Geschichte, Systematik Und Literature Der Insectenkunde, Von Den

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Geschichte, Systematik Und Literature Der Insectenkunde, Von Den ' A ' ' ' '* !i! ' '^ !J 'g f %'W?'?'tV^ 'r '^f^ ?T?grffyj?-'n'^y?Tr rTr \ -^ '- i • >*^ . ^/ ' •*^v &M-.''"""'-^.*^f"«^!.* - l^'M-irr, r r. J'-^.-' ^r. >^- /-^v->_j^.-':}; 7*^ > \ j^;. f ^ w i ^ .^?^ i\* '* * Jir J»f*- / *- «f • • *n ^ W V rir^y'>' * «/'-H '' Syftematik und Literatur DER ^^ 1 von den ältesten ^Eeiten bis tsuf die Gegenwart. Als Ha^idbuch für den Jüng-cr und als Repcrtorium für den Meister der Entomolo[][^ie h p a r b « t e t M. Dr. JOHANN NEP. EISELT, PLysiliiis der 1:. böLin. Lcibgcillngstatlt Policzka uml lüIiretiLiirger JasclLst, eorrcsp. Mit{j;licd der 1;. 1;. patriofisrli - ökonomischeu Gesell- scLaft in Bölimen u. s. w. -"«Er^-**®<^-^^^<!r©<»''!§'.^S^®<e><S'(Sss?^==— 1CEip5U, 1856. / C. U. F. JI ^ H T M ^ N iV. GL e?7 Jfaee slmlia adolescentiani ahmt, senectutem ohlectantf Süciindas res ovnaiit.^ adversis profuriiunt pruehent^ delevtant domi , nnn impedimit forisj pernoctant no- hiscimiy pereifrmanlur^ riisik'unUir. Cicero in orat, pro A»citjA, M0em. Wohlgehorenen Werrn H e r r ii Johann Swatopluk Presl, Doctor der Ilt:tlkiind<; , I;aiserl. };öul{>l. Professor tler speziell«:» IV'Htur(r(;scliicLtu und lüiiilellui!)}' ia das mediciniscli - chivurgisuhe Studium, Diiector des l;aiscr]. iiüuigl. Naturalien - Caltliictlcs, Mil- jjlii-'d der kaiserl. Könii;!. patriotisch- öliouoiuiscJieu Gvs(;ll;»irhal't, iiiltreouiitglied der Gesellst Iiaft des valerlandiscken Museujiis in böhiueu etc. cle. etc. «leiii uueriii üticleu Natisr forsch er, - (l e Hl o 1 t'i- 1 s l c n P a t r i o l c ii, .il«i /('iciii'ii Iti'sondercr Hoebacliditij;' iiinl \ f.tebnmjj «.•vTiihurf. 141219 . »M n . ^'«ait»;.4«nanM> V O U W O R T. ^^le Wichtiglieit und eleu IViitzen einer möglicLst auüf likrliclieii 9 sj stemaliscli angereililen Literatur irgend einer Wissenschaft fühlt und erkennt wohl nur Jener am besten , welcher sich eine liöhere Ausbildung' in derselben zu erwerben traclitet oder selbst als Schriftsteller in derselben aufzutreten wagt. W enn fcchon überall eine genaue Kennt- nis« der geleisteten Yorarbeiten äusserst nöthig* ist, so wird sie dies um so mehr in den natur- wissenschaftlichen Zweigen, worin sehr oft das läng:st BeUannte als eine neue Entdeckung' brüstend aufgestellt, und sonach statt Aufhlärungr nur eine grossere Yerwirrung' hervorgebracht wird» Die g"enaue Kenntniss der Literatur wird so manchen Naturforscher vor Aufstellung- neuer Gat- tungen und Arten verwahren. — Nocli fühlbarer wird der 3Iang:el an einer Bibliographie, wo der Freund der INalur eine einzelne Thiergruppe, Klas- se oder Ordnung- näher kennen lernen will. Die Auskünfte, welche Buchhändler geben können, sind viel zu geringe, das Durchgehen von Bücherkata- logen, worin so oft alles bunt durcheinander g-e- mischt vorkömmt, sehr zeitraubend und wenig: er- giebig. — Als sich der Verfasser vor zehn Jah- ren mit (h'r Insectenkunde zu beschäftigen anfing-, SU slicsscu ihm auch bald die bedeutendsten Hin- VI ilernlsse m den "Wejy, da er sicu die llieil wei- se Kcnntniss der enlomolog-iselien Sclirilltsleller, vorziij'lich der Monoprapltca einzelner Ordauiig-en, Fniisilieii und