OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi Equality, Freedom, and Democracy OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi Equality, Freedom, and Democracy Europe After the Great Recession By LEONARDO MORLINO with DANIELA PIANA MARIO QUARANTA FRANCESCO RANIOLO CECILIA EMMA SOTTILOTTA CLAUDIUS WAGEMANN 1 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Leonardo Morlino 2020. Some rights reserved. © Chapter 2 © Leonardo Morlino, Claudius Wagemann, and Francesco Raniolo 2020. Chapter 3 © Leonardo Morlino and Daniela Piana 2020. Chapter 4 © Leonardo Morlino, Mario Quaranta, and Francesco Raniolo 2020. Chapter 5 © Leonardo Morlino and Francesco Raniolo 2020. Chapter 6 © Leonardo Morlino and Daniela Piana 2020. Chapter 7 © Leonardo Morlino, Daniela Piana, and Cecilia Sottilotta 2020. The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2020 Impression: 1 Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, for commercial purposes, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of this licence should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2020937825 ISBN 978–0–19–881387–3 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A. Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi Foreword In the intellectual life of a scholar, it is not infrequent for a research question to rattle around in the back of the mind for years. Then all of a sudden comes the realization that the time is ripe to tackle the topic, and that an attempt has to be made at presenting, discussing, and empirically analysing it. I will not go into the reasons why I think that this is now the right moment to address the question on the implementation of the two traditional democratic values, and their trans- form ations over recent years, partly as a consequence of the economic crisis, and its prospective sustainability. Maybe in his Discorsi Machiavelli was only right when he recommends going back to values in times of crisis. There are, of course, other objective and subjective reasons, and the former will emerge directly and indirectly in the first chapter. Here, I would like instead to justify why in a discipline where scholars more and more are publishing articles in journals, I considered it necessary to write a book, with all the consequences this entails. As from every possible angle writing thirty pages is a smaller task than writing 300, the first reason would be that I am a masochist and convinced that the group working with me looks like me. A justi- fication closer to reality is that in my view the salience and complexity of the topic is such that it could not be analysed, together with its empirical cases, if not through the opportunity for in-depth discussion and the length that only a book affords. This is so even though even a book has to find ways to make long stories/ narratives short, possibly through proper, effective, and reliable quantitative data. In other words, I still believe that after all the changes our profession has been going through in the last few decades, a book can still be a better tool of commu- nication under some precise conditions, such as those that characterize this work. A book offers an opportunity and a constraint. It provides a structure where empirical reasoning can be adequately developed, imposing the time and the rhythm of going through it and working it out in detail. Empirical dimensions and theoretical insights are, by this means, kept tightly together. The book is the result of the work of a research group directed by me and formed by Daniela Piana, Francesco Raniolo, Mario Quaranta, Cecilia E. Sottilotta, and Claudius Wagemann. Together we have been working for years on the quality of democracy at a comparative level, publishing various articles and books. This is the last, and we hope the most significant work. In addition to my direction of the entire research, there was a division of work among us. Piana mainly focused her attention on freedoms; Raniolo and Wagemann on equality; Raniolo and Quaranta on attitudinal data toward democratic values and democracy; Piana OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi vi Foreword and Sottilotta on the European Union. About the book, in addition to the chap- ters written by me only, each one of the members of the group co-authored with me one or more of the other chapters. More specifically, Wagemann was the co- author of Chapter 2, but Raniolo also contributed to it; Piana of chapters 3 and 6; Quaranta and Raniolo of Chapter 4; Raniolo of Chapter 5; Piana and Sottilotta of Chapter 7. In thanking all those who helped us in the research, we would particularly acknowledge the thoughtful help of Francesca Sica for collecting the data on wel- fare. Also, Anna Geyer, Joschka Frech, and Marta Matrakova were essential for collecting the data on equalities; Mariafrancesca D’Agostino and Chiara Facello for helping us to gather data on immigration; and Luca Carrieri for checking the data on freedoms. We would also like to warmly thank all the scholars, practitioners, and institu- tional actors who accepted the invitation to share with us their experiences, quali- fied views, ideas, and insights. Our conversations with policymakers helped us to challenge our interpretative hypotheses and enrich our analysis. A special thanks also to all the international organizations that made their datasets available to us. The activities of these institutions have opened new opportunities for research, which we are very willing and pleased to acknowledge. Finally, our gratitude goes to old friends and colleagues who accepted the bur- den of reading the first draft of the book. Many thanks especially go to Dirk Berg- Schlosser, Moreno Bertoldi, Maurizio Ferrera, Anna Gwiazda, Liborio Mattina, Angelo Panebianco, Michele Salvati, Anna Sroka, and Eugenio Somaini. We would also like to thank the referees of Oxford University Press for additional suggestions. Their reading prevented misunderstandings and mistakes. Others may still be present. However, for those, the responsibility is entirely mine. Florence, 20 January 2020 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi Table of Contents List of Contributors ix List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii 1. How to Grasp the Key Democratic Transformations 1 1.1 The Key Questions 1 1.2 What Is Equality? 7 1.3 What Is Freedom? 16 1.4 What Next? 21 2. Inequalities 23 Leonardo Morlino, Claudius Wagemann, and Francesco Raniolo 2.1 Not Only a Macro Perspective 23 2.2 Economic Inequality 25 2.3 Social Inequality 37 2.4 Ethnic Inequality and Immigration 47 2.5 Initial Concluding Remarks 57 3. Freedoms 60 Leonardo Morlino and Daniela Piana 3.1 The Interplay of Two Policy Waves 60 3.2 Personal Dignity: Unexpected Alarm 62 3.3 Civil Rights: A Portrait in ‘Chiaroscuro’ 67 3.4 Political Rights: More Public Spaces, Fewer Freedoms? 74 3.5 Subverting Freedoms: An Excursus on Poland 78 3.6 Initial Concluding Remarks 82 Appendix 86 4. Demand and Supply: Citizens and Leaders 87 Leonardo Morlino, Mario Quaranta, and Francesco Raniolo 4.1 The Next Step 87 4.2 Disaffected Democracies? 88 4.3 What People Want 91 4.4 What Parties Commit To 102 4.5 Taking Stock to Go Ahead 107 5. Domestic Explanations: Inequalities 110 Leonardo Morlino and Francesco Raniolo 5.1 Starting from the Research Questions Again 110 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi viii Table of Contents 5.2 What Affects Inequalities and Why 111 5.3 Factors at Play: Context and Institutions 114 5.4 The Relevant Actors: The Neo-Populist Challenge 121 5.5 Stronger Left, Lower Inequality? 140 5.6 Summing Up 150 Appendix 153 6. Domestic Explanations: Freedoms 156 Leonardo Morlino and Daniela Piana 6.1 What Affects Freedoms and Where? 156 6.2 The Rule of Law Compound Hypothesis 157 6.3 The Additional Explanatory Steps 162 6.4 Civil Rights, Protection of Dignity, and the Improvement of Justice Systems 179 6.5 Summing Up 182 7. External Explanations: The European Union 185 Leonardo Morlino, Daniela Piana, and Cecilia E. Sottilotta 7.1 What Equalities and Freedoms Does the EU Bring? 185 7.2 EU Influence on Equalities 189 7.3 EU Influence on Freedoms 196 7.4 Cross-sectional Policies: Cohesion, Migration, Digital Market 204 7.5 Concluding Remarks 209 8.