THE BALANCE OF BIOCULTURE AND SOCIOCULTURE WITHIN FOOD CULTURE (Case: Obesity at Buginess Ethnic)

Hikmawati Mas’uda Nutrition Department, Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health in Makassar a Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Many phenomena about eat culture create a gap and conflict between the culture and health perspektif in order to satisfy any need of biocultural-biosocial and socioculture. This research aim to analyse a conception about biocultural – biosocial and socioculture to eating in culturization. A qualitaitive descriptive by Grand Theory used a kind of this research. Obesity and its characteristic as subject of this study. The primary ad secondary as source of data. Any data collected by observation, interviews and documentation. A qualitative used to analyze data. The result of this research indicated that there are a gap and conflict between the culture and health perspektif in order to satisfy any need of biocultural-biosocial and socioculture particularly for the at culture. The culture viewed that obesity is a eat culture product which represented culturization and social predicate it. The health look at be unbalance food intake need a body. The gap occur caused the culture perspective oriented socioculture dimension as macro locus dan the health stressed a bioculture ones. The social culture element can be able create a routinely eating behavior or attitude many people which often contrast or different with a food intake standard. The phenomena of bioculture not one single determinant but there are other determinant influence eat culture namely socioculture and ecoculture. Their relation are reflected at knowledge system, economy, traditionally ritual, and culture process. The eat culture include bioculture, socioculture and ecoculture. For its balance require to apply any principle of health and value of culture into eat cultur so need integrated- internalized them.

Keywords: bioculture, socioculture, balance, eat culture, health, culture

INTRODUCTION behavior to eat, over food consumption, Today, conception about bioculture and then implicated over weight physic and socioculture are not be easy or difficult body, over food and their psychosocial to actualized by every one both individual, attitude or behavior be negative. Then, if family and community include the health bioculture need more dominant, so can be community. On the one side, bioculture cause someone get more rule burden about need is sometime more dominant but they food need which must be always ready or neglect their socioculture aspect, and other given available for his/her for while their side there are people make more priority to economy can not be always support their satisfy their socioculture need but they are need, and the condition can be too less pay attention to satisfy bioculture need implicate to create economy and both within their eat pattern and body psychology burden to them. image. Many people don’t or less still to People condition by different social understanding their bioculture need in order economy background be often cause they to regulate their eat pattern and to image neglect their bioculture need. Social their body. This is caused their knowledge economy condition as like education level, about food in balance are relatively less or knowledge, experience, motivation, and not be enough. Then, many people make income can be support or not supporting high priority for bioculture but they neglect someone to satisfy their need both their socioculture aspect. bioculture and socioculture need. But, the Of course, not balance between better social economy condition can be too bioculture and socioculture aspect can be create an balance to satisfy bioculture and appear an implication both medical or healt socioculture need. and culture. Its domination socioculture In the health perspective, need can be caused someone (man and bioculture-biocioculture be always more pay women) less be able to controlling his/her attention and stressing to kept physical

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body health through a better eat pattern need and eat pattern behavior and body regulation and ideally body image. By image. Other side, more expected a contrary, at culture (etnicity) perspective, synergy relationship of the bioculture- socioculture-socioeconomy be always biosocial (health perspective) and oriented to actualize a welfare, to kept body socioculture aspect (culture perspective) be health by eat pattern and body image base created them. on their willing. To analyze by more, gap between METHODS health and culture perspective againts eat Research approach pattern and body image are basically The research approach is caused each other perspective have been qualitative, namely a research study which less integrate a biology-cultural-social make a completely description about aspects, so that they are too difficult to invention result in the field by using any actualize the balancing between bioculture fundamental theory given available to and socioculture. At health, eat behavior analyze and clarify amount phenomena which less based on the bioculture aspect about the balance of bioculture-biosocial can be considered as abnormal and have a (health perspective) and socioculture potency to appear a disease especially is aspect (culture perspective). non communicable diseases . But at Kind and Resource of Data culture, eat behavior of someone There are 16 (sixteen) people (man considered not be necessary guided to the and women) in obesity as research subject. food standard for someone consumed the A qualitative and quantitative data used as eat by happy, make their seoul/batin in kind of data. The qualitative data came from peace, and they owned a perception that so observation and interview result with more eat so better, if their body physic be informant. The quantitative include obesity grow more solid-filled and fat so better. statistic and characteristic, obesity Different view of the second prevalency in percentage, weight and tall of perspectives are tend to influence many physic body, eat frequency, food kind and people both their eat pattern and eat portion amount have been consumed by behavior and their body image. Busily obes in a day. Data resource instead of activity phenomena be often make primary data (this is directly get in the field, someone take need and select instant any as like: observation and interview results, food or fast food which neglect food intake and secondary data (get from literature, need aspect. So then, someone by life style documentation and normative policy, developing are too often influence their eat internet, and from hospital/community pattern and body image. Motivation health central or medicare centre, include someone which expected an physical department-related it). image his/her body be solid and fat often Data Collection Technique shown over eat pattern behavior which There are three technique used are neglect biocultural-biosocial aspects. And observation, interview and documentation. then, if someone make priority to satisfy Observation be done by directly in the field food nutrient often neglect any value and or object investigated over really condition trust in their socioculture system. occurred it, by systematical recording on Base on the phenomena, so main the phenomenon include: eat issue and problem in this research is the pattern/behavior, eat frequency, obes balance of bioculture and socioculture actions to choice and consumed any food, within eat pattern and body image. The their activity, interaction and communication balance of second aspects be more both in the family or household, job and important to actualize them so that not be public area. Interview by use a guide be happen a dichotomy and gap at satisfy food directly conducted, structure and more in

