is a major action, especially in the short term, other actions related to management of water resources and water quality are of equal significance. These various actions and strategies are further detailed in Volume IV of this report.

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FIGURE 4-2: KEY ELEMENTS OF THE VISION FOR WATER QUALITY OF THE SRB

y SRB to serve as a Promote a national model (test) y Empower the River Basin National Focus for river basin Agency management y Harmonisation of planning and objectives y Integrate low flow Foster Integrated management with Water Resources pollution control Management y Subsidiarity & The y Harmonisation & Four Separations Improvement of y Public Private monitoring and Partnerships assessment practices y Expansion of waste y Improve/Expand WS water service delivery Delivery y Develop regional y Implement Cost service delivery Recovery organisations y Develop 3 R's y Develop SRB fund for Information Centre and infrastructure financing SRB Foster Water Test Applications Conservation/ y Develop bench marking Clean Water For All Efficiencies approach y Awareness & Education (industrial and y Participation in national agricultural resource & regional management & pollution Promote regional conferences control) cooperation y Twinning of the SRB in Asia and Worldwide

y Pollution Source Control Fostering Web Site Participation y Water Quality Bulletins & Web Site

y Tendering procedures Improve Governance for PPP y Capacity Building

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4.3. THE STRATEGIC PLAN & IDENTIFICATION OF AN IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN

4.3.1. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER ACTION PLAN

The review of existing planning reports and strategies has lead to the identification of over 139 separate domestic wastewater projects within the SRB. Of these projects a number were phases 1 and 2 (or higher phases) of essentially the same project, so in total 96 wastewater projects were identified from the existing SRB planning documents. It should be noted however that there are significant areas without proposed WWTP such as upstream of the .

These projects were initially screened on the basis of three main criteria: • Load Reduction; • Cost Effectiveness; • Impact on water resources.

On the basis of these criteria, projects were prioritized and thereafter subdivided into three major groups consisting of approximately 30 projects. Of these three groups, the Consultant recommends that the first two groups (representing approximately 60 individual projects) would represent the immediate action plan for the SRB. The total load removal associated with these projects has been estimated as being sufficient to achieve the overall objective of improving the mainstream of the Songhua to Class IV while preferentially protecting upstream water resources.

As a result of further consultations with provincial stakeholders this initial screening has been revised. In addition certain projects which were initially industrial treatment projects on the long list, as a result of further detailed analysis have been included in the urban wastewater projects (for example, the Zanluntan wastewater project). The revised list of projects is provided in Appendix F of this report.

Detailed investigations of many of the projects within the first two groups were undertaken by the Consultant. It was clear that in the majority of cases,

a) that the projects were ready for implementation (in that in the majority of cases feasibility study reports were available; in some cases )

b) that there was a willingness to participate in future projects

For these projects the consultant has estimated future likely tariffs; these are all significantly higher than those currently levied. In addition for the projects investigated individual sheets are provided as part of Volume 4 summarising the major features of these projects with regard to technical, financial, institutional (ownership), stage of development, and environmental and social safeguards.

It should be noted with respect to the list of projects that this is a preliminary list only; the analysis however indicates that to achieve the proposed water quality objectives and protect upstream water resources in the SRB, a further 60 WWTP in the SRB will need to be implemented and operational by the end of the 11th FYP increasing the total treatment capacity by over 3 million m3/day. Such a programme is already extremely ambitious in relation to the achievements of the 10th FYP.

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Of the 61 industrial pollution control projects initially included in pollution control plans, investigations by the Consultant indicated that a number were no longer required. Often this was due to the closure or relocation of factory units rather than the effect of environmental regulations. It was noted, particularly in the case of a large number of SOEs that in spite of the actions of the environmental agencies, there remain a large number of “persistent polluters”. A revised list of industrial pollution control projects is provided in Appendix F.

It was additionally noted that the traditional « Command & Control » or « Regulation Based Approach » had not directly achieved the desired results of controlling industrial pollution in the basin.

Five key actions have been proposed as part of the Strategic Plan for the SRB, namely: • Implementation of the new pollution levy system in which all polluters pay for the right to discharge to the river system; • The development of a “revolving fund” to assist key enterprises/SOEs. It is proposed to that a series of existing enterprises could serve as “model case studies” for the SRB based on the initial list of identified enterprises. Thereafter, it should be up to the enterprises themselves to apply for assistance from this fund. This SRB pollution control fund could operate initially for industrial projects and be supported by the pollution levy, but then be broadened at a later date to include domestic wastewater projects funded by a special river basin pollution tariff; • The promotion of clean production principles and the circular economy within the river basin; • The dissemination and publication of results with regard to industrial pollution control on a web-site open to the general public; enterprises would be encouraged to comply with their environmental obligations through the award of “environmental medals”; non compliant enterprises would receive “black marks”. Such approaches could build upon similar highly successful approaches developed recently in South East Asia. • Government should promote the systematic implementation of EMS among the industry by: – Setting-up actions to boost the interest of industries for ISO 14001: awareness program through advertising and workshops, financial incentive/disincentives, restrictive access/facilitation to certain Government Procurements, etc. – Developing tools for EMS development and implementation: industries must find the required human resources to contract for EMS preparation, certification and audit; Government should promote the training of resources and the development of accredited personnel to answer the industry demand.

4.3.3. NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION (AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION) & HEADWATER SOURCE CONTROL

Pollutants of particular concern with regard to agriculture are nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) arising from the application of both mineral and organic fertilizers, and toxic pollution arising from the application of pesticides.

As discussed in both Volumes 2 and 4, the quantification of existing and future levels of nutrients in particular from agricultural sources has been extremely difficult to estimate. This is in part due to a paucity of reliable information and monitoring in relation to non point sources. Improvements in this area relate to improvements in both monitoring and the systematic analysis of pollutant behaviour through modelling approaches.

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 31 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT All strategic plans reviewed propose a reduction of non point source pollutant inputs in the SRB due to a reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides without detailing how such reductions can be brought about. Such reductions may be no more than “wishful thinking” given that agricultural activities and output are most likely to intensify.

In examining approaches to controlling non point sources from agriculture three major sets of measures have been considered: • Educational Measures to persuade farmers to adopt best practices through the establishment of Codes of Practices/Best Practice to limit application of fertilizers and pesticides and to reduce surface runoff; • Regulatory Measures influencing the type and utilisation of fertilizers and pesticides; this could involve most notably: – Zoning of areas to limit “nutrient surplus” in particularly sensitive zones including the catchments upstream of Fengman Reservoir, Nierji Reservoir, Mopanshan Reservoir, reservoirs within the basin; – Introduction of maximum limits of the application of nutrients per hectare; – Measures to reduce livestock density such as best practice, taxation, etc. • Economic Measures to limit the excess use of fertilizers and pesticides. • Structural measures such as catchment headwater protection and the development of riparian buffer zones.

A number of integrate headwater source protection projects have also been identified and discussed within Volume IV, including: • The Nenjiang Headwater protection project • Jilin – 7 ecological planning projects • Heilongjiang – 5 headwater protection projects and 25 ecological projects

With regard to these projects, they do not appear as yet ready for implementation as no project proposal nor prefeasibility studies were available to the Consultant. It is recommended that these projects are implemented as a second stage of the Immediate Action Plan; their development would need to be supported by further studies tied to a more broader examination of NPS pollutants in the SRB.

4.3.4. MONITORING & ASSESSMENT

Effective pollution control is hampered by a lack of monitoring capability, especially in relation to point source monitoring. As of yet few detailed plans are available concerning this aspect; these should be developed as part of the proposed expanded role of the EPBs in the river basin.

Improvements in ambient monitoring should come about by a rationalization of the existing monitoring networks and an extension of the range of parameters monitored.

As identified in Volume 2 of the report, there is a particular deficiency in the monitoring, assessment and control of toxic pollutants. The monitoring of these substances should be in relation to the development of a priority list of substances whose discharges should be phased out over the next 10 to 20 years and a second list in which pollutant discharges should be reduced to acceptable levels.

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4.3.5.1. TECHNICAL STUDIES & MONITORING

The situation analysis report revealed a number of gaps in existing knowledge and pointed to a number of potential studies, notably: • Further study and the development of routine monitoring systems for micro- pollutants and toxic pollutants in the SRB; • Studies concerning nutrients upstream of the Fengman and Nierji reservoirs; • Extension of the water quality classification system to consider more classes of pollutants.

4.3.5.2. SRB WATER INFORMATION CENTRE & WATER QUALITY MODELLING TOOL

The major role of the WRPB as part of the reform of river basin organisations, will be to act as an agency for the SRSPLG in developing basin wide assessments of water quality (diagnostic), developing strategic options, planning and assessing impact of individual projects. Furthermore the WRPB will act a as a clearing house for water based information collected in the basin.

It is proposed to develop at the level of the WRPB a Water Information Centre in which all forms of water based information (flow and water quality) are brought together for the whole river basin. This will require the development of specific GIS and databases akin to those initiated as part of this TA.

In order to evaluate proposed measures under various conditions and scenarios, the SWRPB will need a reliable modelling tool that adequately describes the Songhua water system with respect to hydrology, waste water production, surface water quality and ecology. The main objectives of such a modelling system are:

• To assist the Songhua river basin water managers with adequate tools to calculate the effect of proposed measures for planning (short and long term); • To ensure that targets for all functional zones including the relevant water quality objectives will be met at least costs for additional measures in the upstream river sections and reservoirs; • To be able to implement the day-to-day practical operational management for all reservoirs, facilities and infrastructure in the basin to satisfy both drinking water requirements and downstream demands (in terms of quality and quantity); • To quantity the large scale effects of climate change, transboundary issues and inter basin transfer.

The development of such a model is essential to enable the future proposed water agency to complete the harmonization exercises concerning water functional zoning (and thereby water quality objectives) and integrated planning.

4.3.5.3. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

A key recommendation of this study is to develop a number of PSP operations within the SRB which could serve as models for future investment and best practice. Such operations would be developed on the basis of a specific technical assistance (funded

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 33 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT potentially from multi-lateral aid agencies who have developed significant recent experience in the sector). Such a technical assistance would fund the development of: – Formal procedures (including bid documents) for PSP in the SRB; – Government tools for regulating such PSP ventures, including for example benchmarking; – Training to local government officials to strengthen their capacity in the understanding and thereafter regulation of such ventures.

4.3.6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN

Figure 4-3 provides summarises the implementation of the proposed Strategic Plan during the next 15 years until 2020. Three different components are proposed: • Studies supporting particularly the development of the Immediate Action Plan consisting of studies related to the preparation of the investment packages and specific studies as identified previously; • A series of investments organized to support the longer term reforms proposed as part of the strategic plan. It is proposed that these investments are organized in a programmatic manner, their implementation staged in relation to the achievement of key milestones; • A series of infrastructure investments prioritized into four groups as shown in Figure 4-3 covering point source pollution control investments (domestic and industrial) and non point source pollution control.

4.3.7. FINANCING STRATEGY

A financing strategy has been developed based on the nature of different projects. In general three types of project can be recognised: • Public non-revenue generating projects such as ecological/head water protection projects, monitoring projects, water quality information centre • Public revenue-generating projects such as domestic wastewater systems (treatment and networks) • Private projects such as industrial wastewater treatment projects

Overall financing requirements of the Strategic Plan have been estimated based on the expected cost for each of the components, which are based on the reported base costs for each of the project investments. In order to package the projects in an efficient manner the following assumptions were made: • Investments in domestic WWTPs would be made through direct investment in the proposed projects while investments in industrial WWTPs would be through an industrial wastewater treatment revolving fund. • Local currency costs for domestic WWTPs would be financed from local resources while foreign exchange costs would be financed from the loans from either multi- lateral or bi-lateral lending organisations. • Foreign exchange costs for WWTPs are on average 40% of base costs. • Based on analysis of the proposed industrial WWTP investments, support of $25 million would be required for the revolving fund in each of the first two projects. • Support for strengthening of emission monitoring capacity, including provision of equipment, would require the allocation of finance equivalent to 3% of the investment in WWTPs.

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• In order to remain manageable individual loans should be limited to an amount of $250 million, implying a total cost, including local currency, of about $600 million. • Domestic WWTP projects will be implemented in order of priority, the most critical being implemented under the first loan and so on and with the focus on Phase 1 projects. Implementation of Phase 2 projects would start during the third loan, again with emphasis on the highest priority investments.

Based on these assumptions, a total investment of the order of 22 Billion RMB has been estimated divided into four packages spanning the next 15 years (Table 4-2). Of this approximately 17 Billion would be invested as part of an Immediate Action Plan covering the 11th Five Year Planning Period.

TABLE 4-2: INDICATIVE COST ESTIMATES FOR INVESTMENT PROJECTS

(RMB BILLION) Component First Second Third Fourth Investment Investment Investment Investment Project (IMAP Project (IMAP Project (12th Project (13th Phase 1) Phase 2) FYP) FYP) Domestic WWTPs 8.17 5.60 4.47 Nd Industrial WWTP Revolving 0.85 0.85 - Nd Fund Head Water Protection - 1.20 0.80 Nd Monitoring 0.10 0.10 0.10 Nd Total Cost 9.12 8.20 5.37 5.0

Nd = not defined

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FIGURE 4-3: OUTLINE IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR THE STRATEGIC PLAN INCLUDING THE IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Components 1 2 3412 3 4 123412 3 41234123412 3 4123412 3 412341234123412341234 I. Studies A. Feasibility Studies, Preliminary & Final Designs, Tender Docs. 50 m Yuan B Water Quality Monitoring/Bio Monitoring and Improved Water Quality Assessment 4 m Yuan C. SRB Water Quality Modelling Studies 8 m Yuan D Non-Point Source Pollution/Headwater Protection Studies 16 m Yuan II Programme Components 1.2 b Yuan Policy & Institutional Priorities 1. Water Information Centre, Ambient Water Quality Monitoring, 12th FYP development 2. SRB Revolving Fund 3. Clean development mechanism centre, EMS, Agricultural Pollution Control 4. River Basin Twinning, Conferences 5. Public Participation, Publicity Campaigns 6. Government Training Courses III Investment Components A. First Investment Component 9.12 b Yuan 1. Domestic Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Phase I)8.17 b Yuan 2. Industrial Waste Water Treatment Fund0.85 b Yuan 4. Point Source Monitoring 0.10 b YYuan B. Second Investment Component 7.75 b Yuan 1. Domestic Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Phase I)5.60 b Yuan 2. Industrial Waste Water Treatment Fund 0.85 b Yuan 3. Headwater Projects 1.20 b Yuan 4. Point Source Monitoring 0.10 b Yuan C. Third Investment Component 5.37 b Yuan 1. Domestic Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Phase I) 4.47 b Yuan 2. Headwater Projects 0.80 b Yuan 3. Point Source Monitoring 0.10 b Yuan D. Fourth Investment Component 5.00 b Yuan

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5. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN WITHIN THE 11TH FIVE YEAR PLANNING PERIOD

5.1. PROPOSED MULTI-LATERAL LOAN STRATEGY

As discussed in Volume 4 the infrastructure requirements for pollution control within the SRB are enormous and go beyond requirements of any one simple investment. Furthermore, the experience with past investment projects in the SRB demonstrate clearly without policy changes, proposed investments are unlikely to bring about real benefits in pollution load reduction and thereby improvements in water quality.

