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We Are Coming Home: Repatriation and the Restoration of Blackfoot

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We Are Coming Home: Repatriation and the Restoration of Blackfoot We Are Coming Home WE ARE COMING HOME Repatriation and the Restoration of Blackfoot Cultural Confidence edited by gerAld t. ConAty Copyright © 2015 Gwyn Langemann Published by AU Press, Athabasca University 1200, 10011 – 109 Street, Edmonton, AB T5J 3S8 Cover and interior design by Marvin Harder, marvinharder.com. Cover photo © David P. Lewis/shutterstock.com Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens. doi: 10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication We are coming home : repatriation and the restoration of Blackfoot cultural confidence / edited by Gerald T. Conaty. Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. iSbn 978-1-77199-017-2 (pbk.). iSbn 978-1-77199-018-9 (pdf). iSbn 978-1-77199-019-6 (epub) 1. Cultural property—Repatriation—Alberta. 2. Cultural property—Moral and ethical aspects— Alberta. 3. Siksika Indians―Material culture―Alberta. 4. Kainah Indians―Material culture― Alberta. 5. Piegan Indians―Material culture―Alberta. 6. Museums and Indians―Alberta. 7. Glenbow Museum. 8. Museum techniques―Alberta. 9. Canada. First Nations Sacred Ceremonial Objects Repatriation Act. I. Conaty, Gerald Thomas, 1953-2013, author, editor E76.86.C34W33 2014 971.23004’97352 C2014-905601-X C2014-905602-8 We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund (CbF) for our publishing activities. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Assistance provided by the Government of Alberta, Alberta Multimedia Development Fund. This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons licence, Attribution–Noncommercial– No Derivative Works 4.0 International: see www.creativecommons.org. The text may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that credit is given to the original author. This book has been published with help received from the Government of Alberta's Ministry of Aboriginal Relations. To obtain permission for uses beyond those outlined in the Creative Commons licence, please contact AU Press, Athabasca University, at [email protected]. To all who have come before us and who made great sacrifices to keep Blackfoot culture and sacred traditions alive. To all who will come after us and who will carry on those traditions. ContentS liSt oF TableS And FigureS ix ACknoWledgementS xi Prologue 3 Robert R. Janes Beginnings 21 Gerald T. Conaty 1 The evelopmentD of Museums and Their Effects on First Nations 37 Gerald T. Conaty 2 Niitsitapiisinni: Our Way of Life 71 Gerald T. Conaty 3 Repatriation Among the Piikani 119 Allan Pard 4 Reviving Traditions 135 Jerry Potts 5 Repatriation Experiences of the Kainai 151 Frank Weasel Head 6 Bringing Back Iitskinaiksi at Siksika 183 Herman Yellow Old Woman 7 Reviving Our Ways at Siksika 205 Chris McHugh doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 8 Moving Toward Repatriation 223 John W. Ives 9 The Blackfoot Repatriation: A Personal Epilogue 241 Robert R. Janes 10 Moving Forward 263 Gerald T. Conaty Appendix 1 271 Terms of Reference for the Glenbow Museum’s First Nations Advisory Council Appendix 2 277 Memorandum of Understanding Between the Mookaakin Cultural and Heritage Society and the Glenbow-Alberta Institute ContributorS 283 index 287 doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 TableS And FigureS Table 1 Mortality rate from smallpox 90 Table 2 Blackfoot age-grade societies recorded by various early non-Native visitors 90 Table 3 Niitsitapi age-grade societies (1912) 91 Table 4 Epidemics recorded in Bull Plume’s winter count 91 Figure 1 Blackfoot ceremonialist Pete Standing Alone painting the face of Gerald Conaty in preparation for his induction into the Kainai Chieftainship 8 Figure 2 The easelW Moccasin family accepting the loan of a Thunder Medicine Pipe Bundle from the Glenbow Museum 23 Figure 3 Glenbow Museum, Calgary, Alberta 47 Figure 4 Glenbow ethnographic exhibits, ca. 1976 48 Figure 5 Traditional Niitsitapi territory 76 Figure 6 Naomi Little Walker (Siksika) 87 Figure 7 Niitsitapi winter counts 89 Figure 8 Niitsitapi reserves and reservations following treaties with Canada and the United States, 1855 to 1910 96 Figure 9 Kainai women waiting for rations on the Blood Reserve, 1897 99 Figure 10 Piikani men harvesting hay near Brocket, Alberta, ca. 1892 100 Figure 11 An Aako’ka’tssin, or midsummer gathering, held by Ammskaapipiikani near Browning, Montana, 1900 102 Figure 12 Boys at the Anglican mission on the Siksika Reserve, ca. 1890s 105 ix doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 Gerald T. ConaTy Figure 13 Sleeps First (Apatohsipiikani) wearing a Natoas headdress, ca. 1930s 120 Figure 14 Many Shots, ca. 1930 125 Figure 15 White Calf (Apatohsipiikani) 127 Figure 16 Ammskaapipiikani man wearing traditional headdress and weasel tail suit 130 Figure 17 John Yellow Horn (Apatohsipiikani) 138 Figure 18 Bob Black Plume (Kainai) 141 Figure 19 Bruce Wolf Child (left) and Adam Delaney (right) talking to students 157 Figure 20 Shirts from the Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford 175 Figure 21 The extended health care facility at Standoff, Kainai Nation. 