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depth with key informant and keyspeaker. million until to highest over Rps.10 millions, At interview, investigator as participant and even up to Rps.50 millions per annual. involved together with informant both in the These mean that obesity happen at all home, job area or other location in order to income level both lower and higher. Obesity interview. Documentation be done by history be varied from 1 year to 20 years. literature study and explore other written This indicate that existency of obesity can source particularly related with data and be long time and give an experience about information needed for this study. their condition. Research Instrument All obesity have stomach cycle Main instrument are self-researcher measurement varied from lowest 103 up to which supported by interview guideness 127 centimeters, or average more 100 and arranged base on the centimeters at 16 obesity. These have operationalization of indicators at correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI) investigation focus. In order to easier any value from each obesity. This mean that so data recording and validation so used greater stomach cycle measurement so instrument as like field notes, pen, stips, higher too value. Lower value is 30.0 and and also tape recorder, digital chamera and higher 38.0. other electronic ones. For all description indicate that Data Analyze Technique obesity of Buginess ethnic have At this research, a qualitative characteristic of social (age, education, job approach and comparative study used as or profession, social status), economy (life data analyze. The qualitative is descript any source, income), and health (stomach cycle phenomenon which happened in the field measurement and BMI value). There are by using any theory basic in orde to solve different and equality at obesity, and all any problems, and comparative study used phenomena can be found at all level both to compare bioculture-biosocial (health age, education, job or profession, income, perspective) and socioculture aspect history and stomach cycle measurement (culture perspective). A deductive used to and BMI value. make conclusion. Eat Behavior and Food Intake Result of this research indicate that 87,5% RESULT AND DISCUSSION obesity consumed main menu of food by Result Research average 2 or 3 times a day, and among Characteristic of Obesity them are too consume snack dish or cake Base on the research result that which equal with non-obesity in the general. 87,5% obes are women and 12,5% man. Food intake consumed by them more This indicated that women owned a obesity dominant contain fat and carbo and also potency more than man. Their age in energy. This phenomena indicate that variation from lowest 30 years and highest obesity can be caused by biologic factor. 57 old years. This mean that obesity can be Obesity has a habitual and hobby or like happen at productive age. Obesity found at comsumed any food by high calori without all education level from not be graduate significantly exhale so that easier a problem elementary school until to scholarship happen with over body weight. By other say graduate. About job or profession of that obesity appear because amount calory obesity, 43,7% have clear job include as be intake via food more than amount calory officer or employee of government, trader burned it. This intake have been occurred and fisherman, 56,3% worked as for years or along time which result a fat administrator of household. This mean that collection into body. obesity at all kind of job or profession. Obesity by physical characteristic, food Obesity or family have income intake and eat supply, and eat behavior variation, from lowest under or less Rps.1 have been symbolized as statute over

