Tampering: Deliberate Handling & Use of Live Ordnance in Cambodia
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TAMPERING Deliberate handling & use of live ordnance in Cambodia report by: Richard Moyes for: Handicap International - Belgium Mines Advisory Group Norwegian People’s Aid SUMMARY INFORMATION PUBLICATION DATE: August 2004 REPORT WRITTEN BY: Richard Moyes [email protected] COMMISSIONED BY: Handicap International - Belgium (HI-B) RESEARCH TEAM: 67 rue de spa Richard Moyes - Research Supervisor B - 1000 Brussels Ms. Khim Sotheary - Principal Researcher tel.: +32 (0) 2 280 1601 Ms. Hak Pirath - Research Assistant http://www.handicapinternational.be/ Ms. Seng Youfine - Field Researcher email: [email protected] Mr. Sou Bunnath - Field Researcher Mines Advisory Group (MAG) PROJECT PERIOD: 47 Newton Street January - July 04 Manchester, M1 1 FT, UK tel.: +44 (0) 161 236 4311 PHOTOGRAPHS BY: http://www.mag.org.uk Andrew Pope email: [email protected] (except pages 63, 80, 85 by Richard Moyes and pages 84, 95, 96, 97 by Pao Dara Rassmai and unless noted Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) otherwise in the text.) P.O box 8844, Youngstorget N-0028 Oslo, Norway. THANKS TO: tel.: +47 22 03 77 00 David Hayter, Christian Provoost, Marc Bonnet, Krisna Uk, http://www.npaid.no Dave Tinning, Andrew Pope, Ruth Bottomley, Richard email: [email protected] Boulter, Bruce Powell, Thomas Nash, Jo Durham, Andy Wheatley. PROJECT FUNDED BY: European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/echo/ Australian Government (AusAID) http://www.ausaid.gov.au/ Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) http://www.npaid.no Tampering: deliberate handling & use of live ordnance in Cambodia TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................xi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... xi SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ................................................................................................................... xii THE CAUSES OF INJURY...................................................................................................................xiii A STRATEGIC PROBLEM .................................................................................................................. xiv 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Commissioning agencies 1.1.2 Study objectives 1.1.3 Framing the problem 1.2 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR (ERW) ...........................................................................................3 1.2.1 Definitions 1.2.2 Basic elements of explosive ordnance 1.2.3 Unexploded ordnance (UXO) and abandoned explosive ordnance (AXO) 1.2.4 Types of ordnance in Cambodia 1.3 TAMPERING / DELIBERATE HANDLING .............................................................................................8 1.3.1 “Tampering” as a term 1.3.2 Deliberate handling of ERW as a cause of post-conflict accidents 1.4 CASUALTY SURVEILLANCE IN CAMBODIA........................................................................................9 1.4.1 Background to the CMVIS project 1.4.2 Changes within the CMVIS data collection process 1.4.3 Analysis of CMVIS data: 1999-2003 1.5 ERW CASUALTIES AS A HUMANITARIAN PROBLEM......................................................................17 1.5.1 Humanitarian rather than developmental impact 1.5.2 Comparison between ERW casualties and RTA casualties 1.6 FORMAL RESPONSES TO ERW CONTAMINATION.........................................................................21 1.6.1 Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) 1.6.2 Mine Risk Education (MRE) 2. METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................................................................23 2.1 OVERVIEW ..........................................................................................................................................23 2.1.1 Time-frame 2.1.2 Research Team 2.2 SELECTION OF STUDY AREAS.........................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Samraong Commune, Pursat Province. 2.2.2 Kantout Commune, Preah Vihear Province. 2.2.3 Kraek Commune and Trapeang Phlong Commune, Kompong Cham Province. 2.3 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS ..............................................................................................25 2.3.1 Open-ended interviews with key informants 2.3.2 Semi-Structured Interview (SSI) guidelines 2.3.3 Focus group discussions 2.4 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS............................................................................................26 2.4.1 KAP survey i Tampering: deliberate handling & use of live ordnance in Cambodia 2.4.2 Selection of target villages 2.4.3 Sample sizes 2.4.4 Interview practice 2.4.5 Children’s knowledge survey 2.5 RESEARCH CONSTRAINTS...............................................................................................................28 3. OVERVIEW OF TARGET COMMUNITIES ...................................................................................................................31 3.1 OTDAR MEANCHEY & PREAH VIHEAR PROVINCES ......................................................................31 3.1.1 Trampoung village 3.1.2 Srae’am village 3.1.3 Kor Muoy village 3.1.4 Char village 3.2 PURSAT PROVINCE ...........................................................................................................................32 3.2.1 Rovieng village 3.2.2 Angkrong village 3.2.3 Oh Heng village 3.2.4 Prek Bei 3.3 KOMPONG CHAM PROVINCE ...........................................................................................................33 3.3.1 Trampeang Phlong 1 & 2 3.3.2 Bos Check village 3.3.3 Villages in Kraek Commune 4. GENERAL FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................................................35 4.1 OVERVIEW ..........................................................................................................................................35 4.2 PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE ........................................................................................................36 4.2.1 Finding items of ordnance 4.2.2 Prevalence of ordnance handling 4.3 KNOWLEDGE ......................................................................................................................................38 4.3.1 What can make ordnance explode? 4.3.2 What are the risks of handling ordnance? 4.3.3 At what distance is ordnance dangerous? 4.3.4 Safe or unsafe: differentiation 4.3.5 Practice and experience 4.4 PRACTICES .........................................................................................................................................42 4.4.1 Moving live ordnance 4.4.2 Burning live ordnance 4.4.3 Dismantling ordnance 4.4.4 Prevalence of different practices 4.4.5 Incidence of ordnance handling by individuals 4.4.6 Handling ordnance alone or with others 4.4.7 Prevalence of different motivations for handling live ordnance 4.5 PERCEPTIONS OF ACCIDENTS ........................................................................................................48 4.6 CONCLUSIONS FROM THIS SECTION .............................................................................................50 5. RISK REDUCTION MOTIVATIONS ..............................................................................................................................51 5.1 CLEARING LAND.................................................................................................................................52 5.2 PROTECTING OTHERS ......................................................................................................................53 5.2.1 Protecting animals 5.3 CONCLUSIONS FROM THIS SECTION .............................................................................................56 6. ECONOMIC MOTIVATIONS .........................................................................................................................................57 ii Tampering: deliberate handling & use of live ordnance in Cambodia 6.1 COMMUNITY AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIES ................................................................................58 6.1.1 Rice land, chamkar and livestock 6.1.2 Additional primary resources 6.1.3 Relative value of resources 6.1.4 Secondary and tertiary economic activities. 6.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE SCRAP METAL TRADE..........................................................................62 6.2.1 Local collectors and dealerships 6.2.2 Poipet 6.2.3 Differentiation within the scrap trade 6.3 SCRAP METAL IN THE COMMUNITY ECONOMY.............................................................................71 6.4 SCRAP METAL IN CHILDREN’S ECONOMIES ..................................................................................74 6.4.1 Children’s sources of income 6.4.2 Children who sell scrap metal: ordnance handling. 6.4.3 Children’s expenditure 6.4.4 Children