Of particular note are the observations made during the development of the strategic planning that: • Without reduction, recycling and reuse proposed investments are unlikely to be of sufficient capacity to provide significant reductions in absolute pollution loading rates; • Without significant increases in wastewater tariffs, there is unlikely to be sufficient funds to guarantee the operation of the constructed infrastructure.

Three types of loan have been generally provided by multi-lateral and bi-lateral lenders to China: • Option 1: Project Loans. This type of loan is provided to well defined, usually individual or packages of rather small projects associated with little policy reform (although it is possible to covenant in some cases minor reforms within the loan); capacity building can be included in these loans but they remain rather limited; such loans require a large amount of justification/analysis prior to approval by the lender since all of the individual subprojects included in the loan need to be assessed. These have been the typical lending vehicle of both ADB, the World Bank and bilateral lenders in China especially with respect to the urban and industrial pollution control sectors, and China clearly has the capacity to implement this type of loan as a routine process. While packaging a number of WWTP projects together into a single loan appeared to be adequate in the past, the extent of work involved in preparing all subprojects to the level required for ADB loan appraisal would be too great given the magnitude of investment anticipated for the Songhua River Basin. Furthermore this approach would fail to address the policy and institutional needs that are critical to success of the proposed investments. • Option 2: Sector Loans: these loans are more open and flexible with respect to the lending portfolio. They also permit a wider policy dialogue although such as dialogue is again restricted to that agreed as part of the loan covenant. Their distinct feature is to enable a loan to be appraised on the basis of an agreed sector strategy and approval of “model” subproject documents for identified core subprojects.

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• Option 3: Sector Development Programme Loans and/or Multi-Tranche Facilities: These type of loans combine the flexibility of the sector loan approach with the benefits of permitting a continued policy dialogue between the lending organisation and the borrower. Initiation of infrastructure investment through one or more sector loans is typically conditional on the achievement of certain milestones with respect to policy and institutional initiatives. TA grants for facilitating implementation of the loan projects can also be included in the package. The major advantage of this structure is that a large loan package covering a longer time period can be packaged for approval as a single unit with subsequent loans still being conditional on achieving targets. This structure also avoids the inevitable delays in approval of follow-on loans experienced in the more traditional formats.

As emphasised in this report, institutional reforms are central to success of this approach and have been carefully analysed in the assessment of the sectoral needs. The strategy proposed herewith represents a careful combination of policy and institutional reforms and investment needs.

The approach has reviewed a number of options ranging from a series of standard loans/grants form Central Government/Multi-Lateral Lenders to an integrated Multi- Tranche Facility. Of the approaches the Sector Loan Approach of the Multi Tranche Facility approach would provide investments in a flexible and efficient manner. The Multi- Tranche approach is concluded to provide the necessary policy and management reforms and has the following advantages: • Enables to continue and deepen the policy dialogue first developed by ADB in the region with the Harbin Water Supply TA and the Songhua Flood Management TA; • Develops and expands cooperation in the region across a number of priority sectors such as environmental protection, agricultural best practices and public health within a river basin management context; • Enables the financing and implementation of a large number of projects in an efficient and cost-effective manner.

The proposed “Multi-Tranche Facility,” is a combination of a Program loan, which triggers two sector loans through achievement of specified milestones, and TA grants to support the major developments. The approach is efficient in that it combines the activities previously undertaken through a combination of three loans and various TA grants into a package that can be approved in one stage. Failure to achieve the designated milestones would provide a check on each of the subsequent stages. There are many options for structuring the project and details will need to be investigated during PPTA/loan processing. Figure 5-1 provides a summary of the first tranche of the facility incorporating the programme loan and the first sector loan. A list of proposed participating “project cities” and projects is included in Appendix F.

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 38 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

FIGURE 5-1: PROPOSED INITIAL LOAN TO BE SUPPORTED BY ADB

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Loans/Components 123412 3 4 123412 3 41234123412 3 4123412 3 4 I. Technical Assistance (Loans/Grants) A. Project Preparation TA B. Support for Programme Loan II. Programme/Capacity Building Components $50 m USD Policy & Institutional Priorities 1. Foster the Integrated management of water resources 2. Improve & expand delivery of water services 3. Foster conservation of water & increase system efficiencies 4. Promote regional cooperation 5. Foster participation 6. Improve governance III.Investment Components A. Physical Investment Component $456 m USD 1. Domestic Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Phase I)$408 m USD 2. Industrial Waste Water Treatment Fund$50 m USD 3. Water Quality Monitoring$6 m USD

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 39 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

5.2. KEY ISSUES, RISKS & CONSTRAINTS

Volume 4 identified a series of key issues, risks and constraints associated with the implementation of the strategic plan, most notably the first phase as part of an immediate action plan during the 11th FYP period. These are summarised below: • Financial Issues & Operation of WWTP: Observations indicated that municipalities were unwilling to pass on the real cost of wastewater services; in most cases existing wastewater tariffs do not cover operation and maintenance costs. This has had the effect to deprive wastewater companies with sufficient funds to operate facilities and to raise counterpart funds to continue payment of contractors on ongoing projects; at least one third of existing domestic WWTP in the SRB were observed not to be operating. Without local government willingness to adopt central government policies on cost recovery, there is a risk the proposed WWTP in this report may suffer the same fate; • Least Cost & Affordability: Two issues have arisen in the detailed examination of the documentation made available to the consultant concerning a number of the proposed projects (project proposals and feasibility studies): – In the case of the larger cities, most notably Changchun, the proposals would appear to be based on a non-optimal masterplan in which a large number of small WWTP are being proposed. In these instances comparison of alternative schemes with a smaller number of plants is advised; – In the case of the smaller communities, rather sophisticated WWTP have been proposed; the Consultant questions the advisability of such proposals on the basis of affordability and the ability of the local community to operate successfully such plants. Where land is not a constraint, simpler treatment systems involving storage and stabilisation ponds could be adopted as proposed for example in the case of Nierji. • Provision Of Wastewater Services In Small Towns & Communities: Small towns and communities are faced with the dual problem of both affordability and their ability to operate the WWTP. From an institutional point of view two solutions both leading to the development of “regional wastewater agencies” can be explored to mitigate these risks: – Assistance could be provided by the higher level municipal level services; – Small towns could collaborate together to form a “regional “ service.

An added advantage of such regional agencies would be their “attractiveness” and ability to negotiate partnerships with the private sector. • Environmental and Social Safeguard Measures: Although few of the proposed projects have developed environmental impact assessments nor resettlement plans, examination of the project documents indicated that there would be few significant issues in these domains. A key issue in the case of wastewater projects, both domestic and industrial, is the safe disposal of sewage sludge. Except for the larger communities, few of the towns had acceptable landfill facilities which could act as a route for the disposal of sludge. A potential mitigation measure would be to include provision for landfill upgrading together with the consideration of sludge reutilisation options (agricultural reuse, horticultural reuse) as part of the immediate action plan.

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 40 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

APPENDIX A – BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT REVISED DRAFT FINAL REPORT-BIBLIOGRAPHY

N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 001 Songhua River Flood Management Sector SOGREAH English November Project （ADB TA No,3376-PRC） 2002 Volume 9 Institutional Analysis 002 Flood Management System SOGREAH English （ADB TA No,3376-PRC） 003 Songhua River Flood, Wetland and Biodiversity AGRA/HYDROSULT/ English August, Management Project （ADB TA 3376-PRC） SOGREAH/Songliao 2000 Environmental Assessment Mid-term Report Water Resources (2 copies) Committee 004 Songhua River Flood and Wetland Management Ma Zhong English August 17, Project （PPTA:33437 PRC） 2000 Report on Institutional Analysis of Wetland Management and Biodiversity Conservation in (2 copies) 005 Songhua River Flood, wetland and Biodiversity English/Chinese Management Project ADB TA: 3376-PRC Midterm Report (3 copies) 006 People’s Republic of China Northeast Flood Project Management English April 2000 Damage Rehabilitation Project ( Jilin) Quarterly Office Changchun Progress Report Number 2 Jilin PRC (October 1999 to March 2000)

007 Asian Development Bank People’s Republic of Heilongjiang English/Chinese 31 March China Provincial Planning 2000 Northeast Flood Damage Rehabilitation Project Commission Loan 1686-PRC Heilongjiang Province Snowy Mountains Quarterly Report No.2 Engineering Corporation 008 Asian Development of China People’s Republic Project Administration English May 1999 of China (Draft) Memorandum Northeast Flood Damage Rehabilitation Project (PAM) Loan No.1686-PRC: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Loan No.1686-PRC: Heilongjiang Province Loan No.1687-PRC: Jilin Province 009 Songhua River Basin , Wetland Xun Honping English 2000/8/11 and Biodiversity Management Project PRC: T.A.No.3376-PRC Institutional Frameworks For Songhua River Basin 010 Research on Protection of Wetland Biodiversity Song Liao River Basin English Oct.1998 and Water Ecology on the in Water Resources China Protection Bureau, Ministry of Water Resources and Mire Research Instituted of Northeast Normal University 011 Songhua River Flood, Wetland and Biodiversity Dr. George E. English Management Project Radosevich & Mr. Wu (TA: 3376 PRC) Guosong TA Workshop 2 Legal Component & Framework

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 012 Songhua River Flood, Wetland and Biodiversity Dr. George E. English Management Project Radosevich (TA: 3376 PRC) TA Workshop 2 Strategic Planning Process & IBM in SRB 013 Songhua River Flood, Wetland and Biodiversity GER English 00-08-03 Management Project (TA: 3376 PRC) TA Workshop 2 Legal &Institutional Frameworks & the Strategic Planning Process 014 Area of Water and Soil Conservation and Map Wetland Protection in Short Term in the Nen River and the Songhua River 015 Legal Framework of the Songhua River Basin Dr. George E. Phrase I – Mid-Term Report (2 copies) Radosevich International Legal Consultant, Hydrosult

016 The Songhuajiang River and the Liaohe River Committee of the Songhuajiang River and Liaohe River Water Resources 017 Song-Liao Water Resources Commission Map English /Chinese Ministry of Water Resources, P.R. China 018 Land and Cadastral Information Management Pierre le Roux English September Technology Perspectives 1999

019 Land Administration Law of People’s Republic Adopted at meeting of English August 29, of China the Standing 1998 Committee of the Ninth National People’s Congress on 020 Issues to be Addressed by the Program for Ken King English Measuring Incremental Costs for the Environment 021 The People’s Republic of China Flood Damage English January Rehabilitation Project （Inner Mongolia 31,2000 Autonomous Region）（Asian Development Bank Loan No.1685-PRC） Quarterly Progress Report 022 The Inner Mongolia of China The Information Office English/Chinese of the People’s Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 023 SEPA 024 International Workshop on Natural Disasters English June 10- Getting Together Sharing Experience 12, 1999 Developing Cooperation For Disaster Preparedness and Management 025 Background Info. for TA Consultants (Songhua English River) 026 ADB PPTA Songhua River Flood Management English Sector Project –Environmental Impact Assessment

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 027 Law of the People’s Republic of China on Water Law Press China English/Chinese and Soil Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution Water Law of the People’s Republic of China 028 China Statistical Yearbook National Bureau of English/Chinese Statistics of China 029 2003 Jilin Statistical Yearbook China Statistics Press English/Chinese 030 The Conservation Atlas of China Science Press, English Beijing, China 031 Jilin Province Common Map Collection Jilin Province Chinese Measure Bureau 032 Heilongjiang Province Agriculture Map Heilongjiang Province Chinese Collection Map Collection Compiling Commission 033 Jilin Province Land Resources Map Collection Science Press Chinese 034 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Map Chinese Map Press Chinese Collection 035 Heilongjiang Province Map Collection Harbin Map Press Chinese 036 A Great Cause for Centuries PRC. Water Chinese Resources Ministry Land Protection Bureau 037 Songliao Basin Water Resource Protection Ministry of Water Chinese May, 2001 “Fifteen” Action Planning ( Original Copy) Resource and SEPA and Songliao Basin Water Resource Protection Bureau 038 Songliao Basin Water Resource Protection Ministry of Water Chinese May, 2001 “Fifteen” Action Planning (Copy One) Resource and SEPA and Songliao Basin Water Resource Protection Bureau

039 Jilin Province National Economy and Social Chinese Development No.-nth Five-year Planning Program 040 Heilongjiang Province National Economy and Chinese Social Development No.-tenth Five –year Planning Program 041 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region National Chinese Economy and Social Development No.-tenth Five-year Planning Program 042 Songliao Basin Surface Water Resource Quality Songliao Basin Water Chinese August, Year report 1999 Environment 2000 Monitoring Centre 043 Songliao Basin Surface Water Resource Quality Songliao Basin Water Chinese September Year report 2000 Environment 2000 Monitoring Center 044 Songliao Basin Surface Water Resource Quality Songliao Basin Water Chinese September Year report 2001 Environment 2000 Monitoring Centre 045 2000-year Jilin Province Environmental Chinese Condition Report