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nutrition. Food nutrient condition include contain a highly calori and lower fibre so process in supply and usage any food that happened an unbalance a food intake nutrient for body growth, development, kept or supply into their body. Food intake into and activity of body. Over food nutrient can obes body have a biologic process and be happen from some result namely influence body organs function, so that if unbalance food intake, disease factor, food intake more contain calori so structure absorption and infection (Depkes RI, 2000). of body organs will be contained by fat. The Although obes eat overcapacity (2-4 times choice of obes to food supply influence food a day consume main food) but the most intake into their body, and therefore their adding dishes they consumed food intake choice be difficult separated from influence more dominant compact energy. their cultural. Its phenomenal that among obesity have a Generally obes recognized that custom to buy food and drink as like bakso, they have been never fathom (surprise) donat, soft drink, es teller, es doger, and their body can be change become fat or they have too habit to eat food fry, snack, obesity. For the change process, all obes and or other kind of food that have a over too recognize that they never mind to be nutrient value and appear an impact from self-trouble, they eat any food given over nutrition problem, so that they are available or anything can be eaten them, difficult to avoid obesity or over body weight their mind and seoul have been always as a consequence. The result of nutrient calm, they are not wish to make dizzy with problem have been caused a change in any family problems or other ones, they let body size and form or influence a nature their free life and enjoy, always wish to eat body structure change which clinical called and feel nice or pleasant to eat, always obesity. The change appear signs and wish to sleep and healthy in slept. All those phenomenal at physical body. reality indicate that process of obesity The satisfy a nutrient need be one of signed by transformation any social feeling important aspect in the medical care. as like calm mind and seoul, happiness, Partially, nutrient statute can be measured satisfaction, growing or developing at a by antropometri (the measurement a body form change without special certaint part of body) or biochemical or treatment. If compared with someone effort clinical measurement. The nutrient statute to make diet in order to be less his/her body is a condition which resulted by balance weight or doing a slim, so can be say that statute between food nutrient intake and obesity process is more easier than diet nutrient need for physical body in order to process. satisfy biologic process variation. The The welfare and food nutrient phenomena of obesity subject (patient) degree of community or people can be increase be difficult separated from eat measured through nutrition statute. pattern by highly calorie and fat and fibre Therefore, nutrient problems are necessary consumption. Obes (obesity) has a habitual viewed as one of determinant factor to more like or often consumed instant food support or buffering life welfare both service which contain a highly calori value individual, family and household and and cause over calory in the body or community toward promote a human person, changed and save to be fat body. resource quality of Indonesia, as part of Obes not completely understanding completely human development. Base on and pay attention yet any nutrient statute the condition so can be conceptualized that indicators about balance condition between obesity process in the medical view or intake and need of food nutrition by body health perspective which only look at for vary biologic process them. These are biocultural-biosocial phenomenon, is still enough reasoned remember that food weak. Such that obesity process from intake and supply consumed by obes Ethnic view which too only pay attention

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toward sociocultural phenomena, is still style (social determination) among obes of weak. Therefore, they are necessary Bugis ethnic are two aspects which integrated biology, social and cultural unseparated within eat culture, inspite of process to explore any obesity process not be always influence their eat culture. phenomena. Exogen factor include social culture, Among obes, although parts their geography and demography characteristic, body are fully fat contained and flesh economy system and perception or any clump, their stomach cycle size be grow up, way used someone that has widely insight their body weight increase, nevertheless about eat and his/her body among obes they are actively steady to do daily (knowledge, believe, pleasure, price, domestic activity in their household or prestige, known food better, family (for obes that manage household), feeling/appetite, tolerant, satisfied to body) they conduct their job or profession in the have been important influence toward eat office (for obes that working as officer or culture with obesity. Such as genetic or employee), or to do trade or business hereditary influence (endogen factor) activity (for obes as trader or entrepreuner); against obesity is too difficult losed which they are actively steady to interaction with make synergy with influence of eat culture. around environment like as non-obes Customs of someone with obesity establish their activity. In shortly that they owned together by a group at Bugis which (obes) are stead to do their social role in have culture with equally amount mindset daily. patterns and behavior come from learning Many more encouragement or process. The culture at the ethnic can be advocation (in Bugis ethnic called formulated as a set pair of believe, value Appasisingerrang) given to obes have very and behavior method or custom that they related with effort to promote food nutrition learned and owned together with by all quality, keep their body health and eat citizen include obes. culture, avoid theirself from stall, prevent a In the culture of Bugis ethnic, eat disease, keep mental and seoul healthy, to pattern and behavior are two things actualize their happiness and welfare different. Eat pattern is more preferred to include to safe their thereafter life. The the amount portion of food and its kind liked conception on Pemali (prohibition)and and often consumpted them. For eat Appasisingerrang (to advice) in the eat behavior more guided to behavior and culture owned Bugis ethnic suitable with motivation to the food, intensity to stated by Suhardjo (2003) that the role of consumpted any food at the certaint time, culture value are still tend to different attitude to face and treat food. Culture value toward food or eat, example certaint food of Buginess stressed that over capacity eat matter by a community culture can be pattern and behavior are not benefit for considered ‘taboo’ (prohibition order) for physical body healthy, and can be consumption caused certaint reasons, for considered or personified a bad character the temporary while there are food like as greedy attitude. Thus in the social considered have a highest value both norms are too regulated like as lie down economic and social aspects within food after finish eat will be own bigger stomach, dish particularly at life cycle ceremonies eat in front of home gate can rise a warning related with believe and religion system. from evil and be ill or sick, someone The food pattern or eat custom prohibited eat while speak and valued bad (social determination) or food habitual attitude, and every one can’t mixed many among obes can be influenced by many kind of food into stomach and to eat all factors like as custom, pleasure, and considered greedy and their body believe or trust system, economy stage, impressed negative image. age and experience. Food pattern and life

