PATRIOTS, LOYALISTS, AND REVOLUTION IN NEW YORK CITY, 1775–1776

LOYALIST FACTION Your faction role sheet follows this character role sheet. Mr. Frederick Philipse (pronounced­ “Phillips”) Wealthiest landowner in New York; member of the Delancey faction in the New York Assembly; 55 years old

ou are a Hudson River patron, heir to an enormous estate that has been in your family­ since the late 1600s. You have carried the title “Lord of the Manor” over the roughly 200,000 acres in your possession since you inherited it in 1750 at the age of 30. Your Y estate includes what is now Yonkers up to Tarrytown, in Westchester County north of Manhattan. Just one half of your estate, the manor which you call Philipsburgh, is roughly twenty-­ ​­four miles long by six miles wide. You are involved in merchant activity, buying your tenants’ produce and selling them goods, and your tenants’ rent pays for your lifestyle, which includes dabbling in the arts and trying to bring the finest of British elegance to your mansion. According to Ste- fan Bielinski’s An American Loyalist: the Ordeal of Frederick Philipse III (New York: New York State Parks and Recreation, 1976), 8: A man of refined tastes, the third Lord of the Manor was determined to make the Manor Hall a show- case of English gentility. Philipse enlarged the building, added lavish interior embellishments such as ornate woodwork and the plaster ceiling in the downstairs living room, and maintained an extremely large household which included gardeners imported from Europe to beautify the landscape. Philipse was quite interested in landscape gardening, certainly a proper pastime for a gentleman of that era. He added trees, plants, ornaments, and also a ­picket-​­fenced deer park which was located between the garden and the river. During the 1760s and 1770s, large landholders along the Hudson River, including your relatives to the north, have had to put down tenant ­riots—​­but you have not. Your hundreds of tenant farmers (by one count, 283), whose yearly rent alone (£5–10 per average farm of 150 acres) makes you a ­fortune, seem happy, contented, and mainly Loyalist in their politics (and will stay that way if they know what’s good for them). Your father held a seat in the Assembly from 1726 to his death in 1751; you have held that seat ever since. In the 1750s and 1760s, you rarely attended sessions and did not assume many leadership roles. You were “rotund and usually lethargic” in this period, only “incidentally interested” in politics.1 But you were a consistent supporter of the Delancey faction in the Assembly, and generally supported the Parliament and the king in their actions regarding the colonies. The current crisis has forced you out of your lethargy (but not your rotundity), to use your wealth and influence to support the Crown. You are more in control of Westchester County than ever, both politically and socially, as your tenants (fearful of being evicted into harsh economic circumstances) have lined up behind you and the Loyalist cause. It was only natural that you would build an enormous mansion in the English style, and now you want to rule your society as if you were a British ­lord—​­an aristocrat whose wealth, education, refinement, and breeding entitles him to rule over the lesser sort. It wasn’t really a choice for you to become a Loyalist—­ ​­you and your family have done quite well in the empire and see no reason to change.

1. Stefan Bielinski, An American Loyalist: The Ordeal of Frederick Philipse III (Albany: New York State Museum, 1976) 13.

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 1 OF 12

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You are a firm believer in hierarchy.2 At every chance, you should demand to be addressed as ­“Mister” or “Lord,” both within the Assembly as well as in dealings with the Crowd. If you are able to do so consistently through the game, you will achieve a secondary victory objective: continued respect. You are a Loyalist in the Provincial Congress, but what does that mean? In all of the chaos of the past ten years, you believe that Loyalists have exemplified true virtue, loyalty to their country, protec- tion of private property, and obedience to law. You believe in hierarchy, political authority, and stability for they have served you, the colonies, and the British well. You believe in the British Empire, that the British Isles and the American colonies are truly one political nation equipped with the best form of government in the world. You are unalterably opposed to any further action that might bring the wrath of the British Empire onto New York. You believe that the Bostonians have been led by a power-­ ​­mad conspiracy of agitators who have stirred up the people of that town into a lawless rebellion. The Boston Tea Party and the Coercive Acts that followed were the logical consequences of these agitators pander- ing to the mob; Boston should pay for the ­tea—​­the private ­property—​­that it destroyed. Finally, as long as Boston doesn’t pay for the tea and remains closed, trade that once might have passed through it will shift to other ­ports—​­that is, to the port in New York. This will boost the entire economy if New York doesn’t join in ­non-​­importation (the boycott offered by the Association), which you of course oppose. The same situation that Boston experienced seems to be developing in New York. Here too unprin- cipled political leaders have tied themselves to a mob that has provoked the British soldiers sent here to protect us, destroyed the private property of its enemies, and threatened people with hanging or tar and feathering. The Patriot leadership consists primarily of men of mean stature, nouveau riche, ­cleaned-​­up pirates, and work-­ ​­apron artisans who have no family name or connections. You must defeat them to save New York from their tyranny and that of the mob.