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 046 2001-year Jilin Province Environmental Chinese Condition Report 047 2002-year Jilin Province Environmental Chinese Condition Report 048 2000-year Heilongjiang Province Environmental Chinese Condition Report 049 2001-year Heilongjiang Province Environmental Chinese Condition Report 050 2002-year Heilongjiang Province Environmental Chinese Condition Report 051 2003-year Heilongjiang Province Environmental Chinese Condition Report 052 Water Functional Criteria of Heilongjiang Heilongjiang Province Chinese Surface Water Quality Technical Supervision Bureau 053 Songhua River Flood, Wetland and Biodiversity AMEC Earth & English Management Project Midterm Report Environmental Limited Calgary, Alberta, Canada 054 Annex A Environmental Assessment English Appendices 055 Social Analysis: Towards and Integrated River AGRA/HYDROSULT/ English August Basin Development Draft Report SOGREAH/SWRC 2000 056 Environmental Assessment Mid-term Report English 057 Songliao Basin Water Quality Public Report Songliao River Basin Chinese 1999 Water Resources Protection Bureau 058 Songliao Basin Water Quality Public Report Songliao River Basin Chinese 2000 Water Resources Protection Bureau 059 Songliao Basin Water Quality Public Report Songliao River Basin Chinese 2001 Water Resources Protection Bureau 060 Songliao Basin Water Quality Public Report Songliao River Basin Chinese 2002 Water Resources Protection Bureau 061 Songliao River Basin Surface Water Resources Songliao Basin Water Chinese Quality Year Report 2002 Environment Monitoring Center 062 Songliao Water Resource Protection Fifteen Water Resource Chinese/English Plan and 2010 Plan Department Songliao Water Resource Committee 063 General description of water and soil Heilongjiang Province Chinese conservation in the Songhua river Basin Government 064 Heilongjiang Almanac 065 Songhua River Basin Water Resources PRC Water Resource Chinese/English 2003.5 Protection Draft Report Department 066 PRC National Natural Map Chinese/English 067 Water Resource Management in Industrial Leo R. Beard and English Areas W.H.C. Maxwell 068 Principles of P.Ph.Jansen(ed.) English The non-tidal alluvial river 069 Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2003 China Statistics Press Chinese/English 070 Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2004 China Statistics Press Chinese/English

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 071 Water Resources and Environment Series Editors English Technical Note D.1 Richard Davis, Rafik Water Quality Assessment and Protection Hirji 072 Current situation, defects, and future English suggestions of institutional framework for water resources management in China 073 Local Legislation to Support Tran jurisdictional RMIT International English Water Pollution Management Final Report Pty, Ltd. Melbourne, Australia 074 Organic Poison Pollution and Its Prevention Heilongjiang English March Research for Songhua River Provincial 2002 Environmental Protection & Scientific Research Institute

075 Water Quality Analytical Methodology National China Standard Press Chinese 1996 Standard Collection 076 Inter-office Memorandum Asian Development English Bank Resident in the People’s Republic of China SSTA 4095-PRC: Policy Reform Support (Component A)-Draft TA Final Report for Comment 077 The Tenth Five-year Planning and 2015 Plan Edition Team Chinese/English July 2002 Planning for Water Pollution Prevention and Control in the Songhua River Basin (Jilin) 078 SRB Water Pollution Integrated Prevention and EPB Chinese Control Plan (Heilongjiang) 079 SRB Water Pollution Integrated Prevention and EPB Chinese Control Plan (Inner Mongolia) 080 Jilin Ecological Province Construction Plan Bai Xiaoming Chinese 081 Jilin Province Ecological Environment Protection Bai Xiaoming Chinese Plan 082 Songhua River Basin Water Pollution SEPA Chinese/English Prevention and Control Plan 083 Heilongjiang Environment Statistics Yearbook Heilongjiang EPB Chinese 2002 084 Heilongjiang Environment Statistics Yearbook Heilongjiang EPB Chinese 2003 085 Heilongjiang Province Environment Condition Heilongjiang EPB Chinese Public Report 2003 086 Heilongjiang Province Ecological Environment Heilongjiang EPB Chinese Current Condition Survey Table 087 Heilongjiang Province Environment Quality Heilongjiang EPB Chinese Report 1996-2000 088 Environmental Quality Outline of Harbin Heilongjiang EPB Chinese 089 Nen River Town Wastewater Treatment Plant Chinese Project Introduction 090 Heilongjiang Province Nen River County Nen City Municipal Chinese River Town Wastewater Treatment Plant and Project Design Discharge Water Pipeline Construction Project Department Feasibility Study Report 091 Construction Project Environment Influence Chinese Report Table

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 092 Feasibility Study Report Inner Mongolia Chinese Project Council Centre 093 Inner Mongolia Zhalantun Wastewater Chinese Municipal Chinese Treatment Project Prelimary Design Statement Project North-east Design Institute 094 Heilongjiang Old Industrial Base Renovate Heilongjiang People’s Chinese Overall Plan Government 095 Qiqihar City Fulajir Area Wastewater Treatment Heilongjiang Province Chinese Project Feasibility Study Report Municipal Plan Design Institute 096 Inner Mongolia Fulun Paper Group Ltd Hulunbeir City Chinese Environment Influence Evaluation Program Environment and Science Institute 097 Preliminary Feasibility Study Report Chinese International Chinese Inner Mongolia Forest Industry Group Fulun Design Institute Paper Ltd Enlarge Construction Project 098 North-east Area Water Pollution Prevention and North-east Water Chinese November Control Study Integrated Report (Draft) Resources Project 2004 Group Chinese Project Academy 099 Jilin Old Industrial Base Renovate Overall Plan Jilin People’s Chinese Government 100 Songliao Basin Water Resources and Water Resources Chinese August Development Condition Assessment Report Ministry Songliao 2004 Water Resources Committee 101 Changchun South-east Wastewater Treatment Water Resources Chinese November Project Feasibility Report No.03P-0014K Ministry Songliao 2003 Water Resources Committee 102 Changchun South-east Wastewater Treatment Jilin Province Chinese March Plant and Wastewater Intersection Project Hydrological 2004 Geological Project Geological Environment Geological Research Institute 103 Changchun South Jinyue Section Infrastructure Chinese Stage One Project Proposal No. 03T-0107X 104 City East City Wastewater Chinese Treatment Project 105 2004 The First National Environmental Water Resources Chinese October Protection Capital Project Applied Guide and Ministry Songliao 2003 Concerning Regulation Water Resources Committee 106 “North-east Water Resources Development Use Chinese Engineer Chinese November Key Project Layout Study” Integrated Report Institute (North-east 2004 (Draft) Water Resources” Project Group 107 “North-east Water& Ecological Environment Chinese Engineer Chinese November Problem and Protection Counteraction Study” Institute (North-east 2004 Integrated Report (Draft) Water Resources” Project Group

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 108 “North-east Water Pollution Prevention and Chinese Engineer Chinese November Control Counteraction Study” Integrated Report Institute (North-east 2004 (Draft) Water Resources” Project Group 109 State Water Resources Integrated Plan Surface Ministry of Water Chinese July Water Resources Protection Complementary Resources 2003 Technological Item Hydrological Design Institute State Water Resources Integrated Plan Technological Work Group 110 Surface Water Function Zone of Jilin Province Jilin Province Quality Chinese December and Technology 1，2004 Monitoring Bureau 111 Songliao Basin Water Resources Zone and Ministry of Water Chinese September Water Function Zone Comparison Resources Water 2002 Resources Committee 112 Inner Mongolia Water Resources Protection Inner Mongolia Chinese February Plan Report (Draft) Hydrological Bureau 2003 Inner Mongolia Water Environment Monitoring Center 113 Inner Mongolia Water Resources Protection Inner Mongolia Chinese February Plan Report Attachment (Draft) Hydrological Bureau 2003 Inner Mongolia Water Environment Monitoring Center 114 Inner Mongolia Water Quality Plan Report Inner Mongolia Chinese February (Draft) Hydrological Bureau 2003 Inner Mongolia Water Environment Monitoring Center 115 Inner Mongolia Water Quality Plan Report Inner Mongolia Chinese February Attachment (Draft) Hydrological Bureau 2003 Inner Mongolia Water Environment Monitoring Center 116 Inner Mongolia Water Function Zoning (Draft) Inner Mongolia Chinese February Hydrological Bureau 2003 Inner Mongolia Water Environment Monitoring Center 117 Invitation of Investment in the projects of the Harbin Urban Inland Chinese Hejia River in Harbin River Construction and Development Co. Ltd. 118 Introduction in the projects for renovation of the Chinese February Hejia River in Harbin 2004 119 Design draft for renovation of the Hejia River in Harbin Municipal Chinese September Harbin Engineer Design 2004 Institute Heilongjiang Province Water Resources Exploration Design Institute

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 120 Harbin Huaer Medical Company Water Harbin Industrial Chinese December Integrated Use Engineer University 2003 Environment Protection Technical Share Ltd. 121 Harbin Huaer Medical Water Integrated Use Engineer Construction Basic Information 122 North-east Light Alloy Ltd 6000 ton/day Harbin Industrial Chinese January Wastewater Treatment an Reclying Engineer University 2004 Feasibility Report Environmental Protection Technological Ltd. 123 North-east Light Alloy Ltd 6000 ton/day Chinese Wastewater Treatment an Reclying Engineer Construction Basic Information 124 City Chaihe Paper-making Ltd. Daily Chinese March Treatment Construction Engineer Feasibility 2005 Report 125 Mudanjiang City Urban Wastewater Treatment Chinese Municipal Chinese 2005 Stage Two Engineer Feasibility Report Engineer Huabei Design Institute Mudanjiang City Municipal Engineer Design Institute Mudanjiang City Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant 126 Heilongjiang Province Linhai City Wastewater Chinese March Treatment Feasibility Report 1999 127 Ninan City Urban Wastewater Treatment Project Chinese Municipal Chinese March Feasibility Report Engineer North-east 2001 Design Institute 128 Jiamusi Heilong Agriculture Medicine Chinese Wastewater Treatment Project 129 Wastewater Treatment Engineer Chinese Feasibility Study Report 130 Inner Mongolia Forestry Industrial Group Fulun Chinese Qingxin Chinese January Paper-making Ltd. Feasibility Study Report Project Ltd. 2004 131 Inner Mongolia Lantian Sugar Ltd Wastewater Metal Chinese April Treatment Project Design Design Institute 2005 132 Zhalantun City Garbage Harmless Treatment Zhalantun Water Chinese Project Information Discharge Ltd. 133 Zhalantun City Wastewater Treatment Project Zhalantun Water Chinese October 1, Information Discharge Ltd. 20024 134 Dayangshu Town Water Discharge Project Hulunbeir Chinese March Feasibility Study Report Construction Design 2004 Institute 135 Alihe Town Water Discharge Project Feasibility Hulunbeir Chinese June Study Report Construction Design 2003 Institute 136 Information reported to ADB Consultants Team Zhalantun People’s Chinese April 9, Government 2005 137 Inner Mongolia Molidawa Dawuoer Banner Nirji Inner Mongolia Weidu Chinese May 2001 Town Wastewater Project Enlarge Design Project Design Report Consultant Ltd.

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 138 Molidawa Dawuoer Banner Nirji Town Garbage Inner Mongolia Weidu Chinese March Harmless Treatment Feasibility Study Report Project Design 2000 Consultant Ltd. 139 Inner Mongolia Dawuoer Banner Nirji Town Inner Mongolia Weidu Chinese April Wastewater Project Feasibility Study Report Project Design 1999 Consultant Ltd. 140 Arong Banner Naji Town Garbage Harmless Inner Mongolia Weidu Chinese June 2000 Treatment Project Feasibility Study Report Project Design Consultant Ltd. 141 Inner Mongolia Arong Banner Naji Town Qiqihar City Municipal Chinese May 2000 Wastewater Project Feasibility Study Report Project Design Institute 142 Heilongjiang Province Nenjiang County Qiqihar City Municipal Chinese January Nenjiang Town Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Design 2003 Institute 143 Nenjiang County Nenjiang Town Wastewater Nenjiang Town Water Chinese May 2003 Treatment Project Environment Influence Discharge Report Table Construction Section 144 Mo Banner Nirji Town Urban Infrastructure Mo Banner People’s Chinese Aril 8, Project Introduction Applied ADB Loan Government 2005 145 Heilongjiang Province Surface Water Heilongjiang Chinese November Environment Quality Monitoring Website Provinces 2001 Construction Plan Environmental Protection Heilongjiang Province Development and Plan Committee 146 Jilin Economy and Technological Developing Chinese Municipal Chinese November Zone Wastewater Treatment Project Feasibility Project North-east 2000 Study Complement Report Design Institute 147 City Urban Wastewater Treatment Changchun City Chinese March Project Feasibility Study Report Municipal Project 2005 Institute 148 City Domestic Garbage Treatment Chinese Municipal Chinese January Project Feasibility Study Report No.: 04L- Engineer Design 2005 0359K Institute 149 The Feasibility Research Report of Baicheng Chinese North-east English City’s Sewage Treatment Project No.: 04P- Municipal Engineering 0322K Design & Research Institute Changchun Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute 150 Inner Mongolia Zhajite Banner Yinder Town Inner Mongolia Urban Chinese January Garbage Treatment Project Feasibility Study Planning & Municipal 2005 Report Engineer Design Institute Co. Ltd. 151 Inner Mongolia Zhajite Banner Yinder Town Inner Mongolia Urban Chinese October Wastewater Treatment Project Feasibility Study Planning & Municipal 2004 Report Engineer Design Institute Co. Ltd. 152 Wulanhaote City Environmental Monitoring Wulanhaote City Chinese April 5, Centre Project Proposal Document Environmental 2005 Protection Bureau

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N° Title Author Version Date (English/Chinese) 153 Heilongjiang Sida Paper-making Co.Ltd. Heilongjiang Province Chinese August Recycling Reform Project Feasibility Study Light Design Institute 2004 Report No. Z87K 154 Xinan League Wulanhaote Economic and Xinan League Shidai Chinese July 2004 Technical Zone Wastewater Treatment Project Basic Construction Proposal Council Lt.d 155 China North Water Quality Study Program: The World Bank English May 2004 Component C: Urban Water Reuse Study 156 Jilin Water Supply and Sewerage Development ADB PPTA 4227 PRC English November Project 2004 157 Harbin Water Supply Project ADB PPTA 3571 PRC English October 2002 158 Basin Wastewater Management & ADB PPTA 3095 PRC English December Pollution Control 1999 159 Liaoning Integrated Environment Project: Basin MWH English September Planning Report 2000 160 Transjurisdictional Water Environmental ADB TA 3891 English 2004 Management: Assignment B 161 Strategic Options for the Water Sector ADB TA 2817 PRC English 1998 162 China Agenda for Water Sector Strategy for The World Bank English April 2001 North China 163 Study on Control & Management of Rural Non ADB TA 3891 PRC English November Point Source Pollution 2004 164 Major Issues and Recommendations of PPP in ADB TA 4095 PRC English January the Water Sector in China 2005

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APPENDIX B – TA PAPER & CONSULTANTS TOR

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE B

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK REVISED

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

TO THE

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

FOR

SONGHUA RIVER WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT

This revised paper reflects agreed changes in implementation arrangements based on consultations carried out between February and April 2003 with stakeholders at the central, provincial and regional levels. The changes in implementation arrangements were formally endorsed by ADB 11 April 2003.