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DISCUSSION satisfied central in the brain, are not fully Obesity story reflected a right. Insight too suitable with statement problematical about medical insight which Soetjiningsih (1995:186) that estimated not own yet a clearly parametre mayority obesity caused by interaction (measurement) on how long time (year) between genetic and environment factors occurred a pile of overly fat net until can include: activity, life style, social economy create an obesity. The formulation and and nutritional namely food pattern or eat application are necessary a special study in behavior. Environment factors for someone quantitative research to actualize a role of play a significantly role, include their medical control against phenomena obesity behavior and life style pattern (example in process or biocultural phenomena. Study what they eaten and frequency to eat and on biocultural phenomena toward obesity how their activities). Physical activity factor can be conducted after eat or food into is the main component from energy body by over capacity and establish a expenditure. biologic process and have an influence to If some opinion above mentioned body organs functions. related with kind of snack which they The problem rise that, study on consumpted after main dishes, so can be biocultural-biosocial phenomena not understanding that although average 2 or 3 enough or not optimum yet in order to times consumption main dishes but eat determinant from obesity process, because behavior of obes against kind of snack or there are a contribution of psychosocial and add dish are more than and not regulate or sosioculture (social feelings like as not in a good order and uncontrolled them. happiness and trust value) which too give a These mean that if viewed from medical or contribution to obesity and other side much health insight, can be say that eat behavior many consumption main menu of food and of obes against kind of snack or adding substitution have high energy and also less dishes are tend more than main dishes so active to do activity inspite of they are that be a cause factor or given a main steady in obesity. contribution for obesity. Many more literature shown that As related with, medical or health eat pattern and life style (social perspective is too own insight about obesity determination) are very influenced by a occurring process, like as stated by background of the social culture system Suhardjo (2003) that obesity rise because where someone stay. In generally, study amount calorie into a body via food more about social culture system as related with than burned it, and if these condition have obesity conducted in order to explore any go for years so will be result a collection or information from people or community pile a overly fat net in the body. If the which oriented to clarifying a phenomena of opinion related with obesity happened social and culture determination. Kind of among Buginess people at Mangkoso snack consumed by obes when they after Barru, can be get an understanding that, eat main dishes at interval time or bioculturally, main food dishes and adding intermesso generally have higher energy, snack dishes are majority saved as energy so that suitable with said by Nurul Irawan calori that not be burned it. and Hidayat (2007:3-4) that nutrition factor Amount great food intake both main as cause resulted their customs dishes and add dishes that consumption by consumption many food by high energy. obes or into body of obes, not be burned Medical or health insight like as because they are less sport activity, less said by Soetjiningsih (1995:186) that factor movement, so that food intake many more caused obesity are abnormal function of saved as calory, and furtherly cause pile hipotalamus so that hiperfagia (overly overly fat net in collection in the body of appetite) be reason rise a disturbance at obes after years. Therefore, satisfy a