178 Figure 22 Elementary school, Kainai Nation 179 Figure 23 Clarence and Victoria McHugh, Siksika Elders, 1958 186 Figure 24 Emily Three Suns (left) and Heavy Shield (right), of the Siksika Nation 187 Figure 25 Maggie Black Kettle (Siksika) in traditional dress, 1968 188 Figure 26 Old Sun Community College, a former residential school, where Siksika Iitskinaiksi bundles were kept after returning home 191 Figure 27 Henry Sunwalk (third from left) and other Siksika Elders, ca. 1968 192 Figure 28 Ben Calf Robe (Siksika) 216 Figure 29 A cleansing ceremony at Okotoks in September 2006 239 Figure 30 A blanket exchange at the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the Mookakin Cultural and Heritage Society (Kainai First Nation) and the Glenbow-Alberta Institute 253 x doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 ACknoWledgementS The repatriation stories that are recounted in this book could not have taken place without the help and support of many people. A great debt is owed to the Old People, many of whom have long passed away, who took the time to teach Blackfoot traditions to a younger generation with the hope that the culture would be preserved. Many of these people continued with their traditions in the face of harsh recriminations from government officials. The ongoing vital- ity of the ceremonies and sacred societies today attests to the strength of their teachings and the belief they had in the importance of their culture. The impetus for this project began during a conversation among Allan Pard, Narcisse Blood, and me in a restaurant in Fort Macleod, Alberta, in the summer of 2009. We realized that repatriation had been ongoing for almost two decades, but no one was documenting this important undertaking. Ryan Heavy Head later joined the discussions and, when Allan secured funding for a publication, Ryan brought the funds to Red Crow Community College, where they were held until the project was complete. Allan, Ryan, and Narcisse have continued to offer advice, encouragement, and direction. The repatriation of sacred material requires considerable financial and moral support. The chiefs and councils from the Kainai, Piikani, and Siksika nations have been generous with their assistance in the efforts to bring sacred bundles home. They continue to play important roles. The repatriation of those sacred objects that were dispersed to museums in the United States required special help from the Blackfeet Council in Montana. Earl Old Person, Joyce xi doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 Acknowledgements Spoonhunter, John Murray, Carol Murray, and Howard Doore were especially supportive. What was at the time the Department of Intergovernmental and Aboriginal Affairs of the Alberta government (now Alberta Aboriginal Relations) provided funds for the publication of this book. The Honourable Gene Zwozdesky, who served as minister for the department during the period when it was called Aboriginal Affairs, has been especially supportive of this project and of First Nations in general. Red Crow Community College managed these funds, and we wish to thank Marie Smallface-Marule, president, and Ryan Heavy Head, Kainai Studies coordinator, for their support. The Glenbow Museum generously supported my work on this project and also provided the images. I wish to extend my thanks to Kirstin Evenden, former president and Ceo; Melanie Kjorlein, vice-president of Access, Collections, and Exhibitions; and Doug Cass, director of the Library and Archives. Owen Melenka demon- strated his usual patience and helpfulness as I gathered images. Sharon Girard was extremely helpful in making the maps accessible. Janelle Tang worked through the use agreements for the images. Finally, I would like to thank all those who contributed their stories. This is a significant record of cultural survival and persistence. It also dem- onstrates the capacity of individuals to achieve important things when they work together and when they believe in the importance of their goals. These are profound lessons for all of us. Gerald T. Conaty January 2013 xii doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 We Are Coming Home Prologue robert r. JAneS People have to realize we are human beings. Our different lifestyle doesn’t make us less human. We have our own way of dealing with nature. — Allan Pard This book is the legacy of Gerald (Gerry) T. Conaty, an exceptional Canadian museum curator who died on 25 August 2013. Gerry rejected the usual descrip- tors of cancer as a battle, fight, or struggle; he preferred to call it a process or a journey. That journey did not allow Gerry to see this book through to publi- cation, as he died while the manuscript was undergoing review at Athabasca University Press. Understanding that he might not live to finish what he had begun, Gerry asked me to assume stewardship of this book in the event of his 3 doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990172.01 RobeRt R.
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