The revised paper has been prepared to consolidate agreed changes and provide a basic reference to facilitate implementation.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 12 December 2002)

Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.12 $1.00 = CNY8.27

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank IWQPCMP – integrated water quality and pollution control management plan MWR – Ministry of Water Resources NDRC National Development and Reform Commission PRC – People’s Republic of China SEPA – State Environmental Protection Administration SRB – Songhua River Basin SLWPLG – Songliao Watershed Protection Leading Group SLWRC – Songliao Water Resources Commission TA – technical assistance WQPC – water quality and pollution control WRPB Songliao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This Report was prepared by Sergei Popov, Project Specialist (Environment), Social Sectors Division (ECSS), East and Central Asia Department.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Resolving the issues related to water quality and pollution control in the Songhua River is a priority of the Government of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Following the successful example of the Asian Development Bank (ADB)-financed advisory technical assistance (TA) for Hai River Wastewater Management and Pollution Control1 and of the ongoing TA cluster for Transjurisdictional Environmental Management,2 the PRC has requested advisory TA to support the cleanup of the Songhua River basin. A Fact-Finding Mission was conducted in conjunction with the Appraisal Mission for the Harbin Water Supply Project3 that visited the PRC from 18 to 29 September 2002, confirmed the objectives, scope, financing plan, and implementation arrangements for the TA.4 The TA framework is in Appendix 1.

II. ISSUES

2. The Songhua river basin (SRB) is the third largest river basin in the PRC after those of the Changjiang and Yellow Rivers. Located in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and in the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, the SRB has a catchment area of 557,000 square kilometers and a population of 62 million. The urban population is relatively high, with 43% of the population of the basin living in cities or towns. Harbin (urban population, 2.6 million), Changchun (2 million), Qiqihar (1.1 million), and Daqing (1 million) are key centers of economic development. The rural population totals 35.4 million (57%) and about 17.4 million ha (31%) of the basin’s area is farmland. While agriculture remains a significant economic activity, the region is an important industrial base. PRC’s largest chemical industries were established on the upper reaches of the Songhua River in the 1970s. Jilin is a key site of the national chemical industry, producing inorganic and organic chemicals. Harbin and Daqing and Qiqihar have electricity generation, chemical, oil/gas, fiber, plastic, lumber, and textile industries. Changchun hosts the automobile industry for the northeast region, as well as chemicals, food processing, and a host of secondary and tertiary industries and services. Qiqihar has metallurgical, machine tool, chemical, gold mining, and lumber industries. Daqing has the country’s largest oil fields.

3. With population growth and rapid economic development, the number of pollution sources and the volume of untreated or partially treated waste discharged have increased, creating serious threats to the environment and to human living conditions. The Songhua River is one of the most polluted of the 47 major rivers in the PRC, and is contaminated with a number of organic chemicals, some metals, and conventional pollutants. Water pollution has been identified as a major constraint to the sustainable development of PRC’s economy. The Songliao Water Resources Commission (SLWRC) was established in the early 1990s, under the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), to oversee issues related to water use and pollution control in the SRB. The

1 ADB. 1998. Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of China for Hai River Basin Wastewater Management and Pollution Control. Manila. 2 ADB. 2002. Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of China for Transjurisdictional Environmental Management. Manila. 3 ADB. 2003. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan to the People’s Republic of China for the Harbin Water Supply. Manila. 4 The TA first appeared in ADB Business Opportunities on 2 December 2002.

This revised paper reflects agreed changes in implementation arrangements based on consultations carried out between February and April 2003 with stakeholders at the central, provincial and regional levels. The changes in implementation arrangements were formally endorsed by ADB 11 April 2003.

The revised paper has been prepared to consolidate agreed changes and provide a basic reference to facilitate implementation.

2

Songliao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau (WRPB) was established within the SLWRC to oversee issues related to water quality and pollution control (WQPC) in the Songhua and Liao River Basins. WRPB serves as the secretariat of the Songliao Watershed Protection Leading Group (SLWPLG) consisting of the governments of Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, SLWRC, and Bureaus of Water Resources and Environmental Protection. SLWPLG has played an important role in SRB water pollution control management, including setting up water quality targets, developing water pollution prevention recommendations and restoring the Songhua River water quality. WRPB has conducted water quality monitoring, environmental impact assessment, environmental engineering design and scientific research on large and medium scale water projects but, as the concept of a river basin water quality and pollution management was not widely understood, WRPB’s role has not been adequately defined and it has not been able to exercise the full range of its responsibilities. While several ongoing initiatives to control pollution emissions and improve Songhua River water quality have had some success in recent years, it is uncertain how long the Songhua River will remain excessively polluted. The Government deadline of December 2000 for providing industrial wastewater treatment was associated with control of conventional pollutants, rather than the types of trace organic chemicals affecting the SRB. Although PRC’s quality guidelines5 for drinking water cover trace organic chemicals, the effective removal of those pollutants from the Songhua River is not currently monitored.6

4. To date, ADB policy dialogue has stressed the need for strengthening SWRC to give it greater authority for comprehensive flood management7and integrated water resources management including issues related to WQPC. MWR has recently prepared the draft SRB Water Resources Protection Plan, including water use function zone classification, pollution reduction quantity proposals and pollution control strategies and measures. In parallel, State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) has completed the draft Songhua Water Pollution Control Plan. These plans represent the first concrete steps needed to return the Songhua River to minimum water quality levels.8 The actual effects are not expected to be seen earlier than in 2015. A new law on management of water resources adopted late last year9 formally introduces the concept of river basin management. Under the new law, river basin management institutions have been given expanded authority over river basin management10, including WQPC. WRPB and the SLWPLG have a mandate to coordinate WQPC activities in the SRB, and to integrate the MWR Water Resources Protection Plan and SEPA Water Pollution Control Plan.

5. Water polluted by biological or chemical sources is a serious public health concern. However, the precise quantification of the risks and assessment of the full implications associated with using the Songhua River as a water source has not been possible. From 1997 to 2000, water quality monitoring revealed the presence of chemicals known to be

5 The 1985 PRC Water Quality Standards defines quality standards for treated water. Potable Water Quality Guidelines, prepared by the Ministry of Public Health was adopted in January 2002. New parameters have been introduced and more stringent values have been adopted. 6 While some organic chemicals are currently treated and removed by existing municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities, several chemical compounds have not yet been addressed. Water pollution from pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and trace organic chemicals from nonpoint sources may continue if no adequate measures are are taken urgently. 7 ADB. 2002. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan to the PRC for the Songhua River Flood Management Sector Project. Manila. 8 The 1999 PRC surface water environmental quality standards define standards for raw water. 9 The Law on the Management of Water Resources was approved by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on 29 August 2002 and became effective 1 October 2002. 10Article 12 of the law specifies that for the major national rivers and lakes the State Council sets up a responsible authority for river basin management, which should carry out water resources management and supervision under relevant laws and regulations. 3 harmful to human health.11 While the study made a major contribution to knowledge of Songhua River issues, the data may not accurately reveal the actual level of contamination and related health risks. Much of the data is not quantitative; without accurately determining concentrations of the chemicals of concern, it is difficult to conclude the level of risk with certainty. An associated epidemiological study identified heightened levels of health risk in the use of Songhua River water for drinking. However, flaws in the methodology of the study limit confidence in its conclusions.

6. The TA will assist WRPB and TA stakeholders to synchronize efforts to develop effective mechanisms for SRB WQPC management, and urgently address a number of associated policy, technical, institutional, regulatory, and financial issues. The TA is fully consistent with ADB’s strategic and environmental objectives in the water sector.

III. THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

A. Purpose and Output

7. The overall goal of the advisory TA is to improve water quality in the Songhua River. The TA will strengthen the capacity of WRPB and central and local TA stakeholders for policy analysis and pollution control management, and assist them in developing a long term vision and plan for pollution control in the SRB. The immediate objectives are to assist the Government in identifying lines of institutional responsibility, developing basinwide, regulatory enforcement and executing mechanisms, and refining and prioritizing short- to long-term pollution control plans. The TA will (i) establish and initiate a program of priority studies and surveys to address technical knowledge gaps; (ii) strengthen the WQPC management role of WRPB and build its capacity; and; (iii) support WRPB, central and local TA stakeholders in developing an integrated water quality and pollution control management plan (IWQPCMP) up to year 2015 and an immediate action plan up to the year 2010, under the quidance of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). The TA will also develop appropriate and acceptable dissemination mechanisms, including public information campaigns to educate the public on the health risks associated with water pollution, and benefits from water saving and water protection.

B. Methodology and Key Activities

8. The TA will be conducted in three phases. During phase 1, data collection and situation analysis, the TA consultants will

(i) identify relevant counterparts among Government agencies and scientific research bodies and establish working contact with them; (ii) review the baseline information on social, environmental, economic, financial, and technical conditions of SRB; (iii) review and analyze current and planned institutional, legislative, administrative, and technical controls setup for water quality and water resources management; (iv) review relevant Government policies and plans, including the SEPA Water Pollution Control Plan and the MWR Water Resources Protection Plan; and

11The study was conducted jointly by the Heilongjiang Provincial Environmental Protection Research Institute, Harbin City and National Environmental Monitoring and Testing Stations, Songliao Water Resource Protection Bureau, Harbin University of Medicine, Harbin University of Industries, and Sawa Universtiy, France. It reported 191 trace organic chemicals (detected or suspected) in the Songhua River over its 1,200 kilometer length, of which 46 chemicals are known to cause serious health concerns.

4

(v) assess the quality of the available scientific data, propose and carry out measures to verify or modify its conclusions and identify technical knowledge gaps.

9. In phase 2, development of institutional and regulatory mechanisms, the consultants will

(i) assess the strengths and weaknesses of the existing institutional and regulatory system; (ii) develop recommendations on responsibilities and regulations for protecting water resources and preventing pollution basinwide by defining policy, institutional, and technical roles of WRPB and central and local TA stakeholders; (iii) develop long-term suggestions for basin-wide coordination of WRPB and local TA stakeholders on the issues of water quality and water use; and (iv) strengthen the WQPC management role of WRPB in the SRB area, build its capacity and develop its long term work program.

10. In phase 3, formulation of IWQPCMP and an immediate action plan, the consultants will

(i) recommend achievable water and wastewater quality targets, given the physical, financial, social, and political constraints; (ii) in close coordination with WRPB and central and local TA stakeholders, incorporate the MWR Songhua River Basin Water Resources Protection Plan and the SEPA Five-Year Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Control Plan; as well as inputs of local TA stakeholders into IWQPCMP under the guidance of the NDRC; formulate a framework and milestones of IWQPCMP up to the year 2015; produce the immediate action plan up to the year 2010, prioritizing the various initiatives, and identifying and proposing investment packages suitable for external assistance; (iii) develop recommendations for establishing of the environmental management system for industrial pollution control; and (iv) prepare and initiate long-term public information campaigns that explain water issues and sensitize consumers to the benefits of water-saving practices; develop public participation mechanisms to promote health awareness among TA stakeholders, educate the general public on potential risks caused by Songhua River pollution, and facilitate the implementation of priority actions aimed at curbing pollution and mitigating associated human health risks.

11. The results of each phase will feed into the next phase. Implementable strategies and programs to be developed through this TA will be supported by establishing working contacts and structured working relationships with identified TA stakeholders. The TA team will work closely with central, provincial, and municipal authorities; river basin agencies; and representatives of the academic community in reviewing, assessing, and prioritizing programs proposed under the TA, allowing for a high level of counterpart ownership. The TA will draw extensively on the experience of ongoing and past ADB-financed loans and TAs. The TA will stress introduction of public participation and public information programs. The quality of the TA outputs will enhance the participation of external experts at critical junctures. For the TA to succeed, the Government must closely coordinate between the stakeholders, dialogue fully and in a transparent manner with the TA consultants, and disclose all necessary technical data.

C. Cost and Financing

12. The total cost of the TA is estimated at $1,300,000 equivalent, comprising $550,000 in foreign exchange and $750,000 in local currency. The TA will be financed on a grant basis by ADB’s TA funding program. ADB will finance $1,000,000 equivalent, comprising the entire foreign 5 exchange cost and part of the local currency cost equivalent to $450,000. The Government will finance the balance of the local currency cost, equivalent to $300,000, by providing offices, facilities, data collection, and remuneration for the counterpart staff. A schedule of the cost estimates and the financing plan is in Appendix 2.

D. Implementation Arrangements

13. WRPB will be the Executing Agency for the TA. WRPB will set up a project management office headed by a senior officer as the project manager, assisted by administrative officers and supporting staff. The project manager will oversee the implementation of the TA and, among other things, will (i) ensure adequate interdepartmental cooperation and interagency coordination, (ii) facilitate the consultants’ operations, (iii) monitor the progress of TA implementation, and (iv) coordinate communications with ADB and concerned Government agencies. TA implementation units will be established in the provinces of Heilongjiang, and Jilin and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under the auspices of the provincial environmental protection bureaus.