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nutrition in balance suitable with one of the and also culture process that influence goal expected to achievement at Nutrition someone to select kind of food, food Repairment Program (Depkes. 2000). processing, and ways to do consumption. For further analyse about nutrition On the other hand, ethnic insight is too problem of obesity in the contex clinical or necessary to considerate biocultural- health, so can be say that food or eat not biosocial dimensions of food because there only be biologic problem at symbolic are saving process and exhale calorie in meaning toward social statute of obes but it order to keep a balance of energy system is too about cultural problems, so its right within a body and food pattern which can said by Mudanijah (2004) that food as be influence body organs. biocultural problem. Its problematical that Related with food pattern, medical insight not own yet a clearly Mudanijah (2004) state that food pattern is parametre about how long time (year) pile ways someone or group conducted an overly fat net in collection occurred until can activity related with food according to social rise an obesity. How amount calorie into culture system. This opinion is still weak obes body via food and amount not burned because food pattern not only as a way to up to obesity. do activity base on the social culture Medical or health insight as stated system but is too as tendency behavior, by Suhardjo (2003) about long time (year) knowledge system and motivation, and also overly fat net collection occurred and related with biocultural and biosocial amount calorie into the body of obes via system. Furtherly analyses indicate, it is food and not burned which rise obesity, is right the medical or health insight that still necessary clarified him, because until abnormal food pattern can be cause today not found yet one concept or obesity, but research result shown that research result to answer the problem. normal food pattern is too can be cause Theses reality indicate that other side obesity. Base on the analyse so can be biocultural phenomena, there are other made a hypothesis that: normal and phenomen that give a contribution for abnormal in food pattern can cause obesity. obesity happening, namely socioculture- For years, someone is eat main menu psychosocial. Base on the phenomenal, dishes 2 or 3 times a day and take a snack can be said that medical or health insight consumption both in order to overcome like as stated by Sandjaya (2005) about the hungry, stabilize strongly physical and role factor less movement in activity that spiritual power and satisfaction with to eat can be cause an obesity, is not fully right. which is filling to enjoy spiritual calm, enjoy Nurul Irawan and Hidayat (2007) inner peace and pleasure, to do daily tell that research in advance country get a activities and regulate rest time, to conduct relationship between lower physical a health control if there are ill symptom or activities with obesity case. Individu with sick feel. At the certaint time, body indicate lower activities has a risk to increase 5 a form change by naturally become padat (five) kilograms body weight. For while, and berisi which rise a happy feeling, nutrition factor resulted by custom someone cheerful, happiness, and pride them. Body take high energy food consumption. This is steady kept so that in healthy and opinion is not too fully in right or less productive, and take a medical treatment if suitable with research invention at Buginess get a disturbance. ethnic. Base on the situation so medical or The condition can not fully received health insight is necessary look at social yet because abnormal food pattern that can culture function of food which influence or be determinan obesity namely eat in many can be cause obesity, because at the portion (binge) and eat at midnight, function given available a knowledge evertheles, all it are too necessary system, economy, manners and customs considered factors cause someone eat in

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great portion and eat in midnight. Research Its right an opinion stated by invention shown that there are obes often Mechanic that task of medical can be only weak up in midnight to eat because hungry, effectively implemented if considerate but among obes only eat twice a day, or biological and social-psychology factors other obes have food pattern by average (Kalangie, 1994:172). Its begin to explore three times a day, so of course can’t be any role of social-culture factors for medical said simultantly as abnormal food pattern successful to apply any tasks be basic for because too be done by non obes. Base on its growth and development sociology the reason so can proposed a concept that medical (Sunarto, 2009). abnormal food pattern that can cause Medical simptoms that rise by food obesity are to eat much many main dishes biology process in the body can be and add dish menu selingan, not be order separated from socioculture and and not be controlled when they eat with psychosocial aspects or factors. Therefore, high hasrat toward all kind of food and not health perspective that only guided to the following a balance movement activity biology process factor, is weak. This is them. suitable with statement Sarwono (1993) Environment as place or location that since human have an awareness that for obes in order to establish their life, doing the health not only physical but too about an interaction with around people and mental and also social condition of natural environment, they actualize their someone. Thus, opinion Sarwono is not self, keep or care their health, get food comprehensive yet because only touch nutrition sources. Viewed from health biology, psychology and social dimensions, perspective, any problem about food which must be include culture, economy, sources jajanan which get from around environment and political dimensions. environment and its contribution to life style The health perspective is only tend and then cause obesity. These situation to use emic approach to put biology indicate that environment dimension is process factor as single instrument to necessary considerate natural aspect and meaning a symbolic, but in contrary still harmonization between human being with neglect ethic approach (don’t look other natural and animal beside to adopted value factors like as psychology, social, culture, of human behavior in order to use many economy, environment and politic) as basic more food sources and manage their for consideration them. These are not environment for promoting physical body enough if only based on the emic approach. health, psychology and sociocultural Its ideal, emic and ethic are integrate but stability for them. comprehensive them. Biosocial, Political dimension like as psychosocial, socioculture, socio- leadership role in the organization or environment, socioeconomy and community, human rights, freedom and sociopolitic factors must be integrate responsibility value, ability and capacity tell together with. an opinion or aspiration in the democracy, The statement Mechanic (Kalangie, competency to manage their life by certaint 1994:172) is more clarifying that the health strategy. All of it necessary to be part of perspective can’t be only using medical job symbolic meaning against social statute to mean symbolic against social statute of with obesity. The conception indicate that obesity, but must be integrate the political dimension must contain a health socioculture role. This is suitable Sunarto behavior both physical and mental, (2009) that usage the role may be medical empowering self potency and leadership, domain and also can insurance a their role in the community or organization, successful for implementation medical job. ability to manage body be ideal and health. Food pattern with pleasure get by obes caused their behavior to establish an

