Tour Option 2: 2 Nights 3 Days Efes, Pamukkale and Pergamon Day 1

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Tour Option 2: 2 Nights 3 days Efes, Pamukkale and Pergamon Day 1 – Istanbul- Ephesus Take the early morning flight to Izmir. Met on arrival at airport and transfer to Ephesus. Full day tour of Ephesus & The House of Virgin Mary starts around 09.30. First you will visit The the Temple of Artemis. This enormous temple, once considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and rebuilt several times, dates in its latest form from the third century B.C. Then you will visit the world famous ancient Greco-Roman City of Ephesus, some of the best preserved ancient ruins in the world. After visiting this impressive site, you will have a lunch break. After lunch, you will visit The House of Virgin Mary, where it is believed she spent her last days. Some four to six years after the death of Christ, St. John is said to have accompanied the Virgin Mary to Ephesus. This is a holy place for both Christians and Muslims. After the tour, you will be transferred to your hotel. Overnight in Kusadasi. Day 2 -Pamukkale & Hierapolis After breakfast you will be picked up from your hotel for Full day tour of Pamukkale & Hierapolis. In Pamukkale, you will see the Cotton Cliffs, one of the natural wonders of the world formed by deposits of calcareous salts. Lunch and visit the ancient ruins of the City of Hierapolis with its basilica, theatre and Roman Baths. After the tour, you will be transferred to your hotel. Overnight in Kusadasi. Day 3 -Pergamon Breakfast & check out the hotel. In the morning you will be picked up from your hotel for Full day tour of Pergamon (also known as Pergamum or Bergama). Pergamon was renowned in Hellenic and Roman times for its great library and as the medical center where Galen laid the foundation for medical practice. Its foremost attraction is the Kizil Avlu or "Red Basilica", a huge edifice on the river not far from the Acropolis, originally built as a temple to the Egyptian god Osiris and converted to a basilica by the early Christians, when it was one of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor addressed by St John in the book of Revelation. The temple still inspires awe by is sheer size. We also visit the ancient Acropolis with its dramatic hillside theater and the many marble columns of the Asclepion (medical center). Pergamum's ancient medical center, directed by Galen, founder of modern medicine, was the most famous in the world at the time. After the tour, you will be transferred to Izmir Airport. At night,depart from Izmir to Antalya. Timing: 2 Night 3 Days Tour rates include: - Enterence fees -Transportation during the tours by air-conditioned coach -Professional English-speaking tour guide -2 days accomodation at Hotel including breakfast -2 Lunches Tour rates exclude: -Personal Expenses -Drinks at Lunch - Dinners -Flight tickets .

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Decreasing Hydrothermalism at Pamukkale- Hierapolis (Anatolia) Since the 7Th Century
EGU2020-20182 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20182 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Decreasing hydrothermalism at Pamukkale- Hierapolis (Anatolia) since the 7th century Bassam Ghaleb1, Claude Hillaire-Marcel1, Mehmet Ozkul2, and Feride Kulali3 1Université du Québec à Montréal, GEOTOP, Montreal, Canada ([email protected]) 2Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey 3Uskudar University, Istanbul,Turkey The dating of travertine deposition and groundwater / hydrothermal seepages in relation to late Holocene climatic changes can be achieved using short-lived isotopes of the 238U decay series, as illustrated by the present study of the Pamukkale travertine system, at the northern edge of the Denizli and Baklan graben merging area (see Özkul et al., 2013; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.05.018. The strongly lithified self-built channels and modern pools where analysed for their 238U,234U,230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po contents, whereas 238U,234U and 226Ra were measured in modern hydrothermal waters. When corrected for detrital contamination, 230Th-ages of travertine samples range from 1215±80 years, in the oldest self-built hydrothermal channels, to the Present (modern pool carbonate deposits) thus pointing to the inception of the existing huge travertine depositional systems during the very late Holocene, probably following the major Laodikeia earthquate of the early 7th century (cf. Kumsar et al., 2016; DOI 10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0). So far, the available data suggest three major growth phases of the travertine system: an early phase (7th to 8th centuries CE), an intermediate phase (~ 14th century CE) and a modern one, less than one century old.
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