14. A Project Leading Group chaired by NDRC will be formed to serve as a steering committee on a central level and MWR, SEPA and the Ministry of Construction (MOC) are proposed as deputy leaders. The Project Leading Group will meet periodically to provide policy guidance, facilitate interagency coordination, and resolve any institutional problems affecting TA implementation. The members will include senior-level representatives of the SLWRC, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Land Resources, and State Forestry Administration. To synchronize implementation at the SRB level a Project Coordination Group will be established under the auspices of SLWPLG, chaired by the Deputy Governor of the Jilin Provincial Government. The SLWPLG will be expanded to include the other provincial and municipal stakeholders: Bureaus of Finance, Construction, Land Resources, Agriculture, Forest, Health, and Meteorology; Development Planning Commission; and Economy and Trade Committee. An advisory body, consisting of the TA’s international and domestic consultants and two external experts (one international expert and one domestic expert), familiar with PRC’s water pollution problems will assist the TA.

15. A firm of international consultants, in association with domestic consultants, will be engaged in accordance with ADB’s Guidelines on the Use of Consultants following quality and cost-based selection procedures and other arrangements satisfactory to ADB for selecting and engaging domestic consultants. Simplified technical proposals will be used. The TA will require about 72 person-months of consulting services: 20 international consultants and 52 domestic. The international consultants will have expertise in wastewater management and pollution control, social analysis and assessments, environmental economics, environmental institutions, and river basin management. The domestic consultants will provide services in wastewater management and pollution control, industrial pollution control, water treatment, financial analysis, environmental law, health risk assessment/epidemiology, social assessments, environmental institutions, development, and water and wastewater engineering/interpretation. Equipment will be procured according to ADB Guidelines for Procurement.

16. The TA will be implemented over 12 months from from December 2003 to November 2004. The consultants will prepare an inception report within 1 month after starting the services; an interim report after 5.5 months, covering phases 1 and 2; a draft final report after 10.5 months, covering all three phases; and a final report within 1 month after receiving comments on the draft final report. The consultants will organize a number of working seminars and three workshops. Workshop participants will be key officials from the concerned central, provincial, and municipal government agencies; international assistance agencies; professional associations; and nongovernment associations. External experts will also be invited to review and discuss the 6 consultant’s reports during the workshops. An initial workshop will promote participation at all levels, agree on the approach to implementing the TA, and refine the parameters of the TA. This workshop will coincide with the first tripartite meeting. A second workshop will discuss the interim results of the study. A concluding workshop will take place in conjunction with the final tripartite review to present and discuss the investments proposed in the draft final report. The final report will incorporate comments from the Government, external experts, final workshop participants, and ADB.

IV. THE PRESIDENT'S DECISION

17. The President, acting under the authority delegated by the Board, has approved the provision of technical assistance not exceeding the equivalent of $1,000,000, on a grant basis to the Government of the People’s Republic of China for Songhua River Water Quality and Pollution Control Management, and hereby reports this action to the Board. Appendix 1 7

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FRAMEWORK

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

Sector/Area Goals

Improved water quality Songhua River Water quality surveys Government agencies have of the Songhua River. acceptable as a adequate capacity, drinking water source capability, and resources to by 2015 monitor and survey water quality, and enforce regulations and targets.

Improved health of Socio-economic surveys The Government maintains the population its commitment to the goal of sustainable development.

Purpose/Objectives

Strengthen WRPB's Institutional and Technical Assistance (TA) Adequate funding is and TA stakeholders regulatory framework Final Report and tripartite available for the identified capacity for policy operative by review, TA completion long-term investments. analysis and pollution November 2004 report control management in the Songhua River basin (SRB)

Assist the WRPB and Strategic Action Plan Enforcement of other TA stakeholders adopted by the environmental regulations is to develop a long-term Government by improved. vision for pollution November 2004 control in SRB

Outputs

Collection or validation Sufficient data is TA interim report and Adequate funding is of basic data allowing collected, to permit tripartite review available for the necessary for technical analysis scientific consensus investments. and decision making to be reached

Clear lines of Realigned WRPB is TA final report and The Government continues institutional able to function tripartite review to actively assist the TA responsibility, effectively by team. development of basin- November 2004. wide legal, regulatory enforcement and Strategic Action Plan TA draft final report. The Government accepts executing mechanisms is developed by and is committed to the November 2004 implementation of the proposed institutional framework and strategic plan.

8 Appendix 1

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

Refined and prioritized Provincial/municipal Government pollution governments, international control plans funding institutions, and private sector accept the TA analysis.

Components/Activities

Establish a program of The program for TA interim report and Good consultants are priority studies and data collection is tripartite review selected, are properly surveys to respond to developed. Data monitored, and perform well. technical knowledge collection is begun, gaps by end January The TA consultants establish 2004. close working relationships with the counterparts. Provide clear definition Clear roles and TA interim report and of the role, support the responsibilities of the tripartite review. The Government closely establishment, and stakeholders coordinates between the support capacity established by April stakeholders, maintains full building for WRPB 2004 and transparent dialogue with the TA consultants, and Support the WRPB and IWQCMP is drafted TA draft final report discloses the necessary other TA stakeholders by May 2004. technical data. in developing integrated Finalised by water quality and November 2004. pollution control TA interim report and Local authorities actively management plan tripartite review support the TA objectives. (IWQCMP) and strategic action plan

Develop appropriate Immediate action TA draft final report Industries accept the results dissemination plan is drafted by of the assessment of their mechanisms, including August 2004, discharges. public information finalized by campaigns to educate November 2004 the public on the health risks related to river Public dissemination TA interim report and Limited reliable data is pollution and water and information tripartite review supplemented through the protection campaigns are active support of the initiated by April counterpart academic 2004. community.

Appendix 1 9

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

Inputs

TA Total Cost $1,300,000 Consultant’s contracts Government provides

adequate counterpart 20 person-months TA progress reports International funding. consultants Tripartite reviews Inputs from counterpart staff Domestic consultants 52 person-months are timely.

ADB contribution $1,000,000

Government $300,000 contribution

10 Appendix 2

COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING PLAN ($'000)

Item Foreign Local Total Cost Exchange Currency

A. Asian Development Bank Financinga 1. Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Consultants 440 0 440 ii. Domestic Consultants 0 260 260 b. International Travel 0 50 50 c. Domestic Travel 0 15 15 Reports and Communications 0 5 5 2. Surveysb and Maps 0 7 7 3. Laboratory, Bench and Pilot Tests Equipment 10 10 20 4. Office Management and Office Equipmentc 2 5 7 5. Meetings, Workshops and Training 0 20 20 6. Vehiclesd 0 12 12 7. 8. 7. External Experts ReviewGovernment 20 5 25 Representative for Contract Negotiations 5 0 5 9. Translation of TA Reports 4 4 10. Contingencies 73 57 130

Subtotal (A) 550 450 1,000

B. Government Financing

1. Office Accommodation and Utilities 0 70 70 2. Remuneration and Per Diem of Counterpart Staff 0 40 40 3. Training Facilities 0 30 30 4. Translation of Documents 0 50 50 5. Workshops 0 40 40 6. Transportation 0 20 20 7. Data Gathering 0 50 50

Subtotal (B) 0 300 300

Total 550 750 1,300 a The TA will be financed by ADB’s TA funding program. b Field surveys associated with participatory appraisals for the social analysis. c The equipment includes three computers, software, one printer, one scanner, accessories, one fax machine, one digital camera and one photocopier for use by consultants and others. The equipment will be turned over to the executing and implementing agencies upon completion of the technical assistance d Rental of vehicles and cost of gasoline. e includes two external experts (international and domestic) in strategic planning for wastewater management to review and discuss the consultants’ reports during the workshops. ff f Items A (2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) are provisional sums. Consultants have to include the allocated amounts under these items in their financial proposals. Payments will be made on actual costs. Source: Asian Development Bank estimates. Appendix 3 11

OUTLINE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSULTANTS

1. The Technical Assistance (TA) will be implemented in three phases. The schedule of TA implementation is presented in the TA logframe. Phase 1 will collect basic data for further analysis and decision making. The TA team will assess the quality of the technical data and decide on the extent of the technical analysis. Phase 2 will suggest short- to medium-term and long-term suggestions of riverbasin wide coordination, recognizing existing legal and institutional frameworks. Phase 3 will develop the framework of prioritized programs and projects, coinciding with the time frame of Government planning and supporting Government initiatives. The TA and its outputs will benefit from the public participation and public information programs, and its quality will be enhanced with the participation of external experts at critical junctures. The TA consultants will be responsible for all tasks outlined in paras 1-4 of this TOR.

A. Data Collection and Situation Analysis (Phase 1)

2. In phase 1, the consultants will undertake these tasks:

(i) Identify relevant counterparts among Government agencies and scientific research bodies and establish working contact with them. Review roles and responsibilities of the scientific research bodies identified. Suggest the topics and number, and agree on the time frame for working seminars with the experts from academic societies and other stakeholders.

(ii) Review the baseline information on social, environmental, economic, and technical conditions of the Songhua River Basin (SRB), quantify water uses and major water users, identify the major pollution sources (domestic and industrial wastewater and nonpoint sources), and identify major environmental problems and trends in the short, medium, and long term. Study the inputs, outputs, manufacturing processes, and management practices of the polluting enterprises. Identify the environmental impacts of the products, processes, and services of the enterprises. 1

(iii) Review current and planned institutional, legislative, administrative, and technical controls setup for water quality and water resources management. Review roles and responsibilities, coordination arrangements and level of cooperation among concerned agencies (TA stakeholders) including Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Land Resources, State Forestry Administration, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), other central Government agencies, as relevant; the Songliao Water Resources Commission (SLWRC), the Songliao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau (WRPB) and other basin administration agencies; provincial and municipal bureaus of planning, finance, construction, environmental protection, water resources and water conservancy for all three provinces and major municipal centers in the river basin.

(iv) Review relevant Government policies and plans, including the SEPA Pollution Control Plan, and the MWR Water Resources Protection Plan.

1 The consultants will assess the experience of the Songhua River Flood Management Sector Project and explore the use of the geographic information system to be introduced in this project.

12 Appendix 3

(v) Assess the quality of the available scientific data and the conclusions of the 1997- 2000 study,2 propose and carry out measures to verify or modify its conclusions and identify technical knowledge gaps.3 In full cooperation with relevant Government counterparts, develop a framework of comprehensive water quality studies, including physical data collection/analysis/monitoring (such as trace organic chemicals, effects of bottom deposits); surveys for estimating pollution loads; models of water quality and water use; bench studies; piloting of proposed technologies, including for industrial pretreatment; identifying selected metals and trace organic chemicals of concern to public health; and analysis of means of mitigating risks from accidents from upstream point source pollution. Establish a need for an epidemiology study. Identify responsible parties, agree on data sharing and scientific exchange between stakeholders. Agree on the priorities and develop the time-bound program of priority studies, surveys, and pilots; prepare terms of reference for major initiatives and initiate the program.

B. Development of Institutional and Regulatory Mechanisms (Phase 2)

3. In phase 2, the consultants will complete these tasks:

(i) Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the present system, including overlapping institutional responsibilities, failure to enforce the existing law and inadequacies in administrative practices such as local protectionism. Review the planning and implementation capabilities of the major TA stakeholders, qualifications, skills, and relevant experience of the existing human resources.

(ii) Explore the possibilities for the most effective and efficient unified SRB water quality and wastewater and water treatment management building on the initiatives of the Government and international best practices. Suggest a beneficial mode of cooperation between the WRPB, central and local TA stakeholders and develop short-to long-term suggestions and recommendations on responsibilities and regulations for protecting water resources and preventing pollution basinwide, defining policy, institutional, and technical roles of the TA stakeholders. Suggest sound quality management principles and means of systematic and impartial enforcement of the existing laws, including mechanisms to ensure accountability of local governments for failure to comply with the legal and regulatory framework and to punish violations. Analyze the experience and apply the recommendations of the ongoing Asian Development Bank (ADB) TA for Transjurisdictional Environmental Management. Promote integrated water quality planning and pollution control management, and stakeholder involvement and commitment, and facilitate collective action in taking ownership of basinwide pollution control issues. Define and agree on a phased and time-bound framework for implementing the suggestions.

(iii) Develop long-term suggestions for basinwide coordination of the issues of water quality, pollution control and water resources and flood management (water quality and water allocation issues are currently handled separately) and environmental due diligence, leading to cross-sectoral water use applying market-based instruments, and spanning domestic, industrial, and agricultural use.

2 See text footnote 6. 3 The Government study conducted from 1997 to 2000 has identified heightened levels of risk associated with Songhua River water as a drinking source. However, the study is not conclusive. Appendix 3 13

(iv) Re-define clearly the role and responsibility of WRPB in relation to the other stakeholders, allowing it to operate in a transparent mode. Assist WRPB in developing of the latter’s long-term work program, including the program of studies and surveys identified in phase 1.

(v) Assess the capacity of the proposed human resources at WRPB to effectively and efficiently perform all its mandated functions, and identify the additional technical and managerial skills that WRPB will require to effectively and efficiently discharge its responsibilities. Identify capacity building needs of WRPB including staff training programs (short-term and long-term) and international and on- the-job training. For the various training needs identified, make recommendations on the type of training, duration, appropriate institutions for such training, and estimated costs. Develop a training program and conduct initial training.

(vi) Review the adequacy of and prepare a detailed list of environmental data processing, laboratory and field equipment, computer software, and technical reference materials in order for WRPB to perform all its mandated functions effectively and efficiently. Prepare specifications for such equipment and materials, and cost estimates. Develop samples, background information, scientific references, and other data to develop the capacity of WRPB to successfully carry out its mission.

C. Formulate a Strategic Action Plan (Phase 3)

4. The phase 3 consultants will perform these tasks:

(i) Evaluate the economic basis for existing water quality targets, recommend changes if the basis is not sound. Recommend achievable water and wastewater quality targets, given the various physical, financial, social, and political constraints.