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effort or job are too successful, which can according to their knowledge, experience be trusted to give a yield and make their and abilities. Among obese visible face and mind and seoul be calm so that they enjoy body clean and well-maintained in to eat. To eat by comfortable and nice accordance with natural conditions. Besides believed to make their desire to supply food that, it also looks healthy, easy and into their body so strongly and great. Ability delicious to be invited to tell stories or to satisfy physical need clothing and food communicative, its attitude is friendly and as wish them, too mean that need to eat polite with its Bugis cultural values, more and more enough, body felt enjoy to preserving the culture of the matanre siri in food consumption. Their life source have a caring for its body according to the values role to create a balance in activities and of Siri’na Passe. They do not use eat, and regularly food pattern. technological assistance in treating their Their knowledge and attitude aren’t bodies so that their bodies look original and support yet for eat culture them. Among natural. The reality is in line with the obes are basically know and understand symbolic meanings such as: "... jajitu wita'tu that food consumption or eat is fine, less babuae", "malise-lise na makanjato nafsu makan signed bad for their health, tappana", "pakkaleng makanjae iya and contrary that great appetite indicate mallise'pappada ase ', the form of eating is healthy. Their knowledge like that influence pappadae ana'lolo mappakarennu rennue, their attitude to satisfy appetite for food. mpekke'makanjae pede' Maloppo, the Social culture feelings owned by obes owner of the food. cause among obes are tend to kept their Body care and health are trust to their food pattern and they essential elements for everyone including berasumsi that not problem with their obesity. The need for body care and health health. But other obes are effort to change often makes someone use certain methods their attitude toward food after be sick, according to their knowledge, experience although the ill not significant and not and abilities. Among obese visible face and related with obesity. body clean and well-maintained in The desire to satisfy appetite accordance with natural conditions. Besides causes the obesity diet to be of higher that, it also looks healthy, easy and intensity, which also means that the delicious to be invited to tell stories or interaction of obesity with food is more communicative, its attitude is friendly and frequent. In the view of Bugis ethnicity, this polite with its Bugis cultural values, interaction in eating patterns with obesity is preserving the culture of the matanre siri in meant to be symbolic as welfare and caring for its body according to the values happiness and pleasure. Buginess of Siri’na Passe. They do not use ethnicity, like ethnic Samoa in Carolin's technological assistance in treating their research, adheres to the understanding of bodies so that their bodies look original and cultural values that: the more food is better natural. The reality is in line with the for the body and health, such as the phrase symbolic meanings such as: "... jajitu wita'tu "naiya to macommoe pede maega inanre babuae", "malise-lise na makanjato na manyamengngi manre, pede maloppo tappana", "pakkaleng makanjae iya na makanja lanro alena, medecengngi mallise'pappada ase ', the form of eating is pakkalionna "(more fat people eat more and pappadae ana'lolo mappakarennu rennue, more delicious, the bigger and better body, mpekke'makanjae pede' Maloppo, the healthy and prosperous worldly life). owner of the food. Body care and health are The body with obesity in the view essential elements for everyone including of health contains behavior or from the obesity. The need for body care and health cause of social behavior that supplies too often makes someone use certain methods much food into the body but its intake is not