OBJECTIVES Integrate this list of objectives with those listed on the general faction instructions for Loyalists. If there is any conflict between them, follow these specific objectives over the general ones. Your main faction objective is to control New York at the end of the game (end of 1776).

1 Elect a member of your faction Speaker of the Provincial Congress; if your candidate cannot gain a majority, make sure that a Moderate is elected Speaker. political objective

You personally should not run for Speaker—­ ​­it would require you to make deals with people beneath you. Instead, you should propose one of the other Loyalists in the Provincial Congress as a candidate.

2 Defeat or weaken the Association proposal in votes of the Provincial­ Congress. political objective

2. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1992), 11–92.

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 2 OF 12

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3 Limit military preparedness as much as possible; support only militia training and oppose any New Yorkers being sent out of the colony for military purposes. political objective

4 Support reconciliation with the British Empire and oppose all calls for independence. Rely on the British army and navy if independence is proclaimed. political objective

5 Reopen the New York City courts. political and personal objective

6 Maintain deference from all members of New York society. personal objective

At every chance, you should demand to be addressed as “Mister” or “Lord,” both within the Provincial Congress as well as in dealings with the Crowd. If you are able to do so consistently throughout the game, you will achieve a personal victory objective: continued respect and deference. To achieve this goal, you must not call any undeserving characters “Mister”; the only Patriot deserving of the title is your archenemy, Robert Livingston. You can reinforce your desire for deference by dressing formally for Game Sessions. (Try to get a periwig, one of the white powdered wigs with curls that British judges still wear. If you can’t find a wig or any other period costume pieces, try for a business suit with polished shoes instead.) You can also increase your girth with padding if you so desire. Maintaining deference throughout the game will gain you 1 to 2 bonus points, at the discretion of the Gamemaster.

ASSIGNMENTS 1. First position paper: 3–5 pages; due in Game Session One. Yours is one of the first papers due, for the first Game Session, and you should be prepared to give a speech based on it. Your mission is to take apart the Patriot case that British actions in the colonies have been carried out without the consent of the colonists. To that end, you must focus first on Lockean notions of why and what kind of consent is required when it comes to taxation. Sections 119 to 122 are particularly relevant and you should refute any accusation that the king and Parliament have violated the trust placed in them regarding the preservation of property (Sections 221 and following) by taxes and other acts. To answer those accusations, turn to Jenyns on the Stamp Act (pp. 134–136 of the game book) and, at much greater length, Samuel Johnson (pp. 136–152 of the game book), and examine their respective understanding of what consent has been given. In particular, argue in favor of Parlia- mentary sovereignty over the colonies, the various ways in which colonists consent to Parliamentary law, and why the colonists don’t really want representation in Parliament anyway. Your paper should thus ­combine Lockean principles of consent with an evaluation of the historical facts of recent events

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 3 OF 12

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(Johnson and Jenyns) to demonstrate that the colonists have, in fact, consented. Therefore, you should argue, that resistance to the British is illegitimate. 2. Second position paper: 3–5 pages, covering events up to ­mid-​­1776; due in the final Game Session. You must refute, ideologically, pragmatically, or both, the calls for armed force to resist Great Britain and ultimately to achieve independence. For the second paper, rely on Johnson and Chalmers (the latter on pp. 182–192 of the game book) as well as a detailed examination of the theory and specifics in any proposed Declaration of Independence as compared to Lockean standards.