(ii) Incorporate the SEPA Pollution Control Plan and the MWR Water Resources Protection Plan as well as inputs of local TA stakeholders, and incorporate them into an integrated water quality and pollution control management plan (IWQPCMP) to year 2015 under the guidance of NDRC. For the domestic wastewater management programs and proposals, assess the proposed collection and treatment; disposal systems, including combined and separate sanitary and storm sewers; primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment; and land disposal. For the industrial wastewater management programs and proposals, identify the degree to which actions have been and will be taken, including progress in installing/constructing on- site and off-site treatment systems, closure of industries to prevent industrial pollution, adoption of clean technologies, relocation of industries. For the adoption of clean technologies, review the pollution prevention aspects of the processes and determine their technical, financial, and economic viability and the environmental benefits of using these technologies. As a number of upstream factories are very old and produce or use toxic and hazardous chemicals, determine the monitoring, early warning, and alarm systems that could protect the integrity of the water supply system.

(iii) In cooperation with the stakeholders, identify socioeconomic development opportunities and assess problems and constraints in implementing the IWQPCMP (physical, financial, social, legal, institutional, and political), and suggest appropriate

14 Appendix 3

solutions to achieve the set goal of the SRB cleanup, giving due attention to the specific characteristics of the river and the diversified nature of the basin area, emphasizing the need to control pollution at source, and giving economic and financial incentives.

(iv) Implement surveys of representative groups of consumers to determine ability and willingness to pay for water and sanitation services and perception of environmental issues. Analyze the recommendations of the ADB TA for Hai River Basin Wastewater Management and Pollution Control, other ADB-supported sector initiatives, and the World Bank experience in using a financial intermediary for industrial pollution abatement projects, including channeling funds to industrial enterprises and township and village enterprises through financial institutions. Review policy standards that will apply to involuntary resettlement effects.

(v) In close coordination with the Government stakeholders, formulate a framework and milestones of IWQPCMP, as part of the five-year economic and financial planning process up to the year 2015, that would include municipal, industrial, nonpoint wastewater sources, water and soil conservation, and clean technologies, and cover institutional and regulatory development and investment project items. In particular, the action plan should oblige the industrial, domestic, and nonpoint source polluters comply with the proposed targets through progressive amounts and levels of environmental protection through selected programs and priority investment projects. The strategic action plan should include (a) a phased and time bound framework for implementing institutional and regulatory recommendations; (b) implementation of suggestions on basinwide coordination of issues of water use and water quality; (c) continuation of a program of priority studies and surveys recommended/initiated by this TA; (d) setting environmental targets to be reached by the year 2010 and 2015, including total nitrogen, and selected metals and trace organic chemicals of concern, resulting in phased control and reduction of pollution; and (e) actions for increasing public environmental awareness.

(vi) Produce the immediate action plan to 2010 that (a) analyzes alternative strategies to ensure that the environmental targets will be achieved at least cost, considering the affordability of proposed investments; (b) prioritizes recommendations in terms of their social and economic impacts, resource requirements, and existing implementation capacities, and develops priority projects on wastewater management and pollution control for implementation in phases; (c) develops screening criteria for the priority programs and projects, including ownership at high levels of government and commitment of the cities to implement the proposed urban investment projects, willingness to implement cost recovery mechanisms, stage of subproject preparation and domestic approvals, availability of counterpart funds, and potential involuntary resettlement effects; (d) establishes a plan for implementing the prioritized programs and projects, including costs, resources and their sources, implementing agencies, and responsibilities assigned for each action, and a clear time frame for implementation; (e) conducts preliminary economic and financial evaluation of the investments; and (f) identifies priority investment packages suitable for external assistance. The projects should include suggested technical benchmark and pilot tests to verify assumptions and monitor expected technical performance.

Appendix 3 15

(vii) Develop recommendations for establishing an environmental management system (EMS) as an auditing framework for each enterprise identified as a major pollutant on the basis of ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14000 or EMAS (Eco-management and Audit Scheme) guidelines. Suggest and justify the best applicable option and provide guidance on the setup of the EMS.

(viii) Prepare and initiate long-term public information campaigns that explain water issues and sensitize consumers to the benefits of adopting water savings practices. Develop public participation mechanisms intended to promote health awareness among the TA stakeholders, educate the general public on potential risks caused by Songhua River pollution, and facilitate the implementation of priority actions aimed at curbing pollution and mitigating associated human health risks.

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

APPENDIX C – WORK PLAN & CONSULTANT MANNING SCHEDULE

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE C China - TA ADB n°4061 Annex 3 Songhua River Basin Water quality Pollution Control

Work Plan

Months July 2004 Aug 2004 sept-04 oct-04 nov-04 dec 2004 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 3 Phase 2

A - Activities

Phase 1 - Data Collection and Situation analysis Inception workshop T1.1 - Identification of counterparts and review of roles T1.2 - Review of baseline information of the Songhua River Basin T1.3 - Institutional & legal framework review T1.4 - Review of government policies and plans T1.5 - Development of a framework for water quality & epidemiology studies

Phase 2 - Development of Institutional & Regulatory Mechanism

T2.1 - Analysis of strengths & weaknesses of the existing systems T2.2 - Recommendations on institutional framework for water quality management T2.3 - Basin-wide coordination T2.4 - Definition of the role & responsibility of the WRPB T2.5 - Capacity building needs of WRPB analysis Interim Workshop T2.6 - Specifications of water quality monitoring laboratory and equipment

Phase 3 - Formulation of Strategic Action Plan

T3.1 - Review of economic basis for water quality targets and recommendations on standards T3.2 - Preparation Water quality and pollution control management plan T3.3 - Socio-economic development issues T3.4 - Financial and Affordability Issues T3.5 - Formulation of a strategic action plan T3.6 - Preparation of a priority action plan for 2005 T3.7 - Reccommendations on an Environmental Management System and ISO 14000 T3.8 - Public information

B - Deliverables

Inception Report Interim report Draft final report Final report

Sogreah + Delft Page 1/2 SOGREAH / DELFT TIME SCHEDULE Republic of China Songhua Water Quality & Pollution Control Nº Designation 01/05 02/05 03/05 04/05 05/05 06/05 07/05 08/05 09/05 20/12 03/01 17/01 31/01 14/02 28/02 14/03 28/03 11/04 25/04 09/05 23/05 06/06 20/06 04/07 18/07 01/08 15/08 29/08 12/09 26/09 1 WORK PLAN 2 Institutional & Regulatory 3 Consultant submits proposal for stregthening SRSPLG 4 SRSPLG decides on options proposed 5 Consultant develops operating rules 6 Consultant provides working paper to SRSPLG 7 SRSPLG reviews proposals 8 Consultant develops proposals on regulatory mechanisms 9 SRSPLG reviews proposals 10 Final Revision of proposals including final Institutional Report 11 Water Quality Classification/Objectives/Monitoring 12 Consultant prepares proposal for discussion with TAIUs 13 Consultant Meets with TAIUS 14 Proposal for Harmonisation developed by Consultant 15 Proposal Sent to SRSPLG + Other Stakeholders 16 SRSPLG reviews proposals 17 Final Revision of Proposal including Final Situtation Analysis 18 Meeting with TAIUs to discuss application 19 Apply Harmonised System 20 First Results of harmonisation 21 Integrated Planning 22 Consultant Reviews MWR/SEPA and other plans 23 Consultant provides recommendations for harmonising plans and prioritising projects 24 Meeting with TAIUs to discuss findings 25 Consultant formulates Framework Strategic Plan for Songhua RB 26 Consultant provides framework to SRSPLG 27 SRSPLG reviews proposals 28 Consultant revises Framework 29 Consultant produces Immediate Action Plan 30 31 SCHEDULE OF OUTPUTS & FINAL REPORT PREPARATION 32 Draft Draft Final Report to EA for Comment 08/06 33 EA Reviews Report & Provides Comments 34 Final Date for Comments from EA on DDFR 21/06 35 Meeting with ADB Manilla 36 Consultant Revises Report 37 Completion Draft Final Report 29/06 38 Reception of Reports by ADB 25/06 39 Translation & Printing Chinese Reports 40 Reception of Reports by Stakeholders 24/06 41 Meeting with PIUs 42 Meeting with Central Government Agencies 43 Visits to final set of key municipalities 44 Final Date for Comments on DFR by ADB 08/07 45 Final Date for Comments on DFR by Stakeholders 46 Revision of Draft Final Report 47 Translation of Revised DFR 48 Printing of Revised DFR 49 Submission of Revised DFR 12/08 50 Final Date for Comments on Revised DFR 01/09 51 Tripartite Mission 52 Final Report Preparation 53 Monthly Reports 63 Final Report Submission to ADB 27/09 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Page 1 of 1 Mer 29/06/05 14:25 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

APPENDIX D – POLICY MATRIX

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE B PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT Policy and Rationale Actions to be Taken Time Frame Remarks Institutional Priorities 1. Promote a National Effective national water policies, 1.1: Analysis of the lessons learnt from the existing projects, 2006-2008 These Focus water laws, and sector coordination river basin initiatives and actions for water quality and pollution recommendation arrangements are developed at control in particular ADB Project Trans-jurisdictional Water s go beyond the national level for supporting Water Environment Management, China and to EU WFD general scope of Quality and Pollution Control this project, but Management. The national focus will 1.2: Preparation of a national policy paper on “Water Quality & represent likely enhance harmonization of the water Pollution Control” and on “River Basin Management” in 2007-2008 future directions management approach and promote coordination with the Environmental and Water Resources to be taken by exchange of experience and lessons Authorities as well as with the existing river basin organizations. the PRC in the learnt between river basins. realm of river basin Strengthened institutional capacities 1.3: Distribution of water quality management responsibilities 2008 management of the Environmental and Water between state and regional authorities and other water Resources national authorities stakeholders. Avoid overlapping functions (such as for water support river basin organizations. quality monitoring between SEPA and the MWR) 2008 – 2010 1.4: Development of appropriate training and capacity building Information can be structured and of the civil servants of Environmental, Water Resources and centralized at national level towards other water and health related national organizations. effective information management and sharing of data. 1.5: Development of an effective national network of water 2008 quality and pollution control data including methodological A national action agenda provides documents, database and GIS layers. opportunity for anticipated funding for river basin and water quality 1.6: Preparation of a national action plan (5 year programme) management and for pollution for implementing the national policy. 2009-2010 control. 1.7: To prepare a specific policy paper on the impact of water National policies can develop the management for the poor. Best practices are gathered in a legal 2007 directives and legal framework for national document. giving special attention to the poor communities.

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT Policy and Rationale Actions to be Taken Time Frame Remarks Institutional Priorities 2. Foster the Integrated management results in 2.1: Harmonisation of water quality and pollution control New Policy integrated management conducting comprehensive water practices at the river basin level including: Initiative of water resources. resource assessments and designing interlinked and cost- – Harmonisation and Rationalisation of monitoring Proposals made effective river basin actions. practices between EPB, WRB and WRPB 2005-2006 as part of TA; awaiting – Integrated water resources implementation management also enhances – Harmonisation of Functional Zoning at the Provincial exchanges between different Level 2005 Completed for all administrative and private sectors in – Provinces the river basin organisations. – Harmonisation of Functional Zoning at the SRB Level Proposal made – 2005-2006 by Consultant – awaiting – Harmonisation of Planning at the Provincial Level ratification

– Provinces – 2002 integrated – Harmonisation of Planning Documents at the SRB Level planning Tenth – FYP

– 2005-2006 Proposals made – Development of a SRB water quality assessment as part of this TA; – requires further – follow up

– 2005-2006 Unique maps of – Development of a SRB water quality information centre water quality prepared by TA; raw data requires further analysis

2007-2008

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE B

2005

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT Policy and Rationale Actions to be Taken Time Frame Remarks Institutional Priorities 2.2: Provide the SRSPLG with a legislative mandate enacted at 2007-2010 Strengthening of both State and Provincial Level. Strengthen the role and the existing number of stakeholders’ representatives in the Existing organisations SRSPLG as river basin board and validate the SWRPB as its executing river basin agency. Strengthen the role of the Leading Group in SRSPLG in the Provincial Administration by forming Provincial Jilin already SRB Leading Groups formed in May 2005 2.3: Prepare effective and participatory procedures for 2006-2007 developing the Songhua River Basin Masterplan including the diagnosis, the definition of objectives and appropriate strategies for reaching these objectives. The objectives will include water quality objectives. To allow time and process for administrative and private sector participation.

2.4: Prepare the 12th 5 year river basin action plan based on the masterplan and focusing on the priority measures. 2009-2010

2.5 Joint management of the river basin transferred to 2011-2015 integrated management and rover basin commission

3. Improve and expand Improving water services such as 3.1: Prepare detailed funding procedures for the institutions 2008 New Policy the delivery of water water supply, sanitation, irrigation responsible for the tasks detailed under action 1.3. Initiative services. and drainage, will enhance the well being of Chinese inhabitants and will 3.2: Effective river basin funds might be raised (River Basin 2007 support the economic development. Fee) or made available (from National or regional Budgets) to the River Basin Board for funding (or subsidising) the priority Readiness to pay for the water actions plan. Special effort should be made to fund or subsidise services might then be enhanced. the actions that tackle the main issues of the basin. River basin fee could also be introduced for this purpose. Private sector participation and public-private partnerships may 3.3: Create a favourable legal framework environment for emphasize competition for a good promoting the efficiency of water supply and sanitation services. service. Equity in access to water for Among others, private participation or delegation of services to 2007 the poor and underserved should be private operators could be facilitated by the development of promoted as a social target. transparent bidding procedures for the delegation of public

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE C PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT Policy and Rationale Actions to be Taken Time Frame Remarks Institutional Priorities services

3.4: Develop mechanisms for financing and operation of 2007 water/wastewater services for small/poorer communities

4. Foster the A system that would recover costs 4.1 Increase charges for water abstractions, water supply 2006-2007 Carry out existing conservation of water from water use and resource services, wastewater services and pollution discharges government and increase system management charges would enable policies efficiencies. user/polluter pays principle. More 4.2: Develop and promote case studies of Clean Development concerned with funds would then be available for Mechanisms within the SRB 2007-2008 cost recovery water conservation and river basin activities. 4.3: Develop independent monitoring procedures (“benchmarking”) of the performance of the water related Increased public awareness should services against targeted objectives or contractual results. 2006 result in better water management at water users’ level. Demonstration of good use of water related funds may also increase the willingness to pay.