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balanced with the use of the body. The place in the community that is interpreted most food intake supplied to the body is as welfare / wealth, power, prosperity, high energy, and consequently fat deposits strength. occur. Fat deposits are further aggravated Obesity arises because the by a lack of movement and exercise activity number of calories entered through food is which causes relatively less fat burning, more than the calories burned, this which makes the body potentially at risk of condition lasts for years will result in disease. The reality of such a biological accumulation of excessive fat tissue in the process is then interpreted as symbolic body. Obesity is a multifactorial disease behavior of the disease. That is, obesity is which is assumed that most obesity is considered to create and maintain disease caused by interactions between genetic in the body due to behavior in consuming factors and environmental factors, among food that exceeds the nutritional adequacy others: activity, lifestyle, socio-economic rate. and nutritional, namely diet or eating Overall from the description it behavior. Basically it has been stated by a can be concluded that, the health number of experts that fat accumulation perspective views social behavior with and excess weight tend to contain risks to obesity as behavioral, as an abnormal diet, the onset of disease or groups of non- as irregular and excessive eating behavior, infectious diseases (Non-Common as eating behavior with unbalanced Diseases) called New World Syndrome, as nutrition menu, as lifestyle behavior, and as suggested by Gracey (1995) that obesity or a behavior with medical symptoms that obesity is considered the first sign of the require medical treatment is not entirely emergence of a group of non-infectious correct. Obesity social behavior both from diseases (NonCommunicable Diseases). an ethnicity perspective and a health Generally obese acknowledge perspective requires integration in the that explicitly, obesity experienced is not on interpretation of biocultural, biosocial, its own volition (self-willingness) but just psychosocial, ecocultural, and sociocultural happens. However, implicitly, it is difficult to symbols. deny that in their small hearts there is a Coleman (1984) is right about the strong desire that their bodies can be role of biological, psychosocial and better, healthier, denser and full (in the sociocultural factors in obesity, because Bugis view called mallise). This reality these three factors significantly influence indicates that obesity motivation in the view the obesity process. However, these three of Bugis ethnicity is faced with the factors need to be seen as a whole, not phenomenon of objectivation, namely "not partially or separately. Obesity is difficult to willingness but desirable", "desirable but be released from the biological, then wanting to be rejected", and / or "there psychosocial and sociocultural dimensions, is willingness and desire and want to be because in obese people, there is a maintained". The problem is that the penchant for consuming high-calorie foods motivation for obesity varies. without significant release which has the Suhardjo (2003) states that, potential to increase excess weight; the socio-cultural factors play an important role existence of eating habits in families who in the process of the occurrence of always want to satisfy the desire to eat nutritional problems in various communities. family members, including the assumption Socio-cultural elements are able to create a that the more food is getting better, habit of eating the population which is otherwise laziness to eat or lack of appetite sometimes in conflict with the principles of is considered to be bad can cause illness; nutrition. Biocultural phenomena are not a the existence of cultural value symbols that single determinant but there are still other a body that is dense and filled or fat gets a determinants, namely sociocultural and

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ecocultural phenomena. The contains more calories, the structure of the interconnectedness of the socio-cultural organs of the body will be filled with fat. and ecocultural dimensions of the eating Obese choices for food supply affect the culture with obesity is mainly reflected in food intake that enters the body, and the the system of knowledge, economics, choice is difficult to release from its cultural customs and cultural processes that influences. influence someone with obesity in choosing The results showed that the type of food, food processing, ways of generally obese people are simple and eating. Overall, the culture of eating is not consume more traditional food made by only about biocultural phenomena but also themselves or given by neighbors or socio-cultural and ecocultural phenomena. relatives. Obese don't eat fancy foods like As it is known that culture as the those in urban areas. On that basis it can whole way of life of society occupies a be said that symbolic meaning as lifestyle central position in the desired system of behavior towards the social status of behavior, the dimensions of eating culture obesity has not been fully accepted. This in Bugis ethnic culture are directly linked to also means that the lifestyle status the prevailing methods, beliefs, attitudes addressed to obesity cannot be generalized and actions, with the characteristics of the or universalized. The cultural perspective is society. Referring to the source and still more dominant using the sociocultural characteristics and cultural urgency of the approach in symbolic meaning of social eating culture with obesity in ethnic Bugis, status with obesity, while the health as also stated by Kalangie (1994), it can be perspective is more dominant using the said that the eating culture with obesity in biocultural approach. Bugis ethnic originates from learning Its core that there area gap of the experiences, then forms a characteristic of symbolic meaning between health and eating patterns. ethnicity perspectivesagainst social statute The culture of eating with obesity of obesity. This gap caused sociocultural in ethnic Bugis is not derived bilogically or approach many more touched things like inherited through genetic elements even as: ideally physic standard (qualitative), though the indication is there but the effect social and culture feelings, definition and is partial. This distinguishes human image on body, food pattern, interaction behavior that is driven by culture with other and behavior, profession or job, andwelfare. creatures whose behavior is driven by On the other hand, biocultural approach instinct. Eating behavior occurs because more touched about: BMI and stomach humans learn or imitate something done by cycle measurement (quantitative), medical previous generations or the environment symptom, disease image, food supply into around them that is considered good and body, food nutrition intake, food pattern, useful in their lives. Conversely, instinct- andfood biological process in the body. driven behavior is not learned. Base on the problems so its necessary a Looking further at the issue of solution to overcame the gap between nutrition with obesity in the clinical or health second perspectives. Its solution is context can be said that food is not only a sociologyapproach (by integrated biology, biological problem in symbolic meaning of social, cultural dimensions). obese social status but also involves cultural or cultural issues, so that is true as CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION stated by Mudanijah (2004: 69 - 72) that Different or gap of the symbolic food is a biocultural problem. Foods that meaning between health and ethnicity enter the obese body undergo biological perspectives against social statute of processes and affect the functioning of the obesity are located at view point of organs of the body, so that if food intake socioculture and bioculture insight. Different