­RELATIONSHIPS—SEE​­ GENERAL FACTION INSTRUCTIONS­ With Texts Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1992) is recommended reading. Pages 11–92 in particular provide a portrait of your world. Focus in particular on the excerpts from John Locke that deal with property rights and consent, par- ticularly the issue of New York occupying the same political unit as Britain and thus inhabiting a state of tacit consent (Sections 119–122). Soame Jenyns and Samuel Johnson (pp. 134–152 of the game book) support your arguments based on consent and representation and the history of the British Empire. With Other Roles Just before this Congress was to meet, you heard Patriot Isaac Sears call on the men of New York to arm themselves and to carry ­twenty-​­four rounds apiece. You were outraged, and had the constables arrest Sears and throw him in jail. But the mob came down to the jail and freed him; due to the courts being closed, Sears and the mob faced no consequences for their actions. Now he sits across from you in the Provincial Congress, a living, breathing example of the lawlessness that grips the city. Use this informa- tion as seems best; if you can open the courts in New York City, maybe you can get him arrested again and put out of the game.

STRATEGY ADVICE—­ SEE​­ GENERAL FACTION INSTRUCTIONS­ If you personally face a mob, you should be emotionally outraged at the temerity of such men to affront you, and say so loudly. The Philipse family throughout its history has faced down mobs before (although you treat your renters well and they are happy and peaceful, you helped put down the Hud- son Valley land riots that afflicted your fellow patrons). If you are mobbed you should not back down, give an inch, or submit in the slightest. Rally your friends and the Moderate Joseph Benedict (especially if you have made a deal with him, see below) to your side, as well as other men of Moderate persua- sion. If you fail to rally a sufficiently large ­counter-​­mob, it is better to stand and fight (or have the British stand and fight for you) than to give in. In short, you will not cave, you will not bend to the rabble, you will not run, you will stand your ground. You receive 1 point each time you choose to fight rather than submit (regardless of the outcome) and 1 point if a counter-­ ​­mob forms successfully and includes you. Every Loyalist receives 1 point if a mob fails to achieve its goal.

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 4 OF 12

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SPECIAL POWER You may make one and only one deal with your available wealth (roughly £2000): 1) Your obvious first choice is Joseph Benedict (if this character is in the game), the Moderate from Westchester, whom you vaguely remember as someone with whom you’ve done busi- ness. He is in debt, saddled with a large mortgage with which he is having trouble keeping up, and thus is at great risk of losing land. Offer to pay his mortgage (£350) and endow him with the rent from two hundred acres of your land (worth £1650 if you sold them to him, but you want to keep the title), whose yearly rents would equal about £250 per. This would make Benedict quite wealthy, and all he has to do is vote as you command. As his patron, you would raise his status by getting him appointed justice of the peace in Westchester, an easy task given his newfound wealth and influence. This deal must be written, with all terms specified, signed by both parties, and delivered to the Gamemaster (note that if Benedict is not in the game, you may make this offer to any Moderate who is not Polhamus); or 2) John Cuyler’s paper is burdened with debt of £1500 with a yearly operating deficit of £500. You now own the notes that embody his debt. You can use your fortune to pay off Cuyler’s debt and keep his paper in business for one year, or bluff by threatening to sue him and take his land and assets if he doesn’t do what you want (you will not actually go to the trouble of a lawsuit right now, but he doesn’t know that). Additionally, you should demand that Cuyler’s second paper give ­full-​­throated support to the cause of reconciliation and denounce Paine’s Common Sense and its call for independence; or 3) You may offer land (fifty unimproved acres upstate, not currently being rented) to one of the landless laborer characters, who is considered to represent twenty other landless laborers covered by this deal. Landless laborers are hardly worth noticing, and in a well-­ ​­ordered pol- itical society you would not have to worry about them because they would naturally defer to your wealth and power. But New York is not a ­well-​­ordered hierarchy right now, and you need to help make it so. You can offer one of the landless laborers a piece of your undevel- oped land in return for the character’s agreement to join any ­counter-​­mobs to defend Loyal- ists, to refuse to join the Patriot military, to join the British side in any battle, and not to join any mobs whose aims are inconsistent with British and Loyalist goals.

