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Trade Relations of Ancient Burgaz from Archaic to Mid of 4Th Centuries: the Amphorae Evidence Within the Domestic Contexts A

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Trade Relations of Ancient Burgaz from Archaic to Mid of 4Th Centuries: the Amphorae Evidence Within the Domestic Contexts A TRADE RELATIONS OF ANCIENT BURGAZ FROM ARCHAIC TO MID OF 4TH CENTURIES: THE AMPHORAE EVIDENCE WITHIN THE DOMESTIC CONTEXTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SHCOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY İLHAM SAKARYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY MAY 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ______________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ Prof. Dr. Burcu Erciyas Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Evangelia Pişkin Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Burcu Erciyas (METU,SA) ______________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Evangelia Pişkin (METU, SA) ______________ Prof. Dr. Dominique Kassab Tezgör (BİLKENT,Fine Arts) ______________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Kaan Şenol (EGE,ARCH) ______________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jan K. Bertram (METU,SA) ______________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: İlham SAKARYA Signature : iii ABSTRACT TRADE RELATIONS OF ANCIENT BURGAZ FROM ARCHAIC TO MID OF 4TH CENTURIES: THE AMPHORAE EVIDENCE WITHIN THE DOMESTIC CONTEXTS SAKARYA, İLHAM Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Evangelia PİŞKİN May 2016, 346 pages Transport amphorae are large sized vessels, used for carrying agricultural foodstuffs from one province to another. Therefore, transport amphorae are the most important evidence to interpret the ancient economy and trade. It is well known that the site of Knidos, in Datça Peninsula, had an important role in wine production and exportation since the 4th century B.C.; however, the ongoing excavations at Burgaz (7th through 4th century B.C.), near Knidos, yielded abundant evidence for the pre- Hellenistic types of Knidian amphorae as well as amphorae from other producer city- centers. The aim of this study is to investigate the trade relations of Burgaz with other trading centers as well as to understand the early development of local amphorae assemblages in the peninsula. To achieve this aim, the study provides a typological analysis and quantification of the local and foreign types of amphorae, recovered from the residential quarters of Burgaz, excavated between 1993 and 2009. According to the results, Korinth, Milet, Samos and Cyprus amphorae were imported since the 7th century. Chios and Thasos iv joined in this importation during the 6th century, while Kos and Rhodes during the 4th century. Burgaz was a center of import for various types of amphorae since the 7th century B.C; however, it did not have a significant role in exportation until the 4th century. The reason for the emergence of Knidos as an exporting site during the 4th century must be related to the relatively cheaper wine production, as was the case for Kos and Rhodes. Key words: Ancient Burgaz, Old Knidos, Transport Amphorae, Knidian Amphorae, Trade. v ÖZ ARKAİK DÖNEMDEN İ.Ö. 4. YÜZYIL ORTASINA KADAR BURGAZ’IN (ESKİ KNİDOS) TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ: EVSEL KONTEKST İÇERSİNDEKİ AMPHORA BULUNTULARI YOLUYLA SAKARYA, İLHAM Doktora, Yerleşim Arkeolojisi Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Evangelia PİŞKİN Mayıs 2016, 346 sayfa Ticari amphoralar bir merkezden diğerine tarımsal artı ürünlerin taşınmasını sağlayan büyük boyutlu kaplardır. Bu yüzden, ticari amphoralar antik çağ ekonomisini yorumlamada önemli bir kaynaktır. Bilindiği gibi, Datça Yarımadası’ndaki Knidos, İ.Ö. 4. yy’dan itibaren önemli bir şarap üretim ve ihracat merkezi olagelmiştir. Burgaz’da devam eden kazılarda Knidos amphoralarının erken tipleri ile şarap ve zeytinyağı ticareti ile uğraşan diğer merkezlerden gelen amphoralar yoğun olarak ele geçmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Burgaz’ın diğer merkezlerle olan ticari bağlarını ortaya koymak kadar Kinidos amphoralarının erken tiplerini de tanıtmaktır. Bu amaçları gerçekleştirmek için, Burgaz’da, 1993-2009 yılları arasında kazılmış olan konut alanlarından ele geçirilen amphora parçaları kullanılmıştır. Amphoraların tipolojik olarak çalışılmasının yanı sıra değişen ticari ilişkileri göstermesi için istatiksel olarak da değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerinden, Burgaz’da; Korinth, Milet, Samos ve Kıbrıs amphoralarının İ.Ö. 7. yy’dan, Chios ve Thasos amphoralarının İ.Ö. 6. yy’dan, Kos ve Rhodos amphoralarının İ.Ö. 4. yy’dan vi itibaren ithal edildiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Burgaz İ.Ö. 7. yy’da itibaren ithalat merkezi iken İ.