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE D PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT Policy and Rationale Actions to be Taken Time Frame Remarks Institutional Priorities 5. Promote regional Promoting regional cooperation may 5.1 Twin the SRSPLG with other river basin organisations in cooperation increase the mutually beneficial use the Asian region and worldwide; participate in regional 2006-2007 of shared water resources within conferences on river basin management China and with riparian countries of transboundary River Basins. 5.2: Analyse the status of river basin management in each of the country involved in Transboundary River Basins; the 2010 The primary focus could be the TRADP and the TumenNet initiatives can be mentioned as exchange of information and instruments for transboundary cooperation experiences in water sector reform. Support could be provided to 5.3: Implement a diagnosis all over the basin for identifying the 2011-12 enhance main issues and then defining the targeted objectives. awareness of the benefits of shared water resources, create sound 5.4: Develop common procedures for sharing information and hydrologic and socioenvironmental monitoring data. Funding of some actions can raise 2006-2007 databases relevant to the negotiations between upstream and downstream adjacent management of transboundary river countries. basins and implement joint projects between riparian countries.

A prerequisite to regional cooperation could be that the national river basin management systems are effective in each country.

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE E PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT Policy and Rationale Actions to be Taken Time Frame Remarks Institutional Priorities

6. Fostering Stakeholder consultation and 6.1: Identify the representatives who may have the legitimacy of 2007 participation participation at all levels may representing key water stakeholders. To promote social society strengthen the rationale of policies representatives and to support women representatives. and investments in the water sector. 6.2: Develop mass information as well as appropriate messages about upgraded river basin management 2007 approaches. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed system and provide room for participation at all levels and all stages of the reform. The campaign should also demonstrate the efficiency and impact of the actions funded in 4.3

6.3: In the long term, transform the River Basin Board in a real 2011-2012 River Basin Council where all main river basin stakeholders are represented.

7. Improve governance Promoting the bottom-up component 7.1: Support regional (provincial), district and municipality 2006 of river basin management will be administration in implementing the above mentioned actions. accomplished by promoting The new “EU-China RBM Programme” serves as an example decentralization, building capacity having an important section for capacity building and and strengthening monitoring, introducing principles of good governance evaluation, research, and learning at all levels, particularly in public sector 7.2: Identify success stories of good governance that could be institutions. shared with other basins. 2010

7.3: Implement formal and on the job training and study tours for promoting good governance. Practical tool boxes are made 2007 available. To promote transparency and accountability for the service delivered.

7.4: Prepare appropriate training especially for local agencies and institutions that lack some human resources and equipment. 2006-2007

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE F PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

APPENDIX E– LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR SRB WATER QUALITY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 2 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

Design Summary Performance Monitoring Assumptions and Indicators/Targets Mechanisms Risks 1. Goals 1.1 Improve the health and Improvements in Epidemological Improvements in welfare of the population of the chronic and acute studies water pollution Songhua River Basin (SRB) diseases within the Socio-economic control sector through long-term reduction in SRB by 2020 Surveys associated with the pollution load from point Health Surveys concomitant and non point sources improvements in solid waste disposal and air quality 1.2 Promote economic growth Average disposable Government Surveys and reduce poverty through revenue of urban and and Year Books Other aspects of the eliminating a major constraint rural residents North East to development in the SRB. increases above revitalization are national average successful, notably transformation of the SOEs

2. Purpose 2.1 Improved capacity to Water quality data Combined analysis of WRB and EPB monitor water quality and shared by January WR and EPB data accept proposals to pollution, and to share data. 2006 share data freely

Water quality Adequate funding measurements Water Quality available for extended in terms of Bulletins and investment and parameters and Yearbooks operation of location by end of monitoring systems 2009

2.2 Improved water quality in Achieve Water Quality Adequate funding the SRB through integrated improvements in Bulletins and available for approach of water resources water quality by the Yearbooks sustainable operation allocation and pollution load end of the 11 FYP; of water pollution reduction; control investments Achieve WQO objectives by the end of the 12th FYP; Songhua Main Stream acceptable as a drinking water resource

2.3 Establishment of Revolving fund for Government Local governments sustainable approach for long- industrial pollution announcements accept to implement term pollution control in the control set up and national policies SRB. wastewater tariff levels achieve cost recovery levels by end of 11th FYP 3. Program Outputs 3.1 Comprehensive water First monthly bulletin Publication of Data acquisition and quality and flow data for the established by end of Monthly Bulletins and processing SRB available in a timely and January 2006 Year Books by recommendations of reliable manner. WRPB of data Songhua Water SRB Water Quality & incorporating both Quality TA

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 3 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

Design Summary Performance Monitoring Assumptions and Indicators/Targets Mechanisms Risks Flow Management EPB/WRD data implemented Information System operational by Data sharing January 2007 between EPB/WR agencies practiced

Statute of SRSPLG State Council 3.2 River basin agency legally recognized by Legal documents establishes similar acquires legal authority and State Council and approaches River sub-basin authorities Provincial throughout China established and functioning. Governments by and/or enacts Laws January 2008 concerning river basin management Leading group expanded by end of 11th Five Year Planning Period

Sub river basin organizations strengthened and expanded

Intergrated 3.3 Strengthened capacity at Catchment Approval of river basin and sub-basin level Management Plans documents by to plan and implement pollution established for SRB SRSPLG control plans and wider and sub river basins catchment management plans; established by

First phase of Sufficient funding 3.4 Priority domestic and investments Government reports available for industrial wastewater operational by end of investments treatment facilities established 11th FYP in priority areas. Wastewater tariffs set 3.5 Wastewater tariffs set at at levels required for Government reports levels required for commercial operation and operation and operation & maintenance by management of domestic January 2006 for WWTPs fully corporatized. participating municipalities and achieving full cost recovery by the end of the 11th FYP

Revolving fund 3.6 Revolving fund for finances “model” Annual Reports & financing investments in projects by January Construction reduction of industrial 2007 completion and wastewater pollution completion reports established and operational. One concession and

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 4 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

Design Summary Performance Monitoring Assumptions and Indicators/Targets Mechanisms Risks 3.7 Private Sector one BOT bid and Annual reports of Participation active in both operational by end of concession investment and operation of 11th FYP facilities

4. Program Inputs 4.1 Technical Assistance Consultant’s Government provides i) Support for implementation $ 2,000,000 USD Contracts adequate counterpart of program loan. funding ii) TA for preparation of $ 500,000 USD TA progress reports sector loans. Inputs from Tripartite Reviews counterpart staff are timely 4.2 Program Loan Support to provinces/IMAR to Counterpart funding facilitate require policy and available in sufficient institutional changes including: quantities and in a i) partial financing of local timely manner currency part of industrial WWTP revolving fund; ii) financial transfers to poor to alleviate the immediate impact of increased wastewater tariffs; iii)

4.3 First Investment Loan Loan Approval Counterpart funding i) Capacity building for Document available in sufficient wastewater quality monitoring quantities and in a in priority areas including Periodical reports timely manner provision of monitoring during project equipment. implementation ii) Construction of highest priority domestic WWTPs. iii) Capacity building for domestic WWTP management. iv) Capacity building for establishment and operation of revolving fund. v) Assistance with equipment, vehicles & technical support to establish industrial WWTP revolving fund. vi) Seed funds for industrial WWTP revolving fund. vii) Construction of highest priority ecological/headwater protection projects

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 5 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

Design Summary Performance Monitoring Assumptions and Indicators/Targets Mechanisms Risks

4.4 Second Investment Loan 4.5 Forth Investment Loan

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 6 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

APPENDIX F – PROPOSED LIST OF DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 7 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT

Figure F1: Songhua River Pollution Control Project, Phases 1 & 2: Flow of Funds and Participating Bureaux, Towns and Cities.

Ministry of ADB MWR Finance, PRC

Heilongjiang IMAR Regional Jilin Provincial Provincial Govt. Govt. Govt.

Provincial Regional Provincial Bureaux Bureaux Bureaux SWRC/ EPB, WRB, FB, EPB, WRB, FB, EPB, WRB, FB, SWRPB AB AB AB

Harbin Alihe Town, Erlunchun Banner Changchun Daqing A'rong Banner Qiqihaer Yinder Town, Zhailaite Banner Songyuan City Mudanjiang Xing'an League (Tuquan and Baicheng City Jiamisu Keyouzhong) Yongji County Fulaerji Wulanhaote Yushu City Jiagedaqi Huolinguole City Nenjiang County Nierji, Mo Banner Qian'an County Ning'an County Zhanluntan Songjianghe Town, Fusong Huanmei, Keryouqian Banner County Erdaobaihe County Gan'nan County Da'an Huinan Wuchang County Liuhe Shuangcheng County A'cheng County Jiaohe Hailin County Dongfeng Jingyu Yichun Meihekou Tongjiang Huadian Daxing'an Jiutai County Nong'an County County Tao'nan City Fuyu County

SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 8 Songhua River Pollution Reduction Project - Phase 1

Location Treatment Capacity Investment

Prov. Code Sector 104 t/d Total Cost Estimate(million Yuan) Catchme River/Tributar Name of WWTP nt y County/City LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED

An'tu County WW Treatment Project Erdaobai J 01A D Yanbian Prefecture 2.00 2.00 45.61 45.61 (Phase I)

Fusong County WW Treatment Project Fusong Songjiang J 02A D 1.50 1.50 36.00 36.00 (Phase I) County( City)

Jingyu WW Treatment Project Zhuzi J3AD County(Banshan 1.50 1.50 36.00 36.00 (Phase I) City) Liuhe WW Treatment Project J 04A D County( 3.00 5.00 65.26 110.00 65.26 (Phase I) City)

Meihekou WW Treatment Project (Phase Meihekou J 05A D 5.00 11.00 120.00 110.00 120.00 I) City(Tonghua City)

Dongfeng County WW Treatment Huifa J 06A D City 5.00 120.00 120.00 Project (Phase I) Huinan J 07A D WWTP(Phase I) County(Tonghua 4.00 5.00 90.28 110.00 90.28 City) Huadian County(Jilin J 08A D Huadian WWTP(Phase I) 5.00 3.00 120.00 120.00 City) Second Panshi County(Jilin J 09A D Panshi WW Treatment Project (Phase I) 4.00 5.00 90.00 110.00 99.94 Songhua City) Jiaohe County(Jilin Jiao J 10A D Jiaohe WW Treatment Project (Phase I) 5.00 3.00 120.00 60.37 City) Yitong County WW Treatment Project Yitong County(Siping J 11A D 3.00 5.00 3.00 60.00 105.00 60.00 (Phase I) City)

Changchun Water Environment Project J18D 10.00 10.00 400.00 upstream Yitong river Yitong Changchun Yanming Lake WW J19D 15.00 15.00 305.67 305.67 Treatment Project

J20DChangchun Southlake Recharge Project 2.00 31.44 31.44

Nong'an WW Treatment Project (Phase J 23A D Nong'an County 5.00 110.00 120.00 120.00 I) Jiutai J 24A D Jiutai WW Treatment Project (Phase I) County(Changchun 5.00 110.00 110.00 City) Yinma Dehui J 25A D Dehui WW Treatment Project (Phase I) 5.00 110.00 120.00 120.00 County(Changchun)

J29DJilin WW Treatment Project (Phase II) 60.00 1240.00 1240.00 Mohe Duobukuli H31DJiagedaqi District WW Treatment Project County(Daxing'anlin 8.00 3.00 203.45 103.40 103.40 g prefecture) Erlunchun Banner Alihe Town WW Erlunchun Banner Gan N32D 2.00 1.50 47.12 48.58 Treatment Project (Hulunber City) A'rong 1.3(0.5 A'lun N34DA'rong Banner WW Treatment Project Banner(Hulunber 1.50 69.00 43.32 City) recycling) County(Qiqihar Nermoer H35 D Nehe WWTP 2.74 4.00 101.80 102.40 102.40 City) Gan'nan Yin H36DGan'nan County WW Treatment Project 5.00 110.00 110.00 County(Qiqihar City) Yalu H40DLongjiang County WWTP 5.00 110.00 110.00 1.5(0.5 Chao'er N41DZhalaite Banner Yinder Town WWTP Xing'an League 54.00 recycling)

Taonan Tao'nan WW Treatment Project (Phase J 44A D County(Baicheng 4.00 5.00 95.00 120.00 120.00 I) City) Tuquan Xing'an League Tuquan WW Network 1.6(0.5 N45D County(Xing'an 2.00 46.90 51.83 Nen and WW Treatment Project League) recycling) Wulanhaote WW Treatment Plant N47D Xing'an League 4.00 145.71 Extension Project Xing'an League Keyouzhong Banner Keyouzhong N48DBayanhushu Town WW Treatment Banner(Xing'an 2.00 1.3(0.5) 38.00 41.77 Project League) Huolin Huolinguole Huolinguole WW Treatment Extension 1.0 N49D County( 5.00 80.00 8.00 Project City) recycling

H53DNenjiang County WW Treatment Project City 4.00 2.00 3.00 60.00 74.00 73.04

WW Treatment Project in Nierji of Mo 1.1(0.5 N55D Hulunber City 3.00 42.30 37.88 Banner recycling)

Domestic WW Treatment Project in Mainstream H58D 19.84 10.00 786.17 197.87 Qiqihar Urban Area(Phase 2)

H59DFulaerji District WWTP 5.00 10.00 10.00 120.00 210.82 230.07

Da'an J 60A D Da'an WW Treatment Project (Phase I) County(Songyuan 4.00 5.00 83.00 110.00 110.00 City) SOGREAH/DELFT-JUNE 2005 C1 Songhua River Pollution Reduction Project - Phase 1

Location Treatment Capacity Investment

Prov. Code Sector 104 t/d Total Cost Estimate(million Yuan) Catchme River/Tributar Name of WWTP nt y County/City LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED

H62DDaqing Kulipao Oxidation Pond 27.00 60.00 180.00 230.00

WW Recycling Project in Eastern Zhaolanxin H63D 4.50 6.50 100.72 76.97 Daqing Urban Area

