Decapod Crustaceans from the Miocene Mizunami Group, Central Japan Part 1
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A Classification of Living and Fossil Genera of Decapod Crustaceans
RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2009 Supplement No. 21: 1–109 Date of Publication: 15 Sep.2009 © National University of Singapore A CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING AND FOSSIL GENERA OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS Sammy De Grave1, N. Dean Pentcheff 2, Shane T. Ahyong3, Tin-Yam Chan4, Keith A. Crandall5, Peter C. Dworschak6, Darryl L. Felder7, Rodney M. Feldmann8, Charles H. J. M. Fransen9, Laura Y. D. Goulding1, Rafael Lemaitre10, Martyn E. Y. Low11, Joel W. Martin2, Peter K. L. Ng11, Carrie E. Schweitzer12, S. H. Tan11, Dale Tshudy13, Regina Wetzer2 1Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] 2Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 United States of America [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 3Marine Biodiversity and Biosecurity, NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie Wellington, New Zealand [email protected] 4Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China [email protected] 5Department of Biology and Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 United States of America [email protected] 6Dritte Zoologische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria [email protected] 7Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA 70504 United States of America [email protected] 8Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 United States of America [email protected] 9Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands [email protected] 10Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20560 United States of America [email protected] 11Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 12Department of Geology, Kent State University Stark Campus, 6000 Frank Ave. -
Part I. an Annotated Checklist of Extant Brachyuran Crabs of the World
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2008 17: 1–286 Date of Publication: 31 Jan.2008 © National University of Singapore SYSTEMA BRACHYURORUM: PART I. AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF EXTANT BRACHYURAN CRABS OF THE WORLD Peter K. L. Ng Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore Email: [email protected] Danièle Guinot Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Milieux et peuplements aquatiques, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Email: [email protected] Peter J. F. Davie Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. – An annotated checklist of the extant brachyuran crabs of the world is presented for the first time. Over 10,500 names are treated including 6,793 valid species and subspecies (with 1,907 primary synonyms), 1,271 genera and subgenera (with 393 primary synonyms), 93 families and 38 superfamilies. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are reviewed in detail, and many resolved. Detailed notes and references are provided where necessary. The constitution of a large number of families and superfamilies is discussed in detail, with the positions of some taxa rearranged in an attempt to form a stable base for future taxonomic studies. This is the first time the nomenclature of any large group of decapod crustaceans has been examined in such detail. KEY WORDS. – Annotated checklist, crabs of the world, Brachyura, systematics, nomenclature. CONTENTS Preamble .................................................................................. 3 Family Cymonomidae .......................................... 32 Caveats and acknowledgements ............................................... 5 Family Phyllotymolinidae .................................... 32 Introduction .............................................................................. 6 Superfamily DROMIOIDEA ..................................... 33 The higher classification of the Brachyura ........................ -
Calappa Granulata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Calappidae) and Astiplax Aspera N
Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Astiplax aspera n. gen., n. sp. from the Asti sands Fm. of S. Pietro 329 BOLETÍN DE LA SOCIEDAD GEOLÓGICA MEXICANA VOLUMEN 65, NÚM. 2, 2013, P. 329-334 D GEOL DA Ó E G I I C C O A S 1904 M 2004 . C EX . ICANA A C i e n A ñ o s Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Calappidae) and Astiplax aspera n. gen., n. sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacidae) from the Asti sands Fm. (Late Pliocene) of S. Pietro (Asti, Piedmont, NW Italy) Alessandro Garassino1,*, Giovanni Pasini2 1 Museo di Storia Naturale, Sezione di Paleontologia, Corso Venezia 55, 20121 Milano, Italia. 2 Via Alessandro Volta 16, I-22070 Appiano Gentile (Como), Italia. * [email protected] Abstract Two crabs from the Pliocene sands of S. Pietro (Asti, Piedmont, NW Italy) have been assigned to Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Calappidae De Haan, 1833) and to Astiplax aspera n. gen., n. sp. (Goneplacidae MacLeay, 1838). Although C. granulata has already been reported from the Pliocene of other Italian regions, the Piedmont specimen represents one of the most complete carapaces known to date in the fossil record of this extant species. The discovery of Astiplax n. gen., with A. aspera n. sp. increases the number of species of Goneplacidae from the Pliocene of Italy, limited to Goneplax rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758) and G. sacci Crema, 1895. Keywords: Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Late Pliocene, Italy. Resumen Dos cangrejos de las areniscas del Plioceno de S. Pietro (Asti, Piemonte, NO Italia) han sido asignados a Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Calappidae De Haan, 1833) y a Astiplax aspera n. -
(Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Ryukyu Islands I
Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. A, 46(2), pp. 49–65, May 22, 2020 Some Records of Offshore Crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Ryukyu Islands I. Families Cyclodorippidae, Homolidae, Raninidae, Leucosiidae, Inachidae and Parthenopidae Masatsune Takeda and Hironori Komatsu Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan E-mails: [email protected] (MT)/ [email protected] (HK) (Received 13 March 2020; accepted 25 March 2020) Abstract Shallow- to deep-water crabs dredged by the late Mr. Seiji Nagai at the sea around the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, are recorded with some taxonomical notes and photographs. Of 22 species of the families Cyclodorippidae, Homolidae, Raninidae, Leucosiidae, Inachidae and Parthenopidae dealt with in the first part, Ketamia nagaii of the Cyclodorippidae is described as new to science. Philyra aff. rectangularis Miers, 1884 (Leucosiidae), and Hyastenus subinermis Zehntner, 1894 (Inachidae) are new to Japanese waters, and otherwise, Krangalangia spinosa (Zarenkov, 1970) (Cyclodorippidae) replaces the former record of K. rostrata (Ihle, 1916) from Japanese waters. Key words: Shallow-water crabs, deep-water crabs, new species, crabs new to Japanese waters, Ryukyu Islands, West Pacific. Introduction Therefore, the individuals of all the species in the collection are recorded, with collection data, tax- In the Wakayama Prefectural Museum of Nat- onomic notes, geographical and bathymetrical ural History is a large collection of crabs col- ranges in the present paper. lected by the late Mr. Seiji Nagai himself around In the following lines, 22 species of the fami- Japan. The preliminary list of the species was lies Cyclodorippidae, Homolidae, Raninidae, published by Marumura and Kosaka (2003), and Leucosiidae, Inachidae and Parthenopidae are the detailed taxonomic studies on the collection dealt with as the first part of this study. -
Journaloffthreattenedtaxa
OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa fs dedfcated to bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally by publfshfng peer-revfewed arfcles onlfne every month at a reasonably rapfd rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org . All arfcles publfshed fn JoTT are regfstered under Creafve Commons Atrfbufon 4.0 Internafonal Lfcense unless otherwfse menfoned. JoTT allows unrestrfcted use of arfcles fn any medfum, reproducfon, and dfstrfbufon by provfdfng adequate credft to the authors and the source of publfcafon. Journal of Threatened Taxa Bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnt) Note Ffrst record of the Two-strfped Box Crab Calappa bflfneata Ng, Laf & Aungtonya, 2002 (Brachyura: Calappfdae) from St. Martfn’s Island, Bangladesh Muntasfr Akash & Mostafa A.R. Hossafn 26 January 2017 | Vol. 9| No. 1 | Pp. 9771–9773 10.11609/jot. 2943 .9.1. 9771-9773 For Focus, Scope, Afms, Polfcfes and Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/About_JoTT.asp For Arfcle Submfssfon Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdelfnes.asp For Polfcfes agafnst Scfenffc Mfsconduct vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/JoTT_Polfcy_agafnst_Scfenffc_Mfsconduct.asp For reprfnts contact <[email protected]> Publfsher/Host Partner Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2017 | 9(1): 9771–9773 Note Ffrst record of the Two-strfped Box Crab Pacffc, Indfan Ocean and fn the Calappa bflfneata Ng, Laf & Aungtonya, Eastern Medfterranean (Sakaf 1976; 2002 (Brachyura: Calappfdae) from Daf & Yang 1991; Chen & Xu 1991; St. Martfn’s Island, Bangladesh Chen 1993; Galfl 1997; Holthufs ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) 2001; Ng et al. 2002). The Indfan ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnt) Muntasfr Akash 1 & Mostafa A.R. -