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 5 OF 12

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SUMMARY OF YOUR INDIVIDUAL VICTORY OBJECTIVES

1. Ensure that the Loyalist faction is in political and physical control of New York City at the end of the game.

•• Get a Loyalist or a pliable Moderate elected Speaker.

•• Stop the Association from passing in the Provincial Congress.

•• Delay or defeat any New York or Continental Army force; argue only for enhanced militia training.­

•• Have New York commit to reconciliation with Great Britain and defeat any attempts at independence (once the game moves into 1776). 2. Reopen Manhattan’s courts. 3. Maintain your elite standing throughout the game by gaining verbal deference, insisting that all other characters call you “Mister” or “Lord” while you call none of them except Livingston “Mister.”

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 6 OF 12

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LOYALIST FACTION General Faction Instructions

OBJECTIVES Integrate this list of objectives with those listed on the character role sheet you received. If there is any conflict between them, follow your specific objectives over these general ones. First and foremost, your overall objective is to control New York at the end of the game (end of 1776). Most of your other faction objectives are part of this general goal. This ultimate objective means, in the short term, that you must be in control of the Provincial Congress. Defeat votes there for a vari- ety of proposals that advance the Patriot cause, or, if defeating them is impossible, delay or water them down. In the long run, achieving this objective depends on having a working majority in the Provincial Congress, and that depends on gaining the support of Moderates, either by persuasion or by deals. Even if you lose many votes, it is still possible for you to gain control if the British military force seizes Manhattan at the end of the game. You should not trumpet this fact, but note publicly and with some regularity that a war would result in deaths of scores of New Yorkers, destruction, and the probability that the British army and navy will win.

1 From the members of your faction, elect a Speaker of the ­Provincial Congress; if your candidate cannot gain a majority, ensure that a Moderate is elected Speaker. political objective

The Speaker has an important role in determining the order in which proposals are voted upon and holds the power to recognize speakers and control debate. With the rest of your ­faction-​­mates, decide who would be the most appropriate candidate and support that man as a bloc. If your candidate does not appear to have sufficient votes to win a majority, switch your bloc vote to a Moderate who seems receptive to Loyalist ideals. Do your best to prevent a Patriot from becoming Speaker.

2 Defeat or weaken the Association proposal in the Provincial Congress. political objective

The proposed Association is a boycott that would destroy the trade of New York with Great Britain while doing nothing to improve the economic distress in Massachusetts. As of August 1775, no one could sell any goods for outbound trade, crippling the income of farmers and merchants alike. The Continental Congress has proposed that the people themselves will enforce the Association through a ­volunteer-​­run Committee of Inspection, snooping, searching, and otherwise ferreting out all who vio- late it. In other words, the Committee of Inspection organizes and sanctions the mob to execute the boycott through lawless means of searching and seizing private property. Defeating the Association will earn each Loyalist leader 1 point.

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 7 OF 12

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3 Limit military preparedness as much as possible; support only militia training and oppose any New Yorkers being sent out of the colony for military purposes. political objective