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are too happen in the food and eat. Culture ecocultural dimensions to food culture with perspective is tend to promoting food obesity particularly reflected at knowledge culture. This mean that obesity viewed as a system, economy, manners and custom food culture that represented culturation and culture process that influence someone and social predicate. On the contrary, in obesity to choice kind of food, food health perspective is tend to front of processing, ways to take consumption. For unbalance problem of food intake with need all food culture not only relate on biocultural a nutrition for body. Base on the case so phenomena but its too about sociocultural can be said that gap happened because and ecocultural phenomena. The balance culture perspective more stressed at macro of them in the food pattern and image are locus of sociocultur, but health perspective basically expect so that health principles more impressed at micro locus of and its value within culture can be bioculture. The gap between health and integrated and internalize them. For this ethnicity perspectives caused lose perekat objective so its necessary regularly food which can be integrate them. Its tendency pattern and satisfy enough nutrition need. of the health perspectives become a locomotive for capitalism rezim to controlled REFERENCES modern health system, which result culture Ahmadin. 2008. Kapitalisme Bugis. Aspek perspective be more marginalize it. Sosio-Kultural Dalam Etika Bisnis The health perspectives is always Orang Bugis. Makassar: Pustaka related obesity with disease or its Refleksi. contributor for penyakit tidak manular which Almatsier, S. 2009. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. considered as family burden or other Jakarta: Dramedia Pustaka Utama. people or government if obes have a Amal. 1992. Perubahan Sosial dan disease. Thus, abnormal food pattern is too Pembangunan. Jakarta: Hecca valued as economy burden because need Mitra Utama. much manyexpenditure cost for food. On Armstrong,D. 1995. The Rise of the other hand, culture perspective more Surveilance Medicine, Sosiology of related obesity with phenomena a life level Health and Illness. Terjemahan: increase, manage potency and ability to Edinburg University Press. manage financial resouces and job Asmarudin P, Abdullah T, Nur Aliah P. prestation that implicate to life satisfaction 2007. Asupan Gizi dan Pola Makan and welfare. These are indicate that Siswa Obesitas Pada SMUN 5 economic dimension must be considerate Makassar. Jurnal Media Gizi economy indicators to satisfy life need and Pangan, IV(2). 54 medical care, cost allocation and Atkinson, R. L. dkk, 1991. Pengantar expenditure in order to satisfy nutrition in Psikologi. Jakarta: Erlangga. balance, owner a life source and Bagong, Suyanto. 2010. Sosiologi Teks productivity, owner asset and income Pengantar dan Terapan. Jakarta: source, independency in economy, not Kencana Prenada Media Group. need an aid from other people to satisfy life Balasong,Nur Fitri dan Hasmawati H.2006. need in daily include amount cost need for Perempuan untuk Perempuan, health care. Sketsa Pemikiran Perempuan Social culture elements be able untuk Pemberdayaan Potensi di create a food custom for people which Sulawesi Selatan. Makassar:ACCe sometimes contradict with science princples Tim Penggerak Perempuan of nutrition. Biocultural phenomena is not a Makassar. single determinant but there are other ones Barker, Chris. 2004 Cultures Study, Teori namely sociocultural andecocultural dan Praktik. Yogyakarta: Kreasi phenomena. Related social cultural and Kencana Brookfield USA: Avebury.

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