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Additional comments on Forging Environmentalism: “Forging Environmentalism takes up cutting-edge questions from the ‘greening’ of China to environmental justice to questions of good governance in the environmental realm and helps readers see the complexity and urgency of the underlying issues.” —DAN ESTY, Yale University “The comparative study of values is as difficult as it is essential. Forging Environmentalism is a feast for everyone attracted to this necessary project, and required reading for all those who want to understand the complex values driving environmental degradation in Asia and the United States.” —DALE JAMIESON, New York University “This remarkable study compares environmental values, local mobi- lization and policy, via case studies from diverse countries. It does so by close observation in communities, by in-depth interviews, and by tracking environmental mobilization on the ground. These rich studies will be insightful to the environmental scholar and this book should become a unique resource for graduate seminars on the global environmental movement.” —WILLETT KEMPTON, Coauthor, Environmental Values in American Culture The Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs is the world’s leading voice promoting ethical leadership on issues of war, peace and global social justice. The Council convenes agenda-setting forums and creates educational opportunities and information resources for a worldwide audience of teachers and students, journalists, international affairs professionals, and concerned citizens. The Carnegie Council is independent and nonpartisan. We encourage and give a voice to a variety of ethical approaches to the most challenging moral issues in world politics. The Council promotes innovative thinking, intellectual integrity, and practi- cal guidance featuring specific examples of ethical principles in action. Justice, Livelihood, FORGING and Contested Environments ENVIRONMENTALISM Joanne Bauer Editor An East Gate Book M.E.Sharpe Armonk, New York London, England } An East Gate Book Copyright © 2006 by Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Forging environmentalism : justice, livelihood, and contested environments / edited by Joanne Bauer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7656-1535-5 (alk. paper) 1. Environmentalism—United States—Case Studies. 2. Environmentalism—Asia—Case studies. 3. Environmental ethics—United States—Case studies. 4. Environmental ethics— Asia—Case studies. 5. Environmental justice—United States—Case studies. 6. Environmental justice—Asia—Case studies. I. Bauer, Joanne R., 1962– GE197.F67 2005 333.72—dc22 2005019733 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984. ~ BM (c)10987654321 Contents Contributors vii Acknowledgments xi Editor’s Note xv Introduction Joanne Bauer 1 PART I. ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES IN FOUR COUNTRIES 1. China: A Foreword Judith Shapiro 25 The Politics and Ethics of Going Green in China: Air Pollution Control in Benxi City and Wetland Preservation in the Sanjiang Plain Liu Yu, Pan Wei, Shen Mingming, Song Guojun, Vivian Bertrand, Mary Child, and Judith Shapiro 31 2. Japan: A Foreword Jeffrey Broadbent 103 From Kogai to Kankyo Mondai: Nature, Development, and Social Conflict in Japan Kada Yukiko, Tanaka Shigeru, Aoyagi-Usui Midori, Arakaki Tazusa, Watanabe Shinichi, and Steven Hoffman 109 3. India: A Foreword Paul Greenough 183 Rethinking Indian Environmentalism: Industrial Pollution in Delhi and Fisheries in Kerala Amita Baviskar, Subir Sinha, and Kavita Philip 189 4. The United States: A Foreword Keith Kloor 257 Two Faces of American Environmentalism: The Quest for Justice in Southern Louisiana and Sustainability in the Sonoran Desert David Jenkins, Joanne Bauer, Scott Bruton, Diane Austin, and Thomas McGuire 263 v vi PART II. UNDERSTANDING VALUES CROSS-NATIONALLY 5. The Value of Legality in Environmental Action Sheila Jasanoff 329 6. Environmental Transformations and the Values of Modernity Arun Agrawal 347 7. Evaluating Environmental Justice Claims Robert Melchior Figueroa 360 8. Framing Shared Values: Reason and Trust in Environmental Governance Clark A. Miller 377 PART III. REFLECTIONS ON THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES 9. How Shall We Study Environmental Values? Joanne Bauer and Anna Ray Davies 395 Index 407 CONTRIBUTORS vii Contributors (in order of appearance) — Editor — Joanne Bauer, director of studies at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs in New York until 2005, is the founding editor of Human Rights Dialogue (published