Gattunjjen nur darcli grossen Zeit« Verlust und emsiges Naclisnchen erwerlien konnte« Dnrcli das eigene Bedik Inlss getrieben, entwarf er «In Yerzeichniss der säminlllelien Autoren, welches sich späterhin zu einer systemafisehen Encf/clopHm die ausbildete, die er liiemlt dem entomolog-Ischen Puljliliuni vorleg-t. — l>Venn auch Dr, Tauscher in der Isis (18§7) ^»nd Im buUelhi des sciences naturelles (S82(>) bereits einen Prospekt eines ähn- lichen Werkes entwarf, so ist doch bis itzt davon nichts erschienen. Die Literaturen, die inehrern entomologischen IrVerken vorstehen, sind viel zu g"erlng fügig', die Arbeiten von Roinerj Ilöhmem rtis, liitter v. Moll, Oken, Germar, Nodiery Dumerily Kirby und Spe nee wohl sehr brauch- bar, doch immer noch zu wenig: umfijssend, — Der Verfasser besitzt keineswegs den Eigendünkel, et- was Yollkommenes geleistet zu haben, schmei- chelt sieh jedoch mit der Hoffnung, bis itzt das Ausführ Hellste zu liefern und hiemit so man- chem grossen Bedürfnisse, besonders unter den Jüngern der Wissenschaft abzuhelfen. — Obschon früher sein Zweck nur dahin g:Ing', eine möglichst vollständige systematische Literatur der Entomo- logie zu liefern, so gab er dennoch dem freund- schaftlichen Anrathen mehrerer Kunstgenossen nach, und verfasstc zugleich eine Geschichte der allniähliwii Fortscliiittc In dieser Wisscnscliaft init Darstclliinj}- aller begannt geworileiKMi Syste- me, uelelie das g-auzc Insectenlieer LctrelTcri, ohne sich in die Systcniatil; der einzelnen Ordnun^jen einzulassen. Jlicrin benutzte er tlie Vorarbeiten von Gravenliorst, Splx, Latreillc und llirbt/ • Spcn^' ce. Die Systeme werden ohne alle Krilik — so geg-eben, wie sie die Yerfasser aufstellten, da es sich hier blos darum handelt, dem Jünger eine richtige vnid {genaue Kenntniss, so wie dem Mei- ster eine leichtere Uebersicht zu verschaffen, — Die Literärgeschiclite zerfallt in 6 Perioden oder Zeitalter, und zwar: l) das genetische Zeitalter \on den ältesten Zeiten bis Aristoteles. 2) das pro- gressive Zeitalter von Aristoteles bis Gödart. 5) die Periode des anatomisch - physiologischen Systems von Gödart bis Linne. 4) jene des Alar- oder Flügelsystems von Linne bis Fabrizius. 5) das Zeitaller des Kiefersystems bis LatreiUc und (j) je- nes des eclectischen Systems von LatreiUc bis auf die gegenwärtige Zeit. Die ausgezeichneten Lei- stungen einzelner Männer werden mittelst Pavatjram phcn bemerlibar gemacht. — ^Vas die systematische Anordnung der entomologischen Scliriftsteller be- trifft, so eröffnen I. die Bibliographen die Reihe, ihnen folgen II. die Ilistorilier, III. ferner die Jofir- nulisten - Ephcmerici — , sodjum IV. dm Encomistcn und zwar l) jene, welche die Einsammlung und Auf- bewahrung der Insecten lehren, 2) die Handbü- cher und Anfangsgründe liefern* — V. Entonio<jram Till plu generales, alle, die in iliren Seliriften das Gc- saramtheer der Kerfe beschreiben und Klassifica- tionen aufstellen. YI. Ent: siiKjn Inre s, weleÜe einzelne Beiträ^^e aus verscbiedenen Ordnung-en zur Insectengescliichte darbieten. — W\, F aunistaey welche sich mit der Beschreibung: der Insecten ein- zelner Welttheile, Länder, Gebiete und Ortschaf- ten beschäftigen. YIII. Anntomen und Phi/siologen, welche den innern ßau, die Verrichtungen des In- sectenUörpers, und