Calappa Japonica Ortmann, 1892, a New Record for Western Australia (Decapoda, Brachyura, Oxystomata)
CALAPPA JAPONICA ORTMANN, 1892, A NEW RECORD FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA, OXYSTOMATA) BY DIANA S. JONES Department of Crustacea, Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia RÉSUMÉ Le crabe oxystome Calappa japonica Ortmann, 1892, est signalé pour la première fois d'Australie occidentale. Ce n'est que le troisième spécimen signalé d'Australie, les deux précédents l'ayant été du sud-est du Queensland (Campbell, 1971). Le premier pléopode mâle et d'autres caractères diagnostiques sont brèvement décrits et figurés. INTRODUCTION The family Calappidae is represented by two genera in Western Australia, namely Calappa and Matuta. Six species of Calappa have been recorded from the waters of Western Australia - C. calappa (L., 1758), C. depressa Miers, 1886, C. hepatica (L., 1758), C. lophos (Herbst, 1785), C. philargius (L., 1758) and C. terraereginae Ward, 1936 (Tyndale-Biscoe & George, 1962). Recently the Western Australian Museum obtained a specimen which, on examination, proved to be Calappa japonica, a species not previously recorded from Western Australia, thus bringing the total number of known Calappa species to seven. Only two other specimens of C. japonica are known from museum collections in Australia. Both specimens were taken off Cape Moreton, southern Queensland, and are housed in the Queensland Museum. Campbell (1971: 28, 31) noted these two specimens as the first records of C. japonica in Australia. Although the shapes of various parts of the first male pleopod of the Oxystomata are known to provide conclusive means of species determination (Tyndale-Biscoe & George, 1962), few workers have described or figured these appendages. Since the first male pleopod of C. -
Marine Invertebrate Diversity in Aristotle's Zoology
Contributions to Zoology, 76 (2) 103-120 (2007) Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle’s zoology Eleni Voultsiadou1, Dimitris Vafi dis2 1 Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR - 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected]; 2 Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, Uni- versity of Thessaly, 38446 Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece, dvafi [email protected] Key words: Animals in antiquity, Greece, Aegean Sea Abstract Introduction The aim of this paper is to bring to light Aristotle’s knowledge Aristotle was the one who created the idea of a general of marine invertebrate diversity as this has been recorded in his scientifi c investigation of living things. Moreover he works 25 centuries ago, and set it against current knowledge. The created the science of biology and the philosophy of analysis of information derived from a thorough study of his biology, while his animal studies profoundly infl uenced zoological writings revealed 866 records related to animals cur- rently classifi ed as marine invertebrates. These records corre- the origins of modern biology (Lennox, 2001a). His sponded to 94 different animal names or descriptive phrases which biological writings, constituting over 25% of the surviv- were assigned to 85 current marine invertebrate taxa, mostly ing Aristotelian corpus, have happily been the subject (58%) at the species level. A detailed, annotated catalogue of all of an increasing amount of attention lately, since both marine anhaima (a = without, haima = blood) appearing in Ar- philosophers and biologists believe that they might help istotle’s zoological works was constructed and several older in the understanding of other important issues of his confusions were clarifi ed. -
Cambodian Journal of Natural History
Cambodian Journal of Natural History Aquatic Special Issue: Dragonfl ies and damselfl ies New crabs discovered as by-catch Seagrasses of Koh Rong Archipelago Koh Sdach Archipelago coral reef survey Zoning Cambodia’s fi rst Marine Fisheries Management Area August 2014 Vol. 2014 No. 1 Cambodian Journal of Natural History ISSN 2226–969X Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International. • Dr Neil M. Furey, Research Associate, Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme. • Hang Chanthon, Former Vice-Rector, Royal University of Phnom Penh. • Dr Nicholas J. Souter, Project Manager, University Capacity Building Project, Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme. International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora International, • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire Singapore. Naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx—The International • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for Nature, Journal of Conservation, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, California, • Dr Jörg Menzel, University of Bonn, Germany. USA. • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, Denmark. • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Herbaria, USA. Other peer reviewers for this volume • Dr Shane T. Ahyong, Australian Museum Research • Dr Kathe Jensen, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Institute, Sydney, Australia. Denmark. • Dr Alexander E. Balakirev, Severtsov’s Institute of • Dr Luke Leung, School of Agriculture and Food Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, Russia. Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia. • Jan-Willem van Bochove, UNEP World Conservation • Prof. Colin L. McLay, Canterbury University, Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Christchurch, New Zealand. -
Decapoda, Brachyura
APLICACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS MORFOLÓGICAS Y MOLECULARES EN LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA MEGALOPA de Decápodos Braquiuros de la Península Ibérica bérica I enínsula P raquiuros de la raquiuros B ecápodos D de APLICACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS MORFOLÓGICAS Y MOLECULARES EN LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA MEGALOPA LA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN EN LA Y MOLECULARES MORFOLÓGICAS TÉCNICAS DE APLICACIÓN Herrero - MEGALOPA “big eyes” Leach 1793 Elena Marco Elena Marco-Herrero Programa de Doctorado en Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva Rd. 99/2011 Tesis Doctoral, Valencia 2015 Programa de Doctorado en Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva Rd. 99/2011 APLICACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS MORFOLÓGICAS Y MOLECULARES EN LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA MEGALOPA DE DECÁPODOS BRAQUIUROS DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA TESIS DOCTORAL Elena Marco-Herrero Valencia, septiembre 2015 Directores José Antonio Cuesta Mariscal / Ferran Palero Pastor Tutor Álvaro Peña Cantero Als naninets AGRADECIMIENTOS-AGRAÏMENTS Colaboración y ayuda prestada por diferentes instituciones: - Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (actual Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) por la concesión de una Beca de Formación de Personal Investigador FPI (BES-2010- 033297) en el marco del proyecto: Aplicación de técnicas morfológicas y moleculares en la identificación de estados larvarios planctónicos de decápodos braquiuros ibéricos (CGL2009-11225) - Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera del Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC) - Club Náutico del Puerto de Santa María - Centro Andaluz de Ciencias y Tecnologías Marinas (CACYTMAR) - Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centros de Mallorca y Cádiz - Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries (IRTA) de Tarragona - Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB) de Girona - Universidad de Málaga - Natural History Museum of London - Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli (SZN) - Universitat de Barcelona AGRAÏSC – AGRADEZCO En primer lugar quisiera agradecer a mis directores, el Dr. -
Redalyc.COMPOSIÇÃO E ABUNDÂNCIA DOS CARANGUEJOS (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) NAS REGIÕES DE UBATUBA E CARAGUATATUBA, LITORAL NORTE
Biota Neotropica ISSN: 1676-0611 [email protected] Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Brasil Braga, Adriane A.; Fransozo, Adilson; Bertini, Giovana; B. Fumis, Patricia COMPOSIÇÃO E ABUNDÂNCIA DOS CARANGUEJOS (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) NAS REGIÕES DE UBATUBA E CARAGUATATUBA, LITORAL NORTE PAULISTA, BRASIL Biota Neotropica, vol. 5, núm. 2, 2005, pp. 1-34 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Campinas, Brasil Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199114287004 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Mais artigos Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina, Caribe , Espanha e Portugal Home da revista no Redalyc Projeto acadêmico sem fins lucrativos desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa Acesso Aberto COMPOSIÇÃO E ABUNDÂNCIA DOS CARANGUEJOS (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) NAS REGIÕES DE UBATUBA E CARAGUATATUBA, LITORAL NORTE PAULISTA, BRASIL Adriane A. Braga1, Adilson Fransozo1, Giovana Bertini2 & Patricia B. Fumis1 Biota Neotropica v5 (n2) –http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v5n2/pt/abstract?article+BN00205022005 Recebido em 30/03/2005. Revisado em 25/05/2005. Publicado em 01/07/2005. NEBECC (Group of studies on Crustacean Biology, Ecology and Culture) 1. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, C.P. 510 CEP 18.618-000 São Paulo, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] e [email protected] 2. UNESP – Unidade de Registro – Rua Tamekichi Takano, 5. CEP 11900-000 Registro, São Paulo. e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The objective of the present study was to characterize the composition and abundance of the marine brachyuran crabs in non-consolidated sublittoral sediments in two regions, Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. -