After the initial debate over the Association and resistance to the British, issues of military preparedness will arise. All fit white men between the ages of 16 and 60 are automatically members of the militia, which mobilizes in the event of a military threat. But militia training (at least until recently) has been a ­joke—​­a civic party that meets four times a year. Because most city residents do not own guns, militia training involves parade ground exercises for display of the men’s “valor,” followed by drinking in tav- erns (such as the widow Montagne’s, across the street from the Commons). Wealthy and ­status-​­hungry men become militia officers in popularity contests, regardless of military ability. While there can be no doubt of the militia’s potential for violence, it lacks the training and discipline needed to take on a professional army in battle. And that’s a good thing, in your opinion, for it is the British Army that is your faction’s bulwark, and no rational person would send the New York militia to fight against the British Army—­ ​­the militia would be slaughtered. A weak New York military means that the colonies will remain within the British Empire, one way or another. Should the Asia start lobbing cannon fire into the city, or should the British Army take aggressive actions in the colonies, there will be calls from Patriots to produce a more professional military force. Beyond increasing militia preparedness (which you can support, since it won’t do much), there are two sorts of armies they may propose (which you must oppose): 1) a New York army, kept within the colony for defending New York only, training in a camp in Brooklyn, or 2) an intercolonial army under a unified command, trained and sent to fight wherever the British threat is greatest. Your goal is to prevent either option from passing, or if you cannot, to push for a New York Army which does not integrate into the Continental Army (this would weaken their training and coordination in the event of a battle). If it looks like you will lose, you may try to delay the vote as long as ­possible—​­another way to weaken any Patriot military effectiveness if a battle comes. You must argue against both Army proposals based on two grounds: 1) a New York army or a New York unit in a Continental Army would be an illegal and unjust participation in an armed rebellion against the king and Parliament; and 2) such an armed force would be futile in the face of the British navy (the finest in the world) and the professional British army. Additionally, those who serve in these forces will risk death, either from camp diseases or battle, in the service of a wrongheaded cause, and the cost of creating and maintaining such an army would be enormous. This military funding could only be accomplished either by taxation (a horrific hypocrisy if the Patriots propose it); printing paper money (inflation will result); or collecting contributions from rich Patriots (this will leave your wealth untouched and bankrupt your opponents). If the Provincial Congress approves only a militia, each Loyalist leader will earn 2 points. If an army is delayed until after the end of the fourth Game Session, each Loyalist will earn 1 point.

4 Support reconciliation with the British Empire and oppose all calls for independence. Rely on the British army and navy if independence is proclaimed. political objective

Various British and American politicians have offered and will continue to offer formulas for avoiding war and achieving a reconciliation between the colonists and the king in Parliament. You can research such pro- posals as Lord North’s Conciliatory Resolution or the Olive Branch Petition of the Continental ­Congress

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 8 OF 12

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and offer them as alternatives to Patriot proposals. If and when a debate for independence arises, you must argue against fighting for independence as both unwise (the British will win the war and bring about tremendous death and destruction in New York) and unjustified (the grievances claimed by the Patriots do not amount to a good cause). Each Loyalist earns 10 points for winning a final vote in Con- gress against independence; even if independence wins the vote, each Loyalist still earns 5 points if the British Army wins the final battle.

5 Reopen the New York City Courts political and personal objective

Mr. Delancey’s first speech must introduce a resolution in favor of reopening the New York City courts. (Note that county courts are still operating outside of Manhattan, under existing royal authority and appointed judges and having sworn allegiance to the king.) The Manhattan courts closed in conse- quence of the uncontrolled chaos in the city, fear on the part of court officials and jurors of declaring their loyalty to the crown (as required at every session), and the departure of the royal governor. Reo- pening New York City’s courts will be a symbol of stability and authority, a statement that the rebellion is not in control of New York. All Loyalists will support this proposal wholeheartedly, and you must use Locke effectively in arguing for the rule of law and impartial judges. Reasonable Patriot leaders such as Livingston and Scott (both lawyers) generally fear criminal lawlessness as much as Loyalists, and Patriots have debts to collect as well. Feel free to make a political deal (a compromise) with the Patriots on an appointee to the position of chief judge on the New York courts or the rules (British or New York) that will govern the ­courts—​­anything to get those courts open. Each Loyalist wins 2 points for achieving this goal.