IX. die Biolocjen^ welche die Le- bensweise dieser Thiere näher beleuchten und aus- einandersetzen. Hierauf werden die einzelnen 8 Ordnung-en (Co^ leoptera, Lepidoptera ,, Hytnenoptera^ Neuropteva, Diptera, Jlenüptera, Orthoptera et Aptera) auf ähn- liche Weise durchg-eführt. Die Schriftsteller selbst werden in chronologi- scher Aufeinanderfolg-e darg-estellt, und hievon nur da eine Ausnahme g^emaeht, wo mehrere über ein und denselben Geg^enstand schrieben, und des leich- tern Ueberbliches wegen neben einander zu stehen hommen. Da bei Bearbeitung- dieses Werkes nebst- Lei alle naturhistorischen Zeitschriften benützt wurden, so werden die g-enauesten Citata mit An- g^abe des Bandes, Heftes und der Seitenzahl jedem hieraus entlehnten Artikel beigefüg:t. Policzka den 20« März 1854- I. aiis?ct«ttt Literärgeschichte und Systematik der Forsan haec aliijms (nam sunt quoqiie) parva vocnhity Sed, quae non proswit singtihij nndta juvant. O V i d. ca8caD®!( «^3S^SK€SESB9n I. Das genetische Zeit alte i\ §. |. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis Aristoteles. Jn olgen wir den Autoritäten der heiligen Sclirlft : so müssen wir mit allem Grund annclimen , dass sclion Adam, der erste lebende Menscli, einige Kenntniss von den Insecten gehabt haben müsse , denn von ihm wird Genes. 2. v. 19. berichtet, dass er allen lebenden Ge- schöpfen einen Namen gegeben habe, folglich auch den Insecten» Um einem Gegenstande einen passenden Na- men geben zu können , muss man nothwendig einige, wenn auch nur höchst oberflächige Kenntniss seiner un- terscheidenden Merhrnale haben, — ^Vir finden in den ältesten Schriften Beweise, dass die Hebräer, Cbaldäcr, Indier und besonders die Aegypter die gründliclisteu Kenntnisse besassen , dass es besonders diese Völker waren , die sich mit der gesammten Naturgescliiehte bc- fassten, ein grösseres Augenmerk auf alle Nalurl;örper und folglich auch auf die Insecten — denn warum sollten ihnen n u r diese gänzlicli fremd geblieben seyn ? — richteten. Die Namen eines Zoroaslcr, Hermes 1* Trlsmcglstus, Sanclioniaton *) sind gewiss Ikei- ncm Gebildeten fremd. Moses zeJclmete sicL als ein ausgezeichneter Be- oLacliter der Naturwunder aus (Lib. I. Mosis Cap. f.). Er scheint auch die Insecten eines nähern Bliches ge- würdigt zu haben , indem er sowohl die Unterschiede wahrnahm^ welche die Grylliden in verschiedene (Sip- pen) Gattungen thcilen (Levit. XI, 21, 22, LichtensU Lin, Transact, IV, p. Si. ) , als auch die verschiedene Richtung der zwei Vorderfiisse von den vier Hinterfiisseu der Insecten anführt^ indem er sie auf 4 Füssen gehend beschreibt (Levit. XI. 20. conf. Bochart. Hierozoic. II. l. 4. c. 0. 497. 08.). Er scheint demnach die zwei "Vorderfiisse als Arme betrachtet zu haben. Der weise Salomon, König der Judäer, forschte unverdrossen im Felde der Naturgeschichte , er , der alle Pflanzen von der höchsten Ceder des Libanons bis zu dem Mauern - entspros- senden Hyssop gehannt haben soll, der über Säugethie- re, Vögel , Amphibien und Fische schrieb ( Lib. I. Re- ffum, Cap, IV, vers. 5o.) liess die Insecten ebenfalls nicht unbeachtet^ indem er von ihnen als kriechenden Thicren spricht. Und selbst ein Weiserer als Salomon richtet unsere Aufmerksamkeit auf
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