Djebel Barkal) Durante El Periodo Meroítico

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Djebel Barkal) Durante El Periodo Meroítico ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i de l’Edat Mitjana Cultures en Contacte a la Mediterrània APROXIMACIÓN HISTÓRICA Y ARQUEOLÓGICA AL CENTRO RELIGIOSO DE NAPATA (DJEBEL BARKAL) DURANTE EL PERIODO MEROÍTICO. EL YACIMIENTO DE ABASSEYA Tesis doctoral Montserrat Díaz de Cerio Juan Director: Dr. Josep Cervelló Autuori Bellaterra, juliol 2017 Índice Objetivos, métodos y estructura de la tesis 5 Introducción 9 Capítulo 1. El yacimiento de Djebel Barkal 23 1. Contexto geográfico 23 2. Fuentes 24 3. El yacimiento arqueológico de Djebel Barkal 34 3.1. El área cultual: templos y palacios 36 3.2. El área de necrópolis: las pirámides 54 Capítulo 2. Trabajos arqueológicos en el yacimiento de Abasseya 65 1. Abasseya Project 65 2. Descripción del yacimiento 65 3. Las excavaciones 66 3.1. Sector A 67 3.2. Sector C 72 3.3. Sector D 73 3.4. Sector B 75 3.4.1. El pódium 77 3.4.2. La rampa monumental 80 3.4.3. La rampa oeste 83 3.4.4. Las áreas norte y sur del Sector B. Las columnas 84 3.4.5. El área oeste y las estructuras externas 87 4. Aproximación a los materiales 90 4.1. Materiales relativos a la decoración del templo 91 4.1.1. Pigmentos y colores 92 4.1.2. Morteros y mazas 94 4.1.3. Otros materiales 95 4.2. Fragmentos de estuco con alto relieve 96 4.3. Metales 97 4.4. La cerámica 98 4.4.1. Cerámica sin decoración 99 4.4.2. Cerámica con decoración 100 4.5. Otros materiales 102 Capítulo 3. Interpretación del yacimiento de Abasseya 105 1. La topografía del yacimiento 105 2. La función de las estructuras 106 2.1. Abasseya A y sus paralelos 106 2.2. Abasseya C y sus paralelos 141 2.3. Abasseya B y sus paralelos 148 2.4. El yacimiento de Abasseya como complejo religioso meroítico 165 3. Contextualización de las estructuras dentro del área de Djebel Barkal y en la historia de Nubia 176 Conclusiones 181 Conclusions 197 Anexo I. Láminas 211 Anexo II. Tablas 239 Anexo III. Planos 245 Bibliografía 265 Objetivos, métodos y estructura de la tesis El marco geográfico al que se refiere este trabajo es el Valle del Nilo y, más concretamente, el área arqueológica de Djebel Barkal (declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en el año 2003). El yacimiento de Abasseya, separado en la actualidad del área principal de Djebel Barkal por las casas de la ciudad de Karima, formaba parte en la antigüedad de ese gran centro religioso que se formó a los pies de la montaña sagrada de Barkal. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo identificar la naturaleza de los restos arqueológicos hallados en el yacimiento de Abasseya, explicando la función y las características concretas de los edificios y, en un análisis más amplio, comprender su interacción con el área sagrada de Barkal. A lo largo del trabajo se hace referencia también a diversas cuestiones relativas a la historia del yacimiento, a la organización social o a la religiosidad del reino meroítico y en las que no hemos podido profundizar por ir más allá del objetivo principal del mismo. Temáticas que aparecen aquí solo parcialmente tratadas y que esperamos poder ampliar en futuros trabajos. Esta investigación tiene como punto de partida la excavación del yacimiento de Abasseya, que hemos tenido la responsabilidad de dirigir desde el año 2001. Hoy por hoy, los trabajos arqueológicos han concluido y el proyecto se encuentra en su fase final, con trabajos de restauración y adecuación museográfica. La tesis supone así una presentación de los resultados de estas excavaciones, de las estructuras arquitectónicas y los materiales hallados y documentados, así como una reflexión en términos históricos-culturales sobre ellos. Para la parte documental, nos hemos basado en los reportes publicados por las más de 40 misiones arqueológicas que trabajan en Sudán en la actualidad. Asimismo, hemos podido visitar algunos de los principales yacimientos que se describen en nuestro trabajo. Mucha de la información procede lógicamente de la bibliografía especializada, especialmente la que concierne a las excavaciones más antiguas, del siglo XIX. Internet ha sido igualmente una herramienta básica, sobre todo a partir de mi traslado a Qatar, donde el acceso a una biblioteca especializada no era posible, a pesar de que la biblioteca del University College of London en Doha tiene un pequeño fondo sobre arqueología nubia. Durante la realización del proyecto de excavación hemos tenido la ocasión de presentar los resultados de las trabajos en congresos internacionales y conferencias, así como conocer 5 Aproximación histórica y arqueológica al centro religioso de Napata (Djebel Barkal) los