by the Carnegie Council), and coeditor (with Daniel A. Bell) of The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights (1999). She currently consults to non-profits and foundations. — China — Foreword: Judith Shapiro is distinguished scholar in residence, American University, and author of Mao’s War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China (2001). Chapter: Pan Wei (research, Sanjiang study) is an associate professor of political science at the School of International Studies, Peking University. He is a specialist in comparative politics and the author of The Politics of Marketization in Rural China (2002). Shen Mingming (research team leader) is a professor of political science at the School of Government and the director of the Research Center for Contemporary China at Peking University. Song Guojun (research, Benxi study) is a professor of environmental economics in the School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University. The China research reports were adapted and developed for this chapter by Judith Shapiro and Liu Yu, PhD candidate in political science at Columbia University, spe- cializing in the politics of transition in China; Vivian Bertrand, program associate at the Carnegie Council (until 2003), and environmental policy researcher and analyst for the Canadian government; and Mary Child, a writer, editor, and publishing con- sultant in New York. vii viii CONTRIBUTORS — Japan — Foreword: Jeffrey Broadbent teaches sociology at the University of Minnesota and is the author of Environmental Politics in Japan: Networks of Power and Protest (1998). Chapter: Aoyagi-Usui Midori (research) is a senior researcher in the Social and Environmental Systems Division of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan and co- editor of Culture and Sustainability: A Cross-National Study of Cultural Diversity and Environmental Priorities Among Mass Publics and Decision Makers (2003). Arakaki Tazusa (research, Kumamoto-Minamata study) is a researcher at the Envi- ronmental Health Science Division of the National Institute for Environmental Studies. Previously (until March 2001) she was employed at the National Institute for Minamata Disease. Steven Hoffman (research) is an independent consultant on environmental issues and U.S.-Japan relations. Kada Yukiko (research team leader, Lake Biwa study) is a professor of sociology at Kyoto Seika University, whose research focuses on the Lake Biwa region, as well as Malawi and the Great Lakes of the United States. She was a chief architect in the design of the Lake Biwa Museum, where she is a senior researcher. Tanaka Shigeru (research, Nagara River study) teaches sociology at Ryukoku University. Watanabe Shinichi (research, Niigata Minamata study) is an associate professor at Nara University of Education. The Japan research report was adapted for this book with the help of Mary Child and Jilan Kamal. — India — Foreword: Paul Greenough teaches history at the University of Iowa, where he is also chair of the Global Health Studies Program. He is the coeditor (with Anna L. Tsing) of Nature in the Global South: Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia (2003). CONTRIBUTORS ix Chapter: Amita Baviskar (Delhi study) does research on the cultural politics of environment and development. She has taught at the University of Delhi, Cornell University, and Stanford University. She is currently a visiting fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. Kavita Philip (Kerala study) is an associate professor of women’s studies at the Univer- sity of California, Irvine. Her current research areas are environmental history, postcolonial and feminist science studies, globalization, and new media technologies. Subir Sinha (Kerala study) is a lecturer in institutions and development in the Depart- ment of Development Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, Univer- sity of London. His current research focus is decentralized development in India, early postcolonial planning, and the global fishworkers’ movement. — United States — Foreword: Keith Kloor is senior editor of Audubon magazine and author of a number of articles published in Audubon and elsewhere, including “Restoration Ecology: Returning America’s Forests to Their ‘Natural’ Roots” (Science, 2000). Chapter: Diane Austin (research) is an assistant professor at the Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, and an assistant research anthropologist at the Bureau of Ap- plied Research in Anthropology (BARA), University of Arizona. Thomas McGuire (research) is an associate professor in Anthropology and an associate