J 69A D Yushu WW Treatment Project (Phase I) Yushu City 5.00 5.00 110.00 120.00 110.00

Wuchang H72DWuchang WWTP 6.85 3.00 3.00 130.00 139.79 139.79 County(Harbin City) Shuangcheng H73DShuangcheng WWTP 68.49 5.00 130.00 150.00 150.00 County(Harbin City) Acheng A'shi H75DA'cheng WWTP 10.00 5.00 5.00 150.00 124.38 126.9 County(Harbin City) Dunhua WW Treatment Project (Phase H 77A D Dunhua City 5.00 120.00 120.00 I) Ning'an Mudanjiang H79DNing'an WWTP County(Mudanjiang 1.64 3.00 2.00 96.00 70.00 62.35 City) Mudanjiang WW Treatment Plant (Phase H80D Mudanjiang City 8.22 20.00 20.00 700.00 719.31 709 II)

Anbang H83DShuangyashan WWTP (Phase I) Shuangyashan City 8.22 18.00 250.00 370.00 250.00

Hegang Domestic WW Treatment Wutong H90D Hegang City 12.33 12.00 380.00 300.00 300.00 Project

H91DHarbin Hejiagou WWTP Harbin City 20.00 40.00 500.00 495.35 1106.25 Mainstream Jiamusi WW Treatment Project (Phase H97D Jiamusi 10.00 120.00 120.00 II) Zhalantun WW Network Extension and Zhalantun(Hulunuber Yalu N 144 N 1.5 recycling 22.37 Wastewater Recycling Project League) Nen Keryouqian Banner Huanmei WWTP Tao'er N 145 N Keryouqian Banner 0.60 47.75 Project

SOGREAH/DELFT-JUNE 2005 C2 Songhua River Pollution Reduction Project - Phase 2

Location Treatment Capacity Investment

Prov. Code Sector 104 t/d Total Cost Estimate(million Yuan) Catchme River/Tributar Name of WWTP nt y County/City LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED

Gongzhuling Dangjia Town WW J12D Siping City 5.00 120.00 120.00 Treatment Project Changchun Southeastern WW J16D 10.00 300.00 292.67 Treatment Project (Phase I) Changchun Western Suburb WW J17D 5.00 190.00 191.87 190.00 Recycling Project Auto Industrial Park WW Treatment J21DProject in Changchun Hi-technology 5.00 120.00 120.00 Development Zone Residential and Public Services Zone J22DWW Treatment Project in Changchun Hi- 10.00 250.00 250.00 technology Development Zone Yongji County WW Treatment Project Kouqian Town(Jilin J 26A D 3.00 3.00 66.00 68.29 (Phase I) City) Jilin Economic Tech. Development Zone J27D 5.00 6.00 120.00 121.19 Mainstream WW Treatment Project Jilin City J28DJilin Beidahu WW Treatment Project 0.50 0.50 18.50 18.50 Songyuan Jiangbei WW Treatment J 30A D Songyuan City 5.00 5.00 105.00 120.00 105.00 Project (Phase I)

Erlunchun Banner Alihe Town WW Erlunchun Banner 1.5(0.5 N33D 48.58 Treatment Project (Hulunber City) recycling)

Yi'an County(Qiqihar H37DYi'an County WWTP 2.00 100.00 100.00 City) Wuyuer H38DKeshan County WWTP 1.00 52.46 52.46 Qiqihar City H39DKedong County WWTP 1.00 64.24 64.24 Zhenlai Zhenlai County WW Treatment Project J 42A D County(Baicheng 3.00 5.00 68.00 120.00 68.00 (Phase I) Tao'er City) Baicheng WW Treatment Project J 43A D Baicheng City 5.00 5.00 113.00 112.65 124.66 (Phase I) WW Treatment J50D 5.00 120.00 120.00 Project Songyuan City J51DQian'an County WW Treatment Project 5.00 120.00 120.00 WW Treatment Project J 52A D Baicheng City 5.00 1.50 120.00 50.08 (Phase I) Upgrading Project on Associated H 57 D Facilities of Qiqihar Urban Domestic 65.00 WWTP WW Treatment Anzhaoxin H61D 2.00 107.94 107.94 Project Daqing Hongwei Chemical Industrial H64D Daqing City 4.00 100.00 100.00 Zone WW Recycling Project Daqing Liming River Upstream WW H65D 0.82 30.00 30.00 Treatment Project

H66DAn'da WW Treatment Project Suihua City 4.00 130.00 130.00

Zhaodong H67DZhaodong WW Treatment Project 4.11 4.00 5.00 180.00 100.00 149.25 County(Suihua City)

J 68A D Shulan WW Treatment Project (Phase I) Shulan City 5.00 5.00 5.00 120.00 105.00 120.00

Yushu J70DYushu Wukeshu WW Treatment Project 3.00 60.00 60.00 Lalin County(Changchun) Sanchahe Fuyu County WW Treatment Project J 71A D Town(Songyuan 2.00 5.00 50.00 105.00 50.00 (Phase I) City) Bin County(Harbin Peiketu H74DBin County WW Treatment Project 4.00 2.00 100.00 87.95 100.00 City) Shangzhi County Mayi H76DShangzhi WWTP 6.85 4.00 4.00 130.00 199.32 (Harbin City)

Mudanjiang Jingbo Lake Area WW H78D Mudanjiang City 13.00 2.00 50.00 100.00 50.00 Treatment Project

Hailin H81DHailin WWTP County(Mudanjiang 1.64 5.00 2.00 103.07 120.00 179.042 City)

Main Woken H82DQitaihe Central WWTP Qitaihe City 5.00 171.44 171.44 Songhua City/Suihua Tongken H84DHailun WW Treatment Project 1.20 4.00 4.00 30.00 165.00 157.80 City Hulan County(Harbin H85DHulan County WWTP 6.85 10.00 130.00 518.57 130.00 City) Tieli County(Yichun Hulan H86DTieli WWTP 5.00 350.00 125.00 125.00 City)

H87DSuihua WW Treatment Project Suihua City 1.92 2.00 5.00 67.22 50.00 170.74

H88DYichun District WWTP 4.93 5.00 160.00 125.00 125.00 Tangwang Yichun City Yichun Nancha District WW Treatment H89D 5.00 5.00 30.00 130.00 130.00 Project SOGREAH/DELFT-JUNE 2005 C1 Songhua River Pollution Reduction Project - Phase 2

Location Treatment Capacity Investment

Prov. Code Sector 104 t/d Total Cost Estimate(million Yuan) Catchme River/Tributar Name of WWTP nt y County/City LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED LS EPB SEPA PROPOSED

H92DBayan County WW Treatment Project 4.00 2.00 2.00 100.00 122.00 128.41

H93DMulan County WW Treatment Project 2.00 2.00 2.00 80.00 105.31 105.31

H94DTonghe County WW Treatment Project 2.00 2.00 2.00 80.00 88.49 88.49 H95DYilan County WW Treatment Project 4.00 3.00 80.00 94.46 94.46

Tangyuan H96DTangyuan County WWTP 2.00 2.00 2.00 75.00 81.97 81.97 County(Jiamusi City)

Huachuan H98DHuachuan WW Treatment Project 2.00 2.00 95.57 95.57 County(Jiamusi City)

H99DSuibin County WW Treatment Project Hegang City 1.00 2.00 23.00 84.44 23.00

Fujin County(Jiamusi H 100 D Fujin WWTP 3.00 4.00 2.00 75.00 148.44 148.44 City)

Tongjiang H 101 D Tongjiang WWTP 2.00 2.00 103.31 81.42 81.42 County(Jiamusi City)

Tailai County/Qiqihar D Oxidation Pond H 147 City 3.00 47.30 Baiquan Shuangyang D WWTP H 148 County/Qiqihar City 1.25 46.86

WW Treatment Project in Daxing'an Gan D Daxing'an Range Range Area Songling District H 149 Area 1.00 15.00 WW Treatment D H 151 Project Harbin City 1.50 72.00 Mayi H 152 D WW Treatment Project Harbin City 2.00 105.00

D Qinggang County WW Treatment Project H 153 Suihua City 3.00 100.00 tongken H 154 D WW Treatment Project Suihua City 4.00 100.00 H 155 D WW Treatment Project Suihua City 1.90 71.80 H 156 D WW Treatment Project Suihua City 4.00 130.00 Hulan H 157 D Qing'an County WW Treatment Project Suihua City 3.00 92.50 Keyin H 158 D WW Treatment Project Suihua City 4.00 100.00 H 165 D Harbin WWTP （Phase III） Harbin City 16 190 H 166 D Harbin Taiping WW Treatment Project Harbin City 32.5 330 Harbin Old New Area Mainstream D H 167 WWTP Harbin City 5 90 H 168 D Harbin Hulan District Old Area WWTP Harbin City 5 120 H 169 D Harbin Xinyigou WWTP Harbin City 15 440 Huachuan Woken H 170 D Huanan County WW Treatment Project 5 County/Jiamusi City 120 Songyuan City Jiangnan WW Treatment Mainstream J 171 D Songyuan City 5 Project 134.6 Changchun Jingyuetan WW Treatment Yitong J 172 D Changchun City 5 Second Project 130 Songhua Songjianghe Town WW Fusong Songjiang J 173 D 2 Treatment Project County/Baishan City 78.26 Erdaobaihe Town WW Antu County/ Erdaobai J 174 D 2.1 Treatment Project Region 35.08

SOGREAH/DELFT-JUNE 2005 C2 Industrial Project List Basin River Prov. No. Code Project Name Capacity Investment 104 t/d Million Y J 1 102 Meihekou Brewery WW Treatment Project 3.00 J 2 103 Meihekou Haishan Paper Making Company WWTP 0.45 J 3 104 Huinan Paper Mill WW Treatment Project 1.00 Huifa J 4 105 WW Recycling Project in Mineral Selecting Plant of Jilin Nickel Industrial Company 0.55 20.00 J 5 106 WW Treatment Project of Minggang Mineral Industry Co. in Huadian 1.60 J 6 107 Alcoholic fermentation WW Recycling of Alcohol Factory in Yitong County 2.80 J 7 108 WW Treatment Project in Medical Garden of Changchun Hi-Tech Development Zone 0.36 30 J 8 109 Jilin Prov. Fenghua Paper Mill WW Treatment Project 0.30 Yitong J 9 110 WW Treatment Plant and Water Recycling Project in Jilin Deda Co., Ltd 0.30 0.63 J 10 111 Shuangyang Xinlong Chemi-industrial Plant WW Treatment Project 2.60 Second Songhua Songhua Second ma Yin J 11 112 Shuangyang Paper Mill WW Treatment Project 3.30 J 12 113 WWTP of newly Built Vanillin Project in Jilin Chemical Industrial Company 0.38 40.00 WW Treatment Membrane Process and Recycling Project in Jilin Chemical Fiber J 13 114 0.38 29.92 am Industrial Company in Jilin Prov.

Mainstre J 14 115 Rebuilding of WW Pretreatment System in WWTP of Jilin Chemical Industrial Company 5.48 0.36 N 15 116 Lantian Sugar Mill wastewater treatment project 0.81 26.26 N 16 117 Zhalantun Yili Diary Industry Company wastewater treatment project 0.1

Yalu N 17 118 Jiulong Xing'an Paper Co., Ltd WW Treatment Project in IMAR 3.33 5.08 N 18 119 Hulunbeier Zhalatun Industrial WW Treatment and Cleaning Production Project 4.93 120.00 Wuyuer H 19 120 Yi'an County Sugar Refinery WWTP 0.14 40 H 20 121 HLJ Sida Paper-making Co., Ltd. Integrated Environmental Treatment Project 0.02 121.53 M m str ea ain H 21 122 Qiqihar Hong'guang Sugar Refinery WW Treatment Project 0.40 10.9 Chao'er N 22 123 WW Treatment Project of Xing'an League Zhalaite Banner Brewery Co. 0.27 34

Nen Water N 23 124 Kerqin Wine Co., Ltd WW Recycling Project savings 0.85 100000t/a N 24 125 Tuquan County Paper Mill Co.,Ltd WWTP 20.03

Tao'er N 25 126 Tuquan County Lianhuashan Copper Mine WWTP 2 J 26 127 Baicheng Paper Mill 75t Alkali Recycle Project 29.94 J 27 128 Tao'nan WW Reuse and Ecological Restoration Project 2.00 35.00 Huolin N 28 129 Huolinguole Xingfa Company WW Treatment Project 0.27 1617 H 29 130 Mudanjiang Hengfeng Papermaking Company wastewater treatment plant 1.23 1819 H 30 131 Mudanjiang Pharmaceutical Factory wastewater treatment plant 0.41 20 iang

Mudanj H 31 132 Mudanjiang Chaihe Limber wastewater treatment plant 2.00 4.5 Woken H 32 133 Flax Mill wastewater treatment project 0.04 2.80 H 33 134 Paper Mill Oxidation Pond Extension 0.41 18 g An ban Main Songhua H 34 135 Jixian Mine Water Recycling and Extension Project 2.05 15

n g w a H 35 136 Yichhun Youhao Timber Mill Plant wastewater treatment project 0.25 14 H 36 137 Yichun Brewery WW Treatment Project 0.04 3.65

H 37 138 Yichun Nancha Hydrolyzed Plant WW Treatment Project 0.08 6.00 H 38 139 Harbin No. 2 Chemical Industrial Factory treatment and recycling project 1.50 22.73 H 39 140 Harbin Dong Light Industry Deeper Treatment and Recycling Project 0.60 26.22 H 40 141 Heilong Pesticide WWTP 0.04 6.573 H 41 142 Dongfang Sugar Co., Ltd. wastewater treatment reconstruction project 1 mil t/a 20

Mainstream Cyanide Effluent Treatment and Integrated Utilization in Dongfengshan Cyanide H 42 143 0.01 5.00 Carbon Plant in Note: Code no. is from Long list (Appendix C) Jilin: 16 HlJ: 17 IMAR: 9 Total: 42 Capacity and Investment data are selected in the sequence: 1. Survey. 2. SEPA, 3. EPB then LS.