detalles de las últimas intervenciones arqueológicas y los avances de la investigación en el campo de los estudios meroíticos. El trabajo consta de cinco partes. La primera una introducción histórica al reino meroítico, durante los periodos napatiense y meroítico y en ella se pone de manifiesto cuál es el estado actual de la investigación en términos de reconstrucción histórica con las múltiples lagunas que hay. La segunda parte o capítulo 1 se centra en el estudio del área arqueológica de Djebel Barkal. Primero se describe el yacimiento tal y como lo encontramos en la actualidad, para continuar con una aproximación a la historia de esta área sagrada. La tercera sección de este primer capítulo se centra en la arqueología del yacimiento, con una aproximación tanto al área de culto, con la presencia de templos y palacios, como al área de necrópolis, con la descripción tipológica de los enterramientos reales. La tercera parte o capítulo 2 consta de 4 secciones. La primera es la descripción del proyecto arqueológico que se ha realizado en el yacimiento de Abasseya. La segunda es una descripción del yacimiento. La tercera sección, centrada ya en los trabajos arqueológicos, describe cada uno de los sectores que se han identificado en el yacimiento de Abasseya y en la cuarta sección hacemos una aproximación a los materiales hallados en las excavaciones, poniendo especial interés en los numerosos materiales constructivos y relativos a la decoración del edificio principal que hemos recuperado del nivel de derrumbe. En la cuarta parte o capítulo 3 abordamos la interpretación del yacimiento, para lo cual hemos comparado las estructuras halladas en cada uno de los sectores, por separado, con paralelos encontrados en otros yacimientos nubios. Seguidamente, nos hemos aproximado a la interpretación de la estructuras como un conjunto, señalando también paralelos en toda Nubia. El capítulo termina con una contextualización topográfica de las estructuras dentro del yacimiento de Djebel Barkal, en general, y con una contextualización cronológica del yacimiento dentro de la historia de Barkal y de Nubia. La quinta parte son las conclusiones, donde recogemos las ideas principales de todo lo expuesto anteriormente y definimos la naturaleza de los restos hallados en el yacimiento, su posible significado y la cronología que les asignamos. También ofrecemos una imagen global en relación al yacimiento de Djebel Barkal y a la historia de Nubia para el periodo en el cual hemos datado el yacimiento. 6 Objetivos, métodos y estructura de la tesis * * * * * Esta tesis es fruto de los trabajos arqueológicos realizados en el yacimiento de Abasseya dentro del proyecto arqueológico que dirijo desde el año 2001. Mi primer viaje a Sudán fue en el año 1996 cuando fui invitada a participar en un proyecto arqueológico en Djebel Barkal por su directora, la Sra. Francesca Berenguer, a la que debo mi primer contacto con la cultura meroítica y que me contagió su entusiasmo por la antigua Nubia. Desde entonces ha pasado mucho tiempo y son muchas las personas que me han ayudado con su amistad, compañía y ánimos, personas a las que debo también sugerencias, comentarios, críticas e ideas y que en ocasiones me han planteado retos que he tenido que ir afrontando; en definitiva, personas a las que debo ayuda y confianza. Esta tesis no hubiera sido posible, en primer lugar, sin el trabajo de mi equipo en Sudán: Margarita Alcobé, que ha trabajado en el proyecto desde el primer año, una gran restauradora y una gran persona, y Ioli Puigdevall, arqueóloga, mi compañera, también conmigo desde el principio de esta aventura. Y el resto del equipo: Ignasi Baches, Jordi Gibert, Eva Bermejo, Mohammed Abdulmalek y Edgardo Chalco. Dos de ellos merecen una mención especial: Ignasi Baches, porque sin él hubiera sido imposible terminar el trabajo, puesto que él ha sido quien me ha ayudado la bibliografía, yendo a la biblioteca y encargándose de enviarme todo lo que le pedía; y Edgardo Chalco, mi marido y principal apoyo, mi mayor admirador y mi crítico más estricto, sin el cual definitivamente esto no hubiera sido posible. La posibilidad de trabajar en el proyecto arqueológico me ha permitido además compartir horas con especialistas en la historia y arqueología de Nubia con los cuales he tenido la oportunidad de hablar, comentar o preguntar. Agradezco al Dr. Kendall sus comentarios y espero sorprenderle con las conclusiones del trabajo; al Dr. Lebedev por compartir conmigo su trabajo en Barkal; y a todos aquellos con los que he mantenido interesantes conversaciones sobre la arquitectura Nubia, sobre los complejos meroíticos y sobre la cultura Nubia en general.
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