Ö. 4. yy’dan itibaren önemli bir ihracat merkezine dönüşmüştür. Knidos’un İ.Ö. 4. yy’dan itibaren Kos ve Rhodos gibi önemli bir üretici merkez konumuna gelmesi ürettiği ucuz şaraptan kaynaklanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Burgaz, Eski Knidos, Ticari Amphora, Knidos Amphorası, Ticaret. vii To My Parents and To All Those Who Stood by in Support viii ACKNOWLEGMENTS This present study would not have been possible without the academic and moral support of many people. First of all, I owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Numan TUNA for encouraging and allowing me to work on this topic. He supported me endlessly and inspired me with his vast knowledge since the beginning of my academic life. I would sincerely thank my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Evangelia PİŞKİN for her guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the research. I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Dominique KASSAB-TEZGÖR who supported me infinitely by giving me access to her personal archive and inspired me with her vast knowledge. This study could never have been completed without her unfailing support and guidance. I would also thank Assoc. Prof. Jan K. BERTRAM for his assistance to translate German and Russian references and his suggestions and comments since the beginning of this study. Special thanks to go to Prof. Dr. Burcu ERCİYAS for accepting to be a member of my committee and for her support and insight throughout my discipleship process. I also thank Assoc. Prof. Ahmet Kaan ŞENOL for his acquiescence to be a committee member without hesitation. I am also forever grateful to Marmaris Museum staff, Esengül YILDIZ-ÖZTEKİN, Mutlu KARADAĞ and Güzin KARAKÖY. Since the excavation period was not enough to work on the zillions of amphora fragments, they kindly assist me by opening the excavation house depot out of excavation seasons. I would also like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Bekir ÖZER who gave me his support and advice by sharing his knowledge, resources and friendship that improved my research quality. This present study could not have been completed without the support of my friends; Seyra FARALYALI-ERDALOĞLU, Ebru ÇETİNDAĞ by being there always for ix me since my life intersects with their lives that make me feel the luckiest person; Assoc. Prof. Derya BAYKARA, N. Dilşad DAĞTAŞ, Tuğba TEKİN among many others who encourage me to pursuit my dissertation research. I also want to thank the members of the METU Archaeological Museum and TAÇDAM staffs for their endless support. My family deserves the greatest thanks for always standing by me and supporting me at anything I do. I owe a debt of gratitude to my parents, Bedriye and İhsan Arif SAKARYA, who have always been my life support in every matter, I am always proud of being their daughter; my sister Seda and my niece Doğa Deniz who are the joy of my life. I would also thank my aunts, Ümran ÖZKORUMAK, who is my guide of life, Sevim KORAY and her family, Güzin SAKARYA, who was my second mother who promised me to bring the full moon from the sky, and my uncle Ekrem Ali TULUÇ. At last, I also want to thank Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART who fed my soul with his splendid music during my writing process. x TABLE OF CONTENTS Plagiarism……………………………………………………………………………iii Abstract……………………………………………………………..……….………iv Öz………………………………………………………………………….…..…….vi Dedication…………………………………………………………………….…....viii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….…....ix Table of contents……………………………………………………………….…....xi List of figures…………………………………………………………………….....xiv List of tables………………………………………………………………………...xvi List of plates………………………………………………………………………xviii CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..1 II-ANCIENT TRADE AND AMPHORAE…………………………………..5 II-I-Historical and Regional Development of Ancient Trade………...5 II-II-Historical Development of Amphora Researches……………...20 III-HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITION OF ANCIENT BURGAZ…………………………………………………………………....32 IV-METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………....44 V-KNIDIAN AMPHORAE………………………………………………....56 V-I-Amphora Production in Knidian Peninsula……………………..56 V-II-Knidian Amphora Typology…………………………………...60 V-II-I-Previous Studies on Knidian Amphorae……………...60 V-II-II-Typology of Knidian Amphorae from Ancient Burgaz………………………………………………………..64 VI-IMPORTS FROM OTHER CENTERS TO ANCIENT BURGAZ……..69 VI-I-Mainland Greece……………………………………………….69 VI-I-I-Athens………………………………………………...69 VI-I-II-Korinth………………………………………………72 xi VI-II-North Aegean Region…………………………………………78 VI-II-I-Akanthos – Amphipolis……………………………..78 VI-II-II-Mende……………………………………………....80 VI-II-III-Thasos……………………………………………...83 VI-II-IV-Other North Aegean Amphorae…………………...86
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