Systema Brachyurorum: Part I
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2008 17: 1–286 Date of Publication: 31 Jan.2008 © National University of Singapore SYSTEMA BRACHYURORUM: PART I. AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF EXTANT BRACHYURAN CRABS OF THE WORLD Peter K. L. Ng Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore Email: [email protected] Danièle Guinot Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Milieux et peuplements aquatiques, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Email: [email protected] Peter J. F. Davie Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. – An annotated checklist of the extant brachyuran crabs of the world is presented for the first time. Over 10,500 names are treated including 6,793 valid species and subspecies (with 1,907 primary synonyms), 1,271 genera and subgenera (with 393 primary synonyms), 93 families and 38 superfamilies. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are reviewed in detail, and many resolved. Detailed notes and references are provided where necessary. The constitution of a large number of families and superfamilies is discussed in detail, with the positions of some taxa rearranged in an attempt to form a stable base for future taxonomic studies. This is the first time the nomenclature of any large group of decapod crustaceans has been examined in such detail. KEY WORDS. – Annotated checklist, crabs of the world, Brachyura, systematics, nomenclature. CONTENTS Preamble .................................................................................. 3 Family Cymonomidae .......................................... 32 Caveats and acknowledgements ............................................... 5 Family Phyllotymolinidae .................................... 32 Introduction .............................................................................. 6 Superfamily DROMIOIDEA ..................................... 33 The higher classification of the Brachyura ........................ -
Invertebrate ID Guide
11/13/13 1 This book is a compilation of identification resources for invertebrates found in stomach samples. By no means is it a complete list of all possible prey types. It is simply what has been found in past ChesMMAP and NEAMAP diet studies. A copy of this document is stored in both the ChesMMAP and NEAMAP lab network drives in a folder called ID Guides, along with other useful identification keys, articles, documents, and photos. If you want to see a larger version of any of the images in this document you can simply open the file and zoom in on the picture, or you can open the original file for the photo by navigating to the appropriate subfolder within the Fisheries Gut Lab folder. Other useful links for identification: Isopods http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-33/htm/doc.html http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-48/htm/doc.html Polychaetes http://web.vims.edu/bio/benthic/polychaete.html http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-34/htm/doc.html Cephalopods http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-44/htm/doc.html Amphipods http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-67/htm/doc.html Molluscs http://www.oceanica.cofc.edu/shellguide/ http://www.jaxshells.org/slife4.htm Bivalves http://www.jaxshells.org/atlanticb.htm Gastropods http://www.jaxshells.org/atlantic.htm Crustaceans http://www.jaxshells.org/slifex26.htm Echinoderms http://www.jaxshells.org/eich26.htm 2 PROTOZOA (FORAMINIFERA) ................................................................................................................................ 4 PORIFERA (SPONGES) ............................................................................................................................................... 4 CNIDARIA (JELLYFISHES, HYDROIDS, SEA ANEMONES) ............................................................................... 4 CTENOPHORA (COMB JELLIES)............................................................................................................................