RELATIONSHIPS With Ideas As a supporter of the British Empire, you must carefully review the British Perspectives on Politics and Empire section in the game book (pp. 42–46) in order to refute the Patriots’ arguments. You must understand why men, according to Locke, were compelled to leave the state of nature in order to establish governments, create laws, and erect courts to enforce them. The Patriots and their mob allies threaten to destroy government entirely and return to the state of nature in which private property will no longer be secure. You believe that the best form of government is that established by the British constitution, that hierarchy and tradition are bulwarks of civilization and progress, and that the public good is best served by the protection of property offered by the laws and instruments of the British Empire. With Your Faction Your faction believes in the true virtues of loyalty to country, protection of private property, and obedi- ence to law. You share a belief in hierarchy, political authority, and stability for they have served you, the colonies, and the British well. You believe in the British Empire, that the British Isles and the American colonies are truly one political nation equipped with the best form of government in the world. Yes, the British have made some stupid errors in administering the colonies, but as noted by John Locke (Section 225), rebellion, revolution, and treason are not legitimate responses to merely bad administra- tion. Loyalists need to argue, using multiple passages from Locke and examples from the circumstances

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 9 OF 12

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of the colonies as noted by other pamphlet writers, that colonial resistance is both wrong in political principle and wrong as a practical matter. Your audience is not the mob—­ ​­they can’t think or reason, although they may respond to bribes ­nicely—​­but the Moderate Indeterminates who have come to the Provincial Congress from nearby farm counties. You have one small disadvantage at the start of the first session of the ProvincialCongress— ­ ​­you are one behind the Patriots in number. But neither you nor the Patriots have a working ­majority—​­the balance of power is held by the Moderates. You also have the advantage of inertia; to pass a proposal the Patriots must gain a majority vote in the Congress, while a tie means their proposal loses and you win. Delaying the proceedings may also be prove to be a useful tactic. Finally, you have the presence of the British Army and Navy. True, the military forces are currently floating in the harbor aboard the ship Asia, but they can be called out to fire their cannons or to march to the rescue of good, loyal British citi- zens threatened by unruly, illegal mob actions. And there may be more where they came from, because New York has the best port in North America and is centrally located—­ ​­a strategic focus for any British military efforts to control colonial rebellion. Loyalists are definitely in favor of reopening the courts and restoring some level of law and order to New York City. Courts have continued to function outside of the city under the old royal judges and rules, but Manhattan is the most significant jurisdiction, where the most cases are brought, and the court closure there threatens lawful authority. Without the means to enforce debts, settle property disputes, and try accused criminals, the city is virtually ungovernable. Although you would prefer to have the courts reopen based on British oaths and legal principles, getting them open under any conditions is the priority. You may find some allies among the Patriots who are lawyers (Livingston and Scott). If courts are reopened and a chief judge appointed, any Loyalist may ask that judge to issue a warrant for the arrest of one character who participated in a mob attack against a Loyalist (in which either tar and feathering or threats of death were employed), or to rearrest Sears. The chief judge then has the option of issuing a warrant for the arrest and imprisonment of that character. This arrest can only be executed at the beginning of a Game Session. A sample arrest form is given ­below—​­fill in the details and submit it as a separate document to the chief judge for his signature; if the chief judge signs it, the document is then delivered to the Gamemaster for execution, who will read out loud to the class the last paragraph: The Province of New York To the Sheriff of the County of New York, Greetings We command you to take into custody and hold in close confinement until trial the body of ______[name of defendant] on the charge(s) of ______[list crime(s) here, e.g., assault and battery; breach of the peace; murder; attempted murder; riot; conspiracy to commit riot, etc.], alleged to have been com- mitted in this jurisdiction on or about the date of ______[give date of offense.] And have then there this writ, on behalf of the courts of the province of New York. Signed, ______Chief Judge, County of New York. Date: ______With the signature of the Chief Judge, the defendant is considered imprisoned and unable to participate in public (including votes) until freed either by act of Provincial Congress or by mob attack on the jail (normal mob formation rules apply in terms of number required; if a mob frees a prisoner, no other mob will be allowed that session).

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 10 OF 12

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With Other Roles In Congress, the votes of the Moderate Indeterminates are critical. You must identify their main con- cerns, both ideological and pragmatic (e.g., how can the colonists win, given the power of the British?), and then address both your oral and written arguments toward them. You will never get any of the Patriot votes (at least not voluntarily) on anything other than reopening the courts, but the Moder- ates are currently undecided. Your goal is to persuade the Moderates not only with arguments but by appealing to their economic and status needs. Among the Crowd, there are three separate ­groups—​­landless laborers, women, and slaves. Each group has its own agenda, but all can participate in mobs and some can join the military. It is advisable to try separating individual laborers, slaves, or women from the group by bribing them. Naturally (unless you are a Quaker), you are opposed to freeing all slaves; most wealthy Loyalists are slaveowners and those without slaves would like to own them. If you saw any slave of yours loose in the streets as part of a mob, your first instinct would be to lock that slave in the basement after a good whipping. You have great fears of slave revolts, remembering that New York City has had two bloody scares in 1712 and 1741. But perhaps you can offer freedom to slaves who agree to act as spies, informing on the mob and for the British Army. Naturally, you are opposed to any additional rights for women; men are the rightful property owners, and there is much in Locke to suggest that he means it literally when he speaks of men in the state of nature being free and equal. But perhaps you can convince a woman that the sacrifices involved in ­independence—extra​­ work and the possible death of their ­men—​­are too great, or that the Patriots are taking the women’s efforts for granted. Naturally you are opposed to those with- out property (landless male laborers) getting the vote. But perhaps the laborers will cease agitating and engaging in political rebellion if they are offered opportunities to own land.

POWERS All Loyalists have the power to speak before and vote on all matters in the Provincial Congress (even if serving as Speaker). All Loyalists except Quakers may participate in mob and counter-­ ​­mob violence; utilize deadly force in self-­ ​­defense; call on military forces for aid in self-­ ​­defense; and volunteer to join New York mil- itary units. Such powers can be lost, however. They are lost forever if a character is killed, either in a mob action or in military service. They are lost for a limited duration if a character is so severely wounded as to require convalescence at home (such as by tar and feathering or by illness incurred during military service) or if a character has been forced to flee in the face of a mob.

STRATEGY ADVICE Your side has often controlled the New York Assembly; just two months ago you were able to block the passage of the Association, indicating that New Yorkers were reluctant to follow the request of the Continental Congress to set up official committees of inspection. Rather, unofficial enforcers, on ships and nosing into warehouses, have tried to enforce the Association in New York City and its harbor with- out any legal authority. Your side was able to win that earlier vote, blocking passage of the Association, because you convinced rural farmers (which describes most of the Moderates) that the Association would endanger their livelihoods and that they had more to lose allying with the Patriots than they did by giving in a little to the British in Boston. This time you may choose to invoke the same fears of tyr- anny, corruption, and conspiracy for power that the Patriots use in their arguments to curry animosity

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 11 OF 12

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against the Patriots themselves. You may announce that the Patriots have a secret plan to gain wealth and power for themselves by manipulating the mob, thereby destroying the prosperity and peace of British life. Use these arguments to sway Moderate votes. Regarding mobs, you obviously wish to avoid becoming a target. It is likely, however, that some Loyalist may be so confronted. Obviously, your first response should be to try to mobilize a ­counter-​ ­mob, but Loyalists by themselves cannot get the numbers needed. A ­counter-​­mob will require convinc- ing Moderates to violate their moderate natures by joining a street action or winning over members of the Crowd who have become alienated from the Patriots. You will have to be persuasive or make private deals with them to do so. In all likelihood, at some point a Loyalist will be confronted with the choice of fleeing (which takes them out of the game for the rest of the session but brings the character back undamaged at the next session), conceding to the mob that you will do what they want (you can always lie, but the next mob will be worse if you do), accepting a tar and feathering (this also excludes the victim from the game for a while), or fighting (either by yourself or with the British Army if the threat level is death).

TO LEARN MORE More information on the Loyalists is available in Patricia Bonomi’s A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971). Additional detailed information on the revolutionary crisis in New York is available in Richard Ketchum’s Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution Came to New York (New York: Henry Holt, 2002); Barnet Schechter’s The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution (New York: Walker and Company, 2002); and Edward Countryman’s A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760–1790 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).

ROLE SHEET: Frederick Philipse, Loyalist Faction 12 OF 12

214935_RS09_Frederick_Philipse_001-012_r1_el.indd 12